Poland of Korea. History of South Korea

The history of the state South Korea (Republic of Korea) has been referred to since 1945, when the division of the Korean Peninsula occurred after the Soviet-American Agreement, and then in 1948. The formation of two states - Northern (DPRK) and South Korea. In those years, the population of South Korea was 19 million people, and the country itself was one of the most underdeveloped and poor in the region.

Census of the population in ancient times

The state of Korea has a centuries-old history. Since the ancient times, the population of Korea (South and North) was under strict accounting. They were engaged in these headlights in the villages, which every three years applied to officials about the number of families and people in each village. The information was collected in the county, then according to the provinces and boiled down in general figures already in the capital.

However, the reliability of these information has long been doubted, since there may be an understatement of real numbers (presumably, not less than 2 times). Each village and the province were interested in a lower number of people living in order to pay less taxes or go to the army.

Scientists assume that in the 15th century, the population of Korea was about 8 million people, and by the beginning of the 19th century up to 15 million increased, most of the Koreans lived in the villages (about 97%). The number of residents of the capital fluctuated during this time from 100 to 150 thousand people (the time of the board of the Dynasty of Lee).

Population of Korea in the 20-21 centuries

The first completely reliable census took place only in 1910 and gave a figure of 17 million people. For comparison: the population of Russia at the time was 160 million.

In 1948, the country was divided into two states: Northern Korea and South (9 and 19 million citizens, respectively). Since then, the percentage ratio of the peninsula residing at different ends is preserved almost unchanged (2: 1 - south: north).

By 1998, the number of people in South Korea was already 46.44 million people, and she could already compete in numbers with large european countries: England (57 million), Poland (38 million), France (58 million), Spain (40 million).

Demographic indicators

Before the beginning of the 20th century, the female population of Korea was young, and the fertility is very high. One Korean woman gave birth on average 7-10 children, but a third of them died in infancy and another third - under the age of 10 years. Life expectancy for men was 24 (!), And women are 26 years old. Thus, in those years, high fertility was completely compensated by a high children's and adult mortality, because the total population increased quite slowly.

In the era of the colonization of the country of Japan (the first half of the 20th century), demographic figures are improved by the emergence of new methods of treatment, new drugs and reduce mortality. By 1945, the average life expectancy in men was 43 years old, in women - 44, i.e. almost 2 times more.

The largest rope growth jump occurred between 1945 and 1960 (the period of formation of the economy), and then the government began to worry that the population of South Korea increases too rapidly. In this regard, attempts occurred to limit the birth of Koreans.

Changes to these figures introduced the economic progress of the country: as the formation and improvement of life increases, the birth rate began to fall. By 1995, Koreans have already lived for 70 years, and Koreanki - 78, which is 3 times more compared to the beginning of the 20th century.

In 2004, the number of Koreans amounted to 48.4 million, the duration of women - 72.1, men - 79.6 years.

The increase in the population of Korea, its capital and demographic indicators in the 20-21 centuries

On the table, you can trace the dynamics of increasing the number of residents of the republic and a significant change in demographic performance for more than 100 years.

By 2017, the Republic of Korea became one of the highest developed countries in the world. Modern Korean women have an average of 1.18 children. Although most of them do not work, they do not show the desire to have many children. This is due to expensive education to provide children, and later age when children begin to work and contribute to the family budget.

Nationality of Koreans

The state language is Korean, although it has 6 dialects with differences in pronunciation and grammar. From the mid-20th century, the texts began to write from left to right, 50% of words are borrowed from the Chinese language.

What is the population of South Korea on national composition and religious? Koreans make up 90% of the country's population, and 10% - nat. Minorities, among which the Chinese prevail (20 thousand). A large number of people from China, the Philippines and the islands of Malaysia arrives in the country.

According to the latest statistics of 2016 statistics, 46% of Koreans do not have any kind of religion, the rest of the Buddhist and Confucian religious flows, and there are Protestants and Catholics.

The population density is quite high - 508 people / km 2, and 47% of the population lives in two cities - Seoul (11 million) and Busan (4 million).

In 2016, the population of the republic was 51.634 million. The largest cities - Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Tagu, Thazhon, Ulsan.

Damage of Korean character

The most important feature of Koreans - hardworking, which underlies the national nature. Career for young citizens is the main life goal.

Korean features:

• always "preserve the face", do not increase the voice, do not show offense, malice or weakness;
• respectful to guests, all the best - to them;
• respect for the elders, the young man always and agrees with the senior (brother, father, grandfather);
• patriotic solidarity is always ready to help your friend and at home, and abroad.

