Developer accent. Developer is a profession to develop

Recently, in the business press or on television, questions have often arisen regarding the construction of office or residential premises, and in these discussions, theminology is often used. "Developer", as well as "Development activities".

When a person says that he is engaged in real estate development, many people often have no idea what that means. Some people think that this person is a realtor or real estate agent, others represent an architect or developer.

Indeed, many people who are not familiar with the peculiarities and specifics of the construction business would like to understand what a developer is, what developers do, and also wanted to know more about the internal organization of development companies. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the question of who the developers are, to give an interpretation of this concept, as well as to give examples of developers and clarify the question of what it means to be a real estate developer.

And to begin with, you need to start with the starting points and then clarify the details of this business.

What is a developer

Development(from English to develop, translated as "manage, develop") or development activity is a type of entrepreneurial activity associated with the construction, as well as the change (reconstruction, restoration, etc.) of existing buildings, structures and structures of a capital nature, or land plots and resulting in an increase in their market value.

Accordingly, the question of what a developer is in simple words can be answered as follows:

Developer Is a company or person that buys and develops houses, buildings and land for the purpose of selling and making a profit from them. The developer manages an investment project, in the implementation of which he is interested in minimizing risks and maximizing profitability.

Real estate developers are actually entrepreneurs who create a new building. They go out and buy land, put the team in place (architect, engineer, etc.), get the necessary building permits (with the help of their employees, of course), finance the deal, and then hire the builders who actually create and implement the project. ...

What do developers do?

Real estate development can be seen as the engine that drives real estate growth. Real estate developers purchase properties on which they plan to develop their real estate projects, whether in commercial or residential areas.

These two broad categories cover everything from retail, office and industrial development to detached and multi-family homes. The options are as endless as your imagination, but your experience and education will help you grow and succeed in this sometimes fickle and always challenging industry.

Implementation of an investment project by a developer

The process of implementing an investment project in development activities includes several stages.

1. At the first stage, the selection of land plots for construction is carried out, a detailed business plan is prepared, as well as a feasibility study of the project's profitability. At this stage, a thorough analysis of the market is carried out and an assessment of the expected financial results from the implementation of the project.

2. At the second stage, the developer receives all the necessary permits and approvals for construction or coordinate all the terms of the lease agreement. All these actions are carried out before the start of the project implementation process.

3. At the next stage, the object of the investment project is directly acquired. The source of financing for the acquisition can be both equity and borrowed capital. As a rule, developers try to shorten the construction period in order to reduce their costs.

4. Next, the developer needs to start organizing design and construction work. To accomplish this, other organizations can be involved, the largest development companies have their own divisions for these works. In order to minimize risks at this stage, the developer should constantly monitor the progress of work.

5. At the last stage of the investment project, the developer sells the finished property. In some cases, the development company retains ownership of the property and leases the area. In this case, the control of the object does not end at this stage.

Developers are like orchestra conductors. They don't play any instruments, they just direct the performance.

But at the same time, developers take on 100% of the responsibility and risks of the project. If the building is unprofitable and does not pay off (because you cannot sell apartments or lease office space), all this falls on the developer (and his investors). All other team members are paid based on the services they actually perform.

This difference is what can make real estate construction so profitable, but without risk there will be no profit. This is what distinguishes builders (developers) from developers. Many are repelled by these potential risks. But as a rule, more profit can be obtained precisely as a developer.

But you also need to understand that developers end up paying more attention to the already built environment. This is the sad reality of this industry. While architects spend a lot more time than the average developer thinking about how to make buildings and cities look great, they probably don't have much in common. Because if they thought about it, we probably wouldn't have so many terrible buildings in our cities. However, this is the case because architects do not take this risk.

The most famous developer

The most famous developer in the world is rightfully considered the American billionaire, now the President of the United States, Donald Trump. He has managed to create many stunning properties, including skyscrapers.

As a world-famous project, one can cite an example of such an object as Trupm Tower (Trump Tower), which is located in one of the most prestigious districts of New York - 5th Avenue. The height of the skyscraper is 202 meters, and the estimated cost is about $ 318 million.

Development activities are capable of generating colossal profits, but they, in turn, are associated with high risks. In order to be a successful developer, you need to be able to recognize potential opportunities and anticipate truly profitable investments.

At the end of the nineties, the real estate market was replenished with a new word “developer”. Only a narrow circle of people understood its essence. Even now, not many people know who a developer is. These specialists are directly involved in the development and construction of real estate at all stages.

What is it in simple words

The word developer is derived from the verb "to develop". It is translated as how to develop. Developers are engaged in the development of non-residential areas, erecting objects on them. There is another translation of this word, like a programmer or developer. But, in Russian, this concept is used very rarely.

A developer is a person who is engaged in the development of an object... Objects usually mean structures, buildings, or land plots on which the developer develops or builds.

A developer can be an individual or management companies that are directly involved in the construction, repair and reconstruction of facilities. Also, the development company manages the cash flows in the construction project.