Hardworking Koreans only recently switched to a 5-day working week and a working day for 8 hours (before that there was a 6-day 10 hours a day). Koreans almost continuously learn or work, they do not even have to go to the bar and drink beer with friends, and it will not come to the head on the computer for a few hours a day on the computer. The Korean child is on average having fun 1 hour a day and 10-12 hours takes time study, then exams exams, becomes a student, etc.

Economic development

Now the Republic of Korea has become an industrial country with a highly developed industry.

But after the end of the Korean War in 1953, it turned out to be with a dilapidated economy, its GDP was lower than the level of underdeveloped African countries. Moreover, natural resources in this country were at a minimum level.

There was a little over 60 years - and now it is industrial country With highly developed industry. GDP per capita (South Korea) amounted to more than 37 thousand dollars in 2016, the unemployment rate for 2016 is 3.6%.

What is the mystery of this transformation? Experts argue that the answer to this question should be sought, above all, in the Koreans themselves. After all, the government (since 1961, when president of Pak came to power), and the population of South Korea itself set a goal - to create a country with highly educated specialists, and all the forces and funds were subordinate to this. The whole generation of people with a high level of education was learned in the country, which laid the foundation for industrial and economic prosperity.

Also, the President of Pak, with the help of increasing his authority and the power department, forced rich Koreans to direct investments in the industry of their country, in particular in the creation of shipbuilding.

The employment of the population of South Korea in 2016 amounted to 65% for residents of working age (15-64) who have a well-paid job. Among men, this figure is higher (76%) than in women (55%).

Koreans are rightly proud of their level (85% of adults received a complete secondary education) and the quality of education. In the country a very high standard of living, medium family revenue 1 person amounted to more than $ 19 thousand per year in 2016.

Urban and rural population

For the period of the "Korean Economic Miracle" (1960-1985), South Korea turned rapidly from agricultural in urbanized country With a high level of industry. IN agriculture Due to the mechanization of people, there was less and less, and in cities with such industrial growth - more and more. This process influenced urban population South Korea. The population of cities over the years has grown from 34 to 65% due to the resulting mass crossing of the peasants.

Until 1970, the South Korean capital represented a chaotic journey of one-story houses. Now Seoul surprises tourists with her ultra-high density of development, which is explained not only to the high-cost land, but also to be found even earlier traditions in the Korean villages to get as far as possible under deficient Earth For plowing.

Megapolis Seoul

The placement of the population of South Korea is characterized by a high density - 453 people / kV km on average in the country, as well as a high share of urbanization: over the past 60 years, the percentage of urban population increased from 34% (1960) to 80% (2015).

A special role in urbanization is given to Seoul, which almost 5 recent centuries inhabited 100-150 thousand people. But in 1936, Seoul already inhabited 727 thousand, in 1945 - 901 thousand, in 1960 - 1.5 million since 1993, when the number of residents reached 10.9 million, the number began to fall and decreased by 2000 by 9%.

Economists are associated with the emergence of Seoul satellite cities that the residents of the capital began to move. They are drawn there cheaper accommodation, fresh air and good ecology. All these satellites are connected to Seoul Metro Lines.

In the huge zone of Seoul and his satellites (more than 80 km in a circle), now there are now 45% of the total population of the republic, which is an example of an ultra-high concentration of the population in the metropolitan zone (for example, only 13% of the English population lives in London).

Economical Nation

Koreans are a very economical nation. It is interesting to know how and how much does the population of South Korea spend money for utilities and other expenses? The main principle here is the division of accounts and expenses. Any Korean family makes several accounts, which allows you to share spending on training, food, etc.

The largest part is to study at the university, which is started to postpone the money from the first months of the child's life. To buy products and visiting a restaurant (national tradition) - its own separate account, on utilities - also. Moreover, Koreans products most often buy via the Internet (this is 40% cheaper than in the store). And for travel in urban transport, they generally came up with a credit card.

Korea dies away?

Recently, the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea expressed a forecast that the population of South Korea gradually dying out due to low fertility in recent decades. Researchers calculated that this will happen by 2750.

Under the current number of 50 million people, a decrease in the total number of Koreans by 2136 to 10 million people is predicted. The coming years will be confirmed or refuted these statements.

- The state in the north-east of Asia, which occupies the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. In the north, it borders with the Korean People's Democratic Republic, in the east is washed by the Japanese Sea, in the south and south-east - the Korean Strait, in the West - the yellow sea. South Korea also belongs to several islands, the largest of which are Jedjudo, Chado and Kodjedo.

The name comes from an ethnonym used in the X-XIV centuries.

Official name: The Republic of Korea

Capital: Seoul

The area of \u200b\u200bthe land: 98.5 thousand sq.km

General population: 50 million people

Administrative division: 9 provinces and 5 cities of central subordination.

Form of government: Republic.

Head of State: The president.

Population composition: 99% - Koreans, there is also a small Chinese minority.

Official language: korean.

Religion: 51.2% - Buddhism, 34.4% - Christians (Protestants), 10.6% - Catholics, 1.8 - followers of shamanism and confusion.

Internet domain: .kr.

Voltage in the power grid: ~ 110 V / 220 V, 60 Hz

Country Code: +82

Country barcode: 880

Climate

Moderate monsoon. The average annual temperature is +5 s in the north and +14 s in the south. Summer roast - 21-24 s (up to +35 c), with frequent and strong rains, bringing monscons from June to July. Winter is cold - up to -10 С on the coasts and -20 s in the central regions, quite low. Frections thaw. The precipitation falls on average up to 2000 mm. per year (in the north - up to 5000 mm., in Seoul - about 1500 mm.), mostly in the summer. Best time To visit the country - from June to October.

Geography

State with total area 98.5 thousand sq. Km, located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula in the north-east of Asia. In the north borders with the DPRK. In the East is washed by the Japanese Sea, in the south and south-east - the Korean Strait, in the West - the yellow sea.

The country's landscape is very diverse, 70% of the territory occupied by low mountains, stretching from the north to south chains of the ridges of SAEK (high-point - Cyrisan, 1915 m), Konsen (Mountain Nanmin, 2014 m), Kymgan (1638 m), Sorak (1780 m) and TKEBEK (1546 m). The highest mountain point of the country - Hallasan (1950 m), located on the largest island of the country - Chechzhudo.

The coastline is strong enough and framed by a large amount (more than 3 thousand) islands, especially along the Western and southern coasts of the country. In the east, the coastline rocky and relatively straight, with small beaches in the mouth of the rivers.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

Due to the soft climate, the vegetation of Korea is very diverse. In the mountains of Korea, broader and oak forests grow, which alternate with mixed forests and coniferous rocks. The most common rocks of trees in the forests are oaks, graphs, birch, linden and other breeds, among which are valuable.

Directly in South Korea forests less. Here in the foothills are very common ginseng. And in the mountains grow oaks, maples, ash. On the trunks of the trees, Liana and Lemongrass are often found, as well as wild grapes. Below, dense pine forests grow along the lower mountain belt. On the territory of the subalpine belt, the beautiful Alpine meadows mowed, near which many shrub trees grow. By the way, the Korean pine, found in the forests of Korea, is the most price of the tree of wood.

In the south of Korea there are many evergreen trees, for example, Japanese Camellia. Surrent trees are also very common, such as chestnut. In total, Flora Korea has more than 4 thousand varieties. This is despite the fact that in the twentieth century large forest areas were cut down. Bamboo grow in the valleys, whose shoots grow to 10 meters.

Animal world

Fox, boars, mountains, roebles, spotted deer, spruce, sparklers, otters, proteins, sometimes you can meet tigers, leopards, lycs and Ussuri and Belogruda Bears can live in the forests of South Korea. In the coastal areas there is the greatest variety of birds: Sparrow, herons, cranes, storks, geese, ducks, slices, seagulls, cormorants, gangs, cakes and numbers.

In addition, there are birds of prey on the territory of South Korea as Kamchatka Eagle, and large birds of chicken squad - Pheasants, Tetherov and Ryabchiki. In the coastal and inner waters of the country there are several hundreds of fish species.

sights

Korea with its picturesque nature, mountains, beaches and rivers, with rich cultural and historical heritage, is one of the most interesting in the tourist plan of Southeast Asia. Here you can see the ancient Buddhist monasteries, royal palaces, sculptural monuments, pagodas, archaeological attractions, fortresses, folklore villages and numerous museums. A picturesque nature and carefully saved habitat give the country a special charm.

Banks and currency

WON (W, KRW). In the circulation there are banknotes in 50000, 10,000, 5000 and 1000 Vaughn (often called "Chon", which means "thousand") and coins of 500, 100, 50 and 10 won (coins of dignity in 5 and 1 ving currently practically Not used and after the denomination of 2009 are derived from turnover).

Banks work on weekdays from 9.30 to 16.30, on Saturday to 13.30. Weekend - Sunday. ATMs work from 9.30 to 22.00, and some are around the clock.

Money can be exchanged in banks, specialized exchange points And in large hotels. US dollars in many small shops and on the market are accepted along with local currencyHowever, in department stores and large stores, dollars are not accepted at all.