In Russia, a developer is closely associated with a developer. The difference is that the developer is the owner of the land, while the developer is directly involved in the work. Sometimes developers become developers.

To build a developer's business, you need to have skills in the field of construction project management. In our country, this direction is very promising, since there is a minimum of competition.

Features of the profession

• Designation of the commercial potential of the land and its purchase.
• Market analysis for the most efficient use of the facility.
• Drawing up an initial plan for the future object.
• Development of the construction concept.
• Registration of a building permit.
• Controlling the overall construction process.
• Conducting certain research.
• Delivery of the constructed property for rental use.
• Sale of a finished object.

Additionally, the developer deals with financial issues in the construction industry. This is a kind of organizer who is looking for investors, considering the possible risks and costs. He also deals with the solution of issues of registration of loans in banks. The developer does not always have personal savings, so he uses borrowed funds.

The developer is considered to be the person responsible for approving the project in various instances and organizations. In fact, this person is involved in all stages of construction: from documentation to sale.

Important qualities of a developer

The developer must have the following basic qualities:

• resistance to stress;
• purposefulness;
• analytic mind;
• organizational skills.

Additionally, the developer requires organizational skills. The ability to find an approach is also not the last quality for a person in this profession.

Leadership qualities will also help the developer assemble a team of good specialists and properly organize the entire construction process. Life experience will help you select a good professional:

• an architect;
• lawyer;
• broker;
• marketing specialist;
• etc.

To conduct a successful business in such an area requires the ability to firmly assess the state of the real estate market, as well as analyze current trends.

A specialist in this area must be able to make timely decisions on the reorganization of an object in order to make a big profit, as well as competently organize the entire construction process. Therefore, the developer must be well versed in engineering and construction theory and have relevant practice. The developer must have one of the higher educations:

• legal;
• economic;
• technical.

In addition, such a person must have knowledge of real estate objects, the field of architecture, as well as the design of transactions.

Functional responsibilities

What a developer is doing can be determined from the functions:

• design;
• business plan development;
• purchase or lease of land;
• organization and control of construction;
• organization of an advertising company;
• sale or lease of the constructed object for the purpose of making a profit.

The developer can act as an investor himself or attract investments from outside.

When choosing the second option, he receives a certain amount of royalties for his work.

To do the job better, the developer creates a team of professionals.

Advantages and disadvantages

A good developer should be well versed in the following areas:

• financial;
• legal;
• engineering;
• construction.

If we take into account this many profile of the profession, we can say that there are very few such specialists in the construction market. Accordingly, there is practically no competition here.

The developer profession has the main advantages:

• high profitability;
• lack of competition;
• demand.

The disadvantages include the bad trends of recent years. they are associated with the crisis in the construction market. Also, the disadvantages include everyday stressful situations due to difficulties in work. Only at the beginning of the project it is necessary to collect several hundred signatures from various authorities. The lack of practical experience of a developer can lead to large monetary losses that exceed the salary of this specialist.

Development is an entrepreneurial activity associated with the creation and development of a construction object. This is a relatively new name in the real estate market.

Video: D development in detail

For a long time, the Russian real estate market was just a market for developers, and just a few years ago, the "dinosaurs of the construction complex" often emphasized the "o" in the word "developer". Now we seem to have sorted out the accent - two-thirds of Moscow customers-developers and at least one-third of organizations created for investment in real estate refer to themselves as development companies.

Laws and concepts

The word development (development) in its primary meaning is translated as development. If this term is extrapolated to the real estate market, then development is understood as any entrepreneurial activity associated with the reconstruction or change of an existing building or land plot, leading to an increase in their value.

In other words, development means the development of real estate - carrying out construction, engineering and other operations on real estate, leading to qualitative changes in land, buildings and structures.

In principle, development is not only construction and reconstruction, but also renovation of a building or premises - if it increases the sale price or rental rate. Such development is called renovation. That is, if you decided to sell your apartment at a higher price and started renovating it, then by doing so, you also somehow joined the development, having made the renovation.

The essence of development as a process is the management of an investment project in the field of real estate and includes:

Choosing a cost-effective project;
- obtaining all necessary permits for its implementation from the relevant authorities;
- determination of conditions for attracting investments, development of a mechanism and forms of their return, if necessary;
- search and attraction of investors;
- selection of contractors, financing of their activities and control over their work;
- the implementation of the created real estate object or its transfer to the operation of the customer.

And developers are those who take all the risks. In Russian reality, they, if not all, then through one, are participants in the construction market. They register a plot of land for themselves (in ownership or lease for the duration of construction), prepare the so-called initial permits and design documentation, seek funds for the construction of an object, build and sell - in a finished or semi-finished condition, in whole or in parts - depending on from a specific situation.

Another term is closely related to development - a project. Project management is the application of knowledge, experience, methods and tools to the work of a project to meet the requirements of the project and the expectations of the project participants. To meet these requirements and expectations, it is necessary to find the optimal balance between goals, timing, costs, quality and other characteristics of the project.