Credit is accepted everywhere visa cards, American express, Diners Club, Master Card and JCB. Tourist checks can be credited only in banks or offices of large international transport and tourist companies.

In the go too bank checks Nominal from 100 thousand won and more, however, when calculating them on the reverse side, you need to specify the passport number, address and telephone number in Korea, so if you do not have a residence permit, the calculation of checks is almost impossible.

Useful information for tourists

The traditional hierarchy system and respect for the eldest is still of great importance in all spheres of life. Direct questions about age and marital status are considered an ordinary phenomenon, as they allow Korean to draw up an idea of \u200b\u200bthe interlocutor and its place in the hierarchical system of society. Koreans avoid expressing emotions in humans or loudly laugh in the presence of older people.

Greetings are always pronounced with a slight bow whose depth depends on the position of speaking. At the meeting, they apply and shake both the right and left hand, although preference is given to the right - the left hand is put under the right. Failure to comply with this rule may be regarded as a manifestation of ignorance. It is often common just nodded heads, as well as a lightweight or respectful bow (depending on who to say with whom). Usually do not look directly in the eyes - it is perceived, rather as a threat or an attempt to provide psychological pressure.

Here almost do not say "Thank you" or "not for that" in order not to confuse a person who has any kind. When gifts bring, they are quietly left at the entrance, and do not show the person to whom they are intended. No one will also apologize, inadvertently pushing the oncoming street or step up. Public manifestations of feelings, such as kisses and hugs, are considered obscene.

At the table do not start food until the oldest one will come by age, and everyone gets up when it comes out of the table.

During meals, it is impossible to leave sticks in rice, as it is associated with the funeral. You can not write the names of red ink - they write the names of the dead. According to tradition, Koreans are sitting, eat and sleep on the floor. Therefore, at the entrance to the Korean House, you must always remove shoes. You can not stand on the threshold, so as not to let evil spirits.

It is impossible to talk about divorce, death or ruin, not even a joke, so as not to stick the evil rock. It is considered indecent to be with bare feet in the presence of senior, so it is recommended to always wear socks or stockings when visiting the Korean family.

Tips in restaurants are not taken, the calculation is made not with the waiter, but at the checkout, which is at the exit. The menu as such in Korean restaurants is usually absent, all the names of dishes and their prices are indicated on a special table that hangs on the wall. Tips are given only in large hotels of international class.

In the elevators of multi-storey buildings there is no fourth floor (the word "sa" - the "fourth" sounds just like "death"), so it is usually denoted by the letter "F" or for the third one should immediately follow the fifth floor.

South Korea is the name of the Republic of Korea, adopted in the media so that confusion did not arise when mentioning the neighboring state. Previously, this country was with Northern Korea one. Therefore, the peoples living there today have common roots. The population of South Korea for 2019 is 51,294,272 people (Actual on 03/28/2019).

History of South Korean ethnos

Koreans from ancient times are considered indigenous people of the Republic of Korea. In the 19th century, the Chinese were immigrated to these territories. To date, immigrants from neighboring states live in South Korea. Tyventants, the Chinese and even a small number of Japanese live there for a long time.

The main religions of the country are the following beliefs:

• Buddhism;
• Confucianism;
• Shamanism;
• Christianity;
• Taoism;
• Vera in ancestors.

The official language of the country is Korean. There are many official language dialects on the territory of the state.

South Korea population in numbers

The number of South Korean population is more than 51.2 million people. The ratio of men and women is approximately equal. The fertility exceeds the mortality of halved. For example, more than 400 thousand people are born per year in South Korea.

« In the Middle Ages, Korean women gave birth at 7-10 babies. Up to mature age, only 2-3 children lived. Yes, and the total life expectancy did not exceed 30 years. Therefore, with a high birth rate, Korea has had problems with demographics for a long time.».

The total area of \u200b\u200bthe Republic of Korea is 99,720 square kilometers. Population density is 510 people on square meter. These indicators directly indicate the overpopulation of the country.

The retirement load coefficient in South Korea reaches 15%. The indicator is quite low, because the working-age population in Korea is much larger than those who are retired.

The average life expectancy in the country is 79 years old. Men live to 75 years, and women live on average for 7 years longer. Compared to past centuries, such figures are talking about the development of medicine and care for the ecology of the republic. In addition, these indicators are approximate to European standards.

South Korea is quite closed for foreigners Country. That is why its centuries-old traditions can be found unchanged. The South Korean population is gaining growth due to the birth rate, but also due to moderate immigration too. In a large population population, the government of the country is not interested, because over the territory of South Korea and is observed overcrowding.