In fact, the developer plays the role of a coordinator with the right to make decisions between all participants in the investment and construction process: the investor, consultants, creditor banks, private equity funds, designers, construction industry officials, contractors, suppliers and, of course, end users.

As for the legislation on development, it is at the level: everything is allowed that is not prohibited.

For example, banks. The legislation prohibits banks from engaging in development activities directly to banks. According to the Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" dated December 2, 1990, the bank has the right to carry out exclusively banking operations. Accordingly, banks cannot invest in real estate directly, unless they acquire or build areas for their own needs.

But the law does not prohibit having a share in construction structures and lending to development projects.

However, if you are going to play on a foreign field, then you must be ready to abide by the rules established here. That is, if a bank raises money in the market for a project initiated by it, it will receive a loan as a developer, at a higher rate, and not at the interbank rate.

But the game is apparently worth the candle. With an average lending rate for legal entities at the level of 12-15%, the profitability in development is, according to experts, 25-30%.

How it all began

To date, almost all major market players have acquired development structures within holdings and groups. The overwhelming majority of these organizations are engaged in the search and analysis of investment projects - development sites. That is, their task is to find an object and invest oil, metal, chemical and gas money in the nearby lands of the Moscow Region, commercial and other real estate in Moscow. But it was not always so. To understand the current state of affairs, it is worth looking back and looking at the suburban real estate market from the height of the past years.

At the beginning of the existence of the land market, in 1995-2000, there were no really large companies that would be engaged in the construction of country houses. As a rule, random realtors entered the market and quickly realized that a plot could be sold only 10-15% more expensive than the purchase price.

It was difficult to "wind up" a large amount, since there were no people willing to overpay for empty land. And a completely different conversation began if you cut 72 acres into five or six plots, bring communications to them and build houses. Then the price of each site soared astronomically: the profit was at least 100%. This situation was due to the fact that the buyers wanted to live "here and now", and not to engage in a long construction of their future home.

Just like a theater begins with a hanger, the process of building a cottage community begins with choosing a place, that is, with finding a suitable piece of land. On the one hand, it was easy to choose a site for the construction of a small village, but on the other, it was very difficult. Simply because then there was more free land, and it was relatively inexpensive. Problems arose with the supply of communications, transport accessibility and infrastructure.

For this reason, initially, developers were forced to develop mainly land near villages, regional centers and dacha associations. As a result, two types of sites were in the greatest demand among realtors.

The first included the personal plots of collective farmers, on which they were engaged in subsidiary farming. The advantage of such land was its low cost, and the disadvantage was the need to transfer it to the category of individual housing construction (IHS).

The second type consisted of plots in old-fashioned settlements that belonged to the Soviet intelligentsia. Plots in such places were much more expensive, but they meant a favorable social environment, the ability to build without transferring land to individual housing construction, excellent species characteristics and often the proximity of water bodies.

In the late 1990s, in order to transfer land to the IZhS category, the first thing to do was to "make friends" with the head of the village administration, or better, the district. The price of "friendship" ranged from $ 500 to $ 3 thousand, depending on the number of planned houses. Then there were courtesy visits (costing from $ 100) to the land, environmental, fire and architecture committees. After such simple manipulations, the developer received a plot of land, transferred to individual housing construction, and an approved general construction plan.

Now the situation has changed somewhat. In particular, quotas have been introduced that limit the annual amount of land taken out of agricultural purposes, as a result of which prices have risen. According to experts, the average cost of transferring a land plot for housing construction is $ 700 - $ 1 thousand per hundred square meters, depending on the area and the availability of administrative resources at the developer.

Experts note that after the transfer to individual housing construction, the cost of land rises by about 30%. The development of the concept of the village, the analysis of the target audience and the approval of the general plan add another 10-15% to this amount.

The cost of transferring a plot with an area of ​​10 hectares at a price of $ 1,000 is $ 1 million. For a prestigious plot in New Riga, where the land initially cost $ 11 million, and after transferring to the IZhS will rise in price to $ 14 million, the price of the transfer is not critical.

But selling the land immediately after transferring to individual housing construction is impractical. Many developers agree that the land should be sold only after the communications have been installed and the novice developer will have to first pay at least for it, and only then think about some profit from their project.

The process of urbanization of a land plot was often implemented with a certain degree of complexity. Central communications, which are the norm for any modern village, were absent in the not so distant past. Developers, as a rule, pulled electricity from the nearby regional center, dug artesian wells and installed pumping and sewerage systems with compact plants for biological wastewater treatment.

Now, in addition to electricity, the villages are supplied with water, gas and sewerage. The estimated cost of bringing engineering communications is about $ 1.5-2.5 thousand per hundred square meters. Consequently, if we take the average $ 2 thousand, then providing central communications for a village with an area of ​​10 hectares will cost $ 2 million. The cost of land will increase by about 20%.

In addition, the developer must remember that in addition to the usual planned issues, he will have to solve a number of secondary tasks that did not arise several years ago. These include the search for advantageous species characteristics of cottages, the layout of streets, the creation of artificial reservoirs, work with relief and landscape design, and so on.

Without all this, plots in many well-located cottage settlements cannot find their buyers for a long time.

Currently, the status quo is such that any company and even an individual, having certain financial capabilities and organizational skills, can try themselves in the role of a developer: both a full cycle (with bringing the construction to the final result) and incomplete (sale of land for one of the intermediate stages).

Nowadays, being a developer is both easier and more difficult than in the old days. Easier, because the current market situation is quite predictable and stable. It is more difficult because the price of the "admission ticket" to the project has increased significantly in comparison with 1999: after all, the requirements for houses in cottage settlements have also grown.

And the greatest demand now is for really well-thought-out objects erected by bona fide development companies.

What is good for a Russian developer is good for a German one ...

At the moment, there are no more than a dozen foreign developers working in Russia with several projects to their credit. For such a gigantic consumer market like our country, this is a drop in the ocean. However, international companies still do not seek to conquer the Russian expanses. What hinders the active expansion of Western investors and developers?

According to experts, there are a number of factors that restrain the interest of foreign developers. Firstly, the main pool of players has already formed on the market, and secondly, the Russian market is very specific. The process of obtaining permits in our country is still incomprehensible for foreign developers. In addition, in large cities of Russia there is a physical lack of space. Sometimes there is simply nowhere to build.

In addition, foreign developers are faced with the fact that there are practically no ready-made assets for sale in Russia, and therefore they have to look for a Russian partner who has land and knowledge of the Russian market in the pre-development stage. “Foreigners know how to build themselves, but they cannot cope with administrative barriers, however, like many domestic developers. As a result, a Western player, having come to our market, cannot actually start implementing the project himself,” experts say.

Here is an example of organizing a classic development in Russia, the implementation of which requires three elements: an experienced developer, a serious financial structure, and a professional general contractor. It does not matter from which side the formation of the development troika begins, from the side of the developer or from the side of the general contractor. In this case, the initiator was the Austrian company Strabag, the general contractor for many projects in Moscow.

The company decided to take a more serious part in the "development boom" and immediately confirm the seriousness of its intentions: the management of the Russian division of Strabag managed to conclude an agreement with one of the largest credit banks in the world, German Deutsche Bank, to create a joint venture to invest in Russian real estate.

Strabag and Deutsche Bank in their cooperation have created a good basis for attracting financing for new projects, which means they got the opportunity to manage a large number of development projects in the future. In addition, both companies are based on German business standards, which cannot but contribute to their mutual understanding. Such cooperation is also beneficial because it makes it possible to actively finance construction projects in the regions, removing construction risks.

However, this joint venture represented only two components of a successful development business: finance and construction capacity. What was missing was the most important thing - a developer directly with knowledge of Russian business realities and experience in the urban land market.

But soon a third component was found. At the very end of April, it became known that Rasperia Trading, controlled by the owner of Basic Element, Oleg Deripaska, agreed to acquire approximately 30% of shares in the parent company Strabag, which until recently were owned by the Haselsteiner family (50% + 1 share) and the Raiffeisen Group ...

The prospects for such a trio are very high: Strabag is a professional in construction, Deutsche Bank is a serious financial partner, and Oleg Deripaska is the owner of a land portfolio and an administrative resource.

Developers in Western Europe are actively exploring "neighboring" markets. Of course, in every local market, local developers are not too happy about the arrival of "Varangians" for the simple reason that a company with significant resources and technologies is a very serious competitor. In a number of Eastern European countries, they turned out to be unprepared for the arrival of foreign developers and practically lost their positions. But compared to Russia, the situation in Eastern and Western Europe is much more comfortable for developers, if only because the market there is more predictable and legal procedures are more transparent.

However, the number of foreign developers in all markets is less than it could be, since real estate is a very "local" business, and any company must study it in detail in order to be successful.

In order to withstand the competition, the incoming developer must have a successful history, which is difficult and expensive, given the fact that the advantage of local developers is that they are already working in this market. In other words, the activity of a foreign developer in a foreign market should be structured in such a way that the market gets used to it and over time perceives it as a “local” rather than a foreign player.

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The list of borrowed words included in the modern Russian language is constantly expanding. Many people ask themselves the question: "Who is a developer?" The English verb "to develop" means "to develop, to develop."

A developer is a specialist who leads the development, promotion and further implementation of real estate objects, going all the way through the implementation of the project from the very beginning.

The main goal of such activities is to get the maximum profit from the transaction.

The emergence of developers in Russia

In Russia, development began to emerge from the beginning of the 21st century, when the construction market after the crisis began to develop at an accelerated pace. But in those years, no company could offer quality services. Later, the market reoriented from the number of buildings to their quality and, accordingly, the high cost of selling or renting.

By 2005, a separate business area appeared - development, which controls the entire development cycle, and now it has an unprecedented demand for its services.

A real developer is a professional in all areas related to real estate.

Developer functions

The developer's scope of activity is quite wide and its functions are based on knowledge in various fields:

1. Evaluating a potential deal. It is important to conduct a competent analysis of the location of the site where the future construction project will be located, its commercial opportunities. Research the market and the availability of all proposals for the most efficient use of the planned structure. Decide on the probable purchase of land and further support of the operation.
2. Design and calculation of investments. Prepare the necessary engineering and technical documentation, obtain a building permit.
3. Attracting investors. Calculate the financial liquidity of the project, the amount of necessary cash investments for its implementation. Investors need to prove economic attractiveness and the presence of minimal risks of losses.
4. Reasonable distribution of finances. The developer is required to avoid possible losses and competently monitor the implementation of the entire process.
5. Settlement of emerging issues with state and municipal authorities.
6. Conducting construction until the completion of the object. Supervise all work carried out, accounting and material consumption, try to minimize investments, but increase the cost of the building itself. Find a middle ground in this.
7. Management of all available resources - people, finances, materials.
8. Getting the maximum profit from the sale.

Also, the developer conducts marketing research and uses advertising moves that will ensure the main success from the transaction.

Development is a process by which an entrepreneur transforms or creates a property, increasing its commercial value.

Differences between a developer and a builder

In European countries, the term "developer" is not used to. Developers are involved in the real estate sector.

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, the developer is a legal entity that owns a plot of land and attracts finance in order to build any real estate on this plot on the basis of an official building permit.

The developer's functionality does not imply such a diverse number of tasks to be solved and the broadest activity.

Varieties of development

Depending on the financial management, there are:

• development on a fee - the entrepreneur receives a fee in the form of a percentage of the total cost of the construction, without taking financial risks upon himself;
• speculative development - in addition to all the tasks performed, it is itself the main investor, the riskiness of such projects is covered by increasing income;
• construction for a specific purpose, which is not profit.

The latter type is not always distinguished.

Also, this area can be divided, depending on the type of real estate:

• residential development;
• suburban;
• commercial;
• land plots.

Development company its structure

Any real estate today is a profitable way of investing, especially housing. Conventional construction is not enough to increase the value of an object. Development companies emerge as a response to modern market requirements, meeting the requirements of society.

A company can be based on either one legal entity or a group of persons engaged in investment and development activities. The scheme may vary depending on the chosen direction of work.

The typical structure includes:

1. Production group - management of construction, commerce, sales.
2. Administrative and management group - legal and financial departments, accounting department, personnel department.
3. Technical and administrative group.

High-quality interaction of all links of this chain ensures professionalism and high demand for the company's work.

Difference between European and domestic development

The main difference is that Western development is based on the scheme of the need to create a real estate object, based on marketing research. In our country, the project is being developed for a specific land plot available.

There are still few development companies in Russia that can compete with foreign ones, but this concept is gaining more and more popularity due to the growing urban planning and Europeanization of modern society.

On the video about development

The role of developers is becoming more and more tangible. They can organize drastic changes, for example, the construction of a building on an empty site from scratch, or less noticeable, but necessarily increase the potential of the property. Transformations are carried out in different ways.

Developers are entrepreneurs and broad-based professionals in law, finance and construction. Consequently, there are few of them and the cost of their services is quite high.

Before proceeding to performing phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same.

Letters- these are writing, graphic symbols with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to convey meaning visually, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

The list of all letters is just the alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a specific sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet is used:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b (soft sign) and b (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters can be used in a word than sounds. For example, "childish" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [c]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "U" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive the sounding speech by ear. Phonetic analysis of a word means the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is often called "sound-letter" analysis. So, in phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of the phrase, united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the spelling is correct:

• black -> [ч "О́рный"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar "]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly identify and distinguish between the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets -;
• a soft consonant is indicated by the transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - stress;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] is used - gravis (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Y, Y, E, E, L and B are NEVER used in the transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - the sign of the longitude of the pronunciation of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for spelling, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing of words with examples online, in accordance with the school-wide norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowels and consonant phonemes.

How to do phonetic parsing of a word?

The following scheme will help you carry out a letter analysis:

• Write out the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants it contains.
• Indicate a stressed syllable. (Stress with intensity (energy) selects a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word by syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable section in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, sort the word by sound.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• In front of each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (as it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always the same as letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "i", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and separate its properties with commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; percussive or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants, we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or voiceless, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and voiced-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is a sample of phonetic analysis for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'en'n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables here: I-vle′-no-e. The stress falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [y] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [v] - acc., paired hard, paired zv.l [l '] - acc., paired soft., unpaired ... sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, stressed [n '] - agree, paired soft., unpaired. zv., sonorous and [and] - vowel., unstressed [y] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired zv., sonorous [e] - vowel., unstressed ________________________ In total in the word phenomenon - 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" stand for two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. Further, a classification of sound units of the Russian language is given, their interrelationships and the rules of transcription for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are percussive and unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words is: hard - soft, sonorous - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easy to explain. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can mean 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - vigorous and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If you doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless scales, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike the melodic consonants, they flow freely from the larynx, as it were, in a chant, without obstacles and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. Conversely, the louder you try to pronounce the consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are there in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, fewer vowel phonemes are used than letters. There are six percussion sounds: [a], [and], [o], [e], [y], [s]. Let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, y. Vowels Е, Е, Ю, Я are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when the letter parsing of words, the stress falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sounding and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retain its basic appearance is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can take this position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less strength and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme "U" retains its unchangeable phonetic properties: ku kura za, tablet, u chu si, u lov, - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel "U" does not undergo a qualitative reduction. Attention: on the letter, the phoneme [y] can also be denoted by another letter "U": muesli [m'u ´sl'i], key [kl'u ´ch ’] and so on.

Parsing the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in the strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko' t'ik], bell [kalako' l'ch'yk], milk [malako '], eight [vo'c'im'], search [paisko' vaya], dialect [go' var], autumn [o's'in '].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra "dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "ё" - [o]: turn [t'o'rn], fire [cas't'o'r]. It is also not difficult to parse the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after the stress is placed in the word. Do not forget about the existence in our language of homonymy: for "mok - zamo" to and about the change of phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to ma].
• New houses [but "vie da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [gara"];
• he is online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• wit t flax = [s'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative when the duration of the sound changes. And a high-quality reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristics depending on the position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in naked syllables (they consist of only one vowel);
• by the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

So, it differs 1st degree of reduction... It is exposed to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• an overt syllable at the very beginning;
• repetitive vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the "head" of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-local [n'iz'd'e'shn'iy].

(naked syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• vpe-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i '];
• e-natural-nno [yi s't'e's't'v'in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables when parsing sound refer to 2nd degree reduction. It is also called “second degree weak position”.

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-wa't ’];
• to model [ma-dy-l'i'-ra-wat '];
• swallow [la'-sta -ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-yy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in degrees: second, third (after hard and soft agree., This is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i'ts: a], become numb [atyp'in'et't '], hope [nad'e'zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter parsing: iotated sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], E - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is "Y"? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, Y, Y, Y is determined by their positional position.

When parsing phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "YO" are always:
  • - hedgehog [yo' zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo'lach'ny], hedgehog [yo' zhyk], capacity [yo' mkast '];
  • - jeweler [yuv 'il'i'r], yula [yu la'], skirt [yu' pka], Jupiter [yu p'i't'ir], briskness [yu ´rkas't '];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye'l '], I go [ye'w: y], huntsman [ye' g'ir'], eunuch [ye' vuh];
  • - yacht [ya'khta], anchor [ya'kar '], yaki [ya'ki], apple [ya' blaka];
  • (* to perform sound-literal analysis of unstressed vowels "E" and "I", a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "E" and "U" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except for cases when these letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specified cases:
  • - receiver [pr'iyo'mn'ik], singing t [payot], pecking t [klyuyo ´t];
  • -yu rveda [ayu r'v'ed'da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [t'yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid "b" the sign "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo'm], shooting [syo'mka], adjutant [adyu "ta'nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya'], brothers [brat'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya'na], blizzard [v'yu'ha], family [s'em'ya' ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound analysis of the remaining iotated ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e'n'i'ye], spruce [yilovy], blackberries [yizhiv'i'ka], his [yivo'], egoza [yigaza'], Yenisei [yin'is 'hey], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
  • - January [yi nva'rsky], core [yidro´], sarcastic [yiz'v'i't '], label [yirli'k], Japan [yipo'n'iya], lamb [yign'o'nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign language word forms and names: Caucasian [ye wrap'io'idnaya], Eugene [ye] vgeniy, European [ye wrap'e'yits], diocese [ye] par'archia, etc.).
• immediately after the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • timely [svayi vr'e'm'ina], trains [payi zda'], we will eat [payi d'i'm], run over [nayi w: a't '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a'sh'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe'n'iyi mi'i], vanity [suyi ta'],
  • bark [la'yi t '], pendulum [ma'yi tn'ik], hare [z'yi ts], belt [po'yi s], declare [zayi v'i't'], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i't], express [izyi v'i't '], announcement [abyi vl'e'n'iye], edible [this is good].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "hiccups", and for the Moscow school "hiccups". Previously, the iotrated "Yo" was pronounced with a more accented "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´rmarka], but an egg [yi yzo´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule applies to syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on k'r'yi 'x "socks], rabbit [cro'l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], nobody's [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [l's'yi]. But: Vowel "O" after a soft sign "B" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul'o'n], pavilion n [pav'il'o'n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotine, karagno la, minion n and others.

Phonetic parsing of words when the vowels "U" "E" "Y" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "E" "U" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho 'lk], whole [whole], recipe [r'itse'ft], pearl [zhe'mch'uk], six [she'st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "U" "E" "E" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. The only exception is for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o'fka], easy [l'o'xk'iy], honey [ap'o'nak], actor [act'o'r], child [rib ' o'nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e'n '], mirror [z'e'rkala], smarter [umn'e' ye], conveyor [canv'e' yir];
  • I - [a]: kittens [kat'a'ta], softly [m'a'hka], oath [k'a'tva], took [v'a'l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [cl'u'f], people [l'u' d'am], gateway [schl'u'c], tulle [t'u'l '], costume [cas't 'y'm].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening has ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the XX century. In such cases, when you make phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate'l '], shoulder strap [br'ite'l'ka], test [te'st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], mashed potatoes [p'ure´], ambre [amber´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet 't].
• Attention! After soft consonants in pre-stressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [and] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - zerno [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], ve sely [v'i s'o'ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i't], forest [l'i sleep'y], metitsa [m'i t'e'l'itsa], per po [p'i ro'], brought weak [pr' in'i sl'], knit [v'i z't '], la gat [l'i g't'], five grater [p'i t'o'rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by the organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hiss, whistle or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian?

The alphabet is used to designate them 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g ']: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ’]: da acha - d dolphin,
  • [z] - [z ']: z von - z ethere,
  • [to] - [to ’]: to onfeta - to yangaroo,
  • [l] - [l ']: l odka - luks,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ']: new - n ectar,
  • [p] - [p ’]: p alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: pomashka - p poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: s ovenir - yurprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t yulpan,
  • [f] - [f ’]: f lag - f evral,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x nut - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [f], [c], [sh] are always solid (life, cycling, mouse);
  • [h ’], [sch’] and [th ’] are always soft (daughter, more often yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

The consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

It is possible to determine voicedness-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the involvement of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorous (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they contain a maximum of voice and a little noise: lev, rai, nol.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and a noise are formed, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): zavod, b people o, w from n.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: st opka, f ishka, kost yum, ts irk, zashit.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of the formation: bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (w, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), front lingual (t, d, z, s, c, w, w, sch, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, g, x) ... The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try pressing your palms to your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound under study is a voiced consonant, if you hear noise, then it is deaf.

Hint: For an associative connection, remember the phrases: "Oh, we haven't forgotten a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding soft-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some shchets? - Fi! " - similarly, these cues contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant, like the vowel, undergoes changes. One and the same letter phonetically can mean a different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sounding of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stunning / voicing

In a certain position, the phonetic law of deafness-voiced assimilation operates for consonants. A voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but w [no'sh], snow [s'n'e'k], vegetable garden [agaro't], club [klu'p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n'izabu't ka], obh vatit [apkh vat'i't ’], tu ornik [ft o'rn'ik], pipe a [corpse a].
• doing sound literal parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless paired consonant in front of a voiced consonant (except for [th '], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [p']) also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its own sonorous pair: surrender [zda'ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba'], threshing [malad 'ba'], request [pro'z'ba], guess [adgada't'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant is not combined with the subsequent voiced noisy one, except for the sounds [в] - [в ']: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both phonemes [s] and [s] is equally permissible.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-literal analysis in the endings "-th", "-his" adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "Г" is transcribed as a sound [in]: red [krasnava], blue [s'i'n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [hell: 'il'i't'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to the sounds [d'd '], bessh clever [b'ish: u ´mny]. When parsing the composition of a number of words in the sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination "GK" sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'oh'kh'k'iy], soft [m'ah'kh ' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• The softening of paired solid consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of a consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the following vowel letter (e, e, i, y, i);
• [u ’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] is always softened before the soft consonants "Z", "S", "D", "T": claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'iceen'z' iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z'] fir, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd'] idat, ba [n'd '] it, and [n'd'] ivid , blo [n'd '] in, stipe [n'd'] ia, ba [n't '] ik, vi [n't'] ik, zo [n't '] ik, ve [n' t '] il, a [n't'] ichny, ko [n't '] text, rem [n't'] irovat;
• the letters "N", "K", "P" during phonetic analysis by composition can be softened before soft sounds [h '], [u']: glass ik [stack'n'ch'ik], change ik [sm'e ′ N'sh'ik], ponch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'en'n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borsch [ borscht'];
• often the sounds [z], [s], [p], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation by hardness-softness: wall [s't'en'nka], life [zhyz'n '], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter parsing, take into account the words of the exception, when the consonant [p] is pronounced firmly in front of soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’]: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, in square brackets, a [-] dash is put in front of the letter "b".

Positional changes of paired voiced-voiceless in front of hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before hissing (f, w, w, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Alphabetic analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: come [pr'iye'zhzhii], rebellion [vash e'stv'iye], izzh elta [i'zhzh elta], squeeze [zh a'l'its: but].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing a sound-letter parsing of a word, you must designate one of the repetitive sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Combinations of letters with a hissing "szh" - "zzh" are pronounced as a double hard consonant [w:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - as [w:]: squeezed, sew, without a tire, climbed in.
• Combinations "zzh", "zzh" inside the root during sound-letter parsing is written in transcription as a long consonant [w:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "mid", "zch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced like a long soft [ш ':]: score [ш': о´т], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place of "mid", "zch" is transcribed as [uch'ch ']: without a number [b'esh' h 'isla´], with something [uch'ch' emta] ...
• When parsing sound-lettering, the combinations "pt", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o'ch': hik], molod ik [little'h ': ik], report [ach ': o´t].

Cheat sheet for the assimilation of consonants at the place of education

• nt → [ny ':]: happiness [ni': a's't'ye], sandstone [n'isch ': a'n'ik], peddler [razno'sh': uk], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [uch ’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: uk], loader [gr’sch ’: uk], narrator [rask’sch’: uk];
• zh → [u ':]: defector [p'ir'ibe' u': uk], man [musch ': i'na];
• shh → [u ':]: freckled [v'isn'shch': wite];
• stch → [u ':]: tougher [jo'sh': e], whip, snap;
• zd → [uch ’:]: buster [abye’sch’: uk], furrowed [baro’sch ’: ity];
• ssch → [ny ':]: split [rasch': ip'i't '], generous [rasch': edr'ils'a];
• vain → [h'ch ']: to split off [ach'sh' ip'it '], to snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat '], in vain [ch'ch' etna], thoroughly [h ' sh 'at'el'na];
• pt → [h ’:]: report [ach’: o′t], homeland [ach ’: izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'h’: it’s];
• dch → [h ’:]: underline [pach’: o'rk'ivat ’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• squeeze → [f:]: compress [f: a't ’];
• zzh → [f:]: get rid of [ilh: y't ’], ignite [ro'zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a't’];
• ssh → [w:]: brought [pr'in'osh: th], embroidered [rush: y'ty];
• zsh → [w:]: lower [n'ish: y'y]
• thu → [pc], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [pc]: so that [pc o'by], not at all [n'e ′ zasht a], something [ piece about n'ibut '], something;
• Thu → [h't] in other cases of literal analysis: dreamer [m'ich't a't'il '], mail [po'ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't' e'n ' iye] and TP;
• chn → [shn] in words-exceptions: of course [kan'eshn a ′], boring [sku'shn a ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc .;
• chn → [ch'n] - alphabetic analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska'zach'n], dacha [da'ch'n th], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i'ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc .;
• ! zhd → in place of the literal combination "zhd", double pronunciation and transcription [ш ’] or [pcs’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it are permissible: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic parsing online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than the number of letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m'e'seny], reed [trans'n''i'k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words flattering, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participatory, well-known, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy ive [sch ': asl ’and'vy"], happy ive, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and post, in them the letter "T" is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: giant [g'iga'nsk'y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat me [vyes: a], I swear [cl'a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist cue [tur'i's: c'y], maximalist cue [max'imal'i's: c'y], racist [ras'is: c'y] , bests yeller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen [r'eng 'e'n];
  • “–Sat”, “–sat” → [c:] in the verb endings: smile [smile'ts: a], wash [my'ts: a], looks, fits, bows, shaves, fits;
  • ts → [c] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and suffix: childish [d'e'ts k'iy], brotherly [bra'tskiy];
  • ts → [ts:] / [ts]: sports men [spark: m'en'n], send [acs yyl'at '];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic parsing online is written as a long "ts": bratz a [bra'ts: a], father to drink [ats: yp'i't '], to father u [to ac: y´];
• "D" - when parsing the sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [pos'z'n 'iy], starry [z'v'o'zniy], festivity ik [pra'z'n' ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm ' e'zn th];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mouthsh tuk [munsh tu'k], landsh aft [lansh a'ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala'nsk'ii], Thai [thaila'nsk''ii], Norman [narma'nsk''ii];
  • zd → [ss]: under the bridle [pad usts'];
  • ndc → [nts]: Dutch [gala'ants];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart e [s'e'rts e], heart of evin [s'irtz yv'i'na];
  • rdch → [rh "]: heart ishko [s'erch 'and'shka];
  • dts → [c:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in the roots, are pronounced and, when parsing the sound, the word is written as double [c]: subtrip [pats: yp'i't '], twenty [two'ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [c]: factory [zavats k'y], family [rats], means [sr'e'ts tva], Kislovods k [k'islavots k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • lnts → [nts]: suns e [so'nts e], suns state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [st] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u'stv a], feelings [ch'u'stv 'inas't'], pampering about [dances o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in: th].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonants "stk", "ntk", "zdk", "ndk", the phoneme [t] is not allowed to fall out: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, tartan.

• Two identical letters immediately after a stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:] when parsing literally: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are denoted in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tanël ’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic parsing of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book ". M. 1959

References:

• E.I. Litnevskaya Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Education, Moscow: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Russian spelling rules with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for Advanced Studies of Educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Reference book on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word by sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of the school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.