The population of South Korea is more than 48 million people.

National composition:

• koreans (99%);
• other nations (Chinese, Filipinos, Thais, Vietnamese, Americans).

Koreans are confident that they are the descendants of the Altai or Proto-Altai tribes: they compare themselves with Turks, Mongols and Tungus. Their confidence is based on archaeological data, according to which the tribes from the southern and, really migrated on the Korean Peninsula central districts Siberia during the times of Neolithic and the Bronze Age.

480 people live for 1 sq. Km, the Seoul District of Yangkhon-GU (population density - over 27,000 people per 1 sq. Cm), and the least intensified - the County of Inchhe-Gong (Canvondo Province): here is 1 square meter. km live 20 people.

The state language is Korean, but English has also received widespread in the country.

Large cities: Seoul, Thajon, Busan, Jachon, Tagu, Kwangju, Ulsan, Suwon,

Half of the inhabitants of South Korea (51%) professes Buddhism, the rest are Protestantism, Catholicism, Confucianism, Shamanism.

Life expectancy

The female population lives on average to 80, and male - up to 73 years old. Despite the rather high indicators, South Korea deducts not so much to health ($ 2000 per year per person).

Koreans can boast of the lowest indicators in terms of obesity people - 4%, while on average in Europe this figure is 18%, and in Mexico - 40%. And it is amazing, because they do not adhere to healthy nutrition: they eat little vegetables and fruits, and their diet consists of meat, greasy and fried food, as well as inedible, according to Europeans, dishes in the form of fried insects.

Surely, Koreans would live even longer if it were not for their smoking and alcoholic beverages.

Traditions and customs of residents of South Korea

Koreans are a pious people who respectfully refers to ancestors, family, parents and friends, as well as any culture and foreigners.

In South Korea, interest is the fact that a man, regardless of his age, surrounding will be considered an adult man only after he marries.

A special event in the life of Koreans is the birth of a child: for 100 days after his birth, the family organizes a small evening, inviting close relatives and friends to him. And when the child is a year, this event is noted with a special pomp. In addition to the fact that a lot of people are invited to this event, the child is dressed in a bright silk suit, and in honor of him a special ritual is arranged - fortune telling on his future.

Koreans love to celebrate the holidays. For example, in the feast of Sokhondage (March, September), people go to Confucian chapels, in which costumed processions are suitable, accompanied by a traditional orchestra. And on the birthday party of Buddha (May), Koreans arrange a spectacular spectacle - parade of lanterns.

If you will be invited to some establishment in Korea, know what is accepted here that everyone pays for himself, and if you are invited to visit, you must praise the hostess at home (this is very high).

It is about 50 million people. Area of \u200b\u200bterritory - a little more than 100 square kilometers. Thus, the population of South Korea has a density of more than 500 people per square kilometer.

Compare with Russia

The territory is 171 times less than the Russian Federation. less than 2.85 times. Nominally Koreans richer Russians more than 3 times (data to crises and devaluation of 2014-2015).

Problems with fertility

As is known from the experience of developed countries in Europe and the United States, the wealth of the population leads to a decrease in fertility. This fate has suffered both the Asian economic giant. For many years, the fertility is fixed below 1.20 for each woman. One of the worst indicators in the world. If the situation does not change in the coming years, the population of South Korea can be reduced to 20 million by the end of this century. Full extinction experts predict while maintaining such a birth rate by the middle of the 28th century. Only a few countries in the world have lower indicators - this is Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau.

Economic characteristics of the country

South Korea is an industrial leader of the Asian region with a developed IT industry. In contrast to the rich natural resources countries do not have natural fossils. This forces the development of non-ferrers: tourist, banking, information technologies, electronics, automotive, alternative energy sources.

Diligence and diligence - features of Korean culture. Only recently official labor legislation passed on an 8-hour day at a 5-day work week. Prior to that, the 6-day working week with a 10-hour working day was allowed under the law. Until now, this is this schedule in many enterprises. The authorities are not particularly fighting for the observance of the labor regime. The level of competition in the workplace is forced to be postponed by 100 percent.

In this country, they learn until 24-28 years. And every step (and a lot of them) accompany qualifying exams and selections. After studying, competition only enhances enterprises. The long curriculum is associated with high employers' requirements. South Korea - leader in digital communication technologies.

This is one of the few Asian countries in which the role of the state is modified. Almost all political and economic levers of influence are in large industrial corporations. The population of South Korea is not subject to government interests, such as in the DPRK and many other Asian countries. Here, on the contrary, Western thinking and mentality. The state should help and take care of society.

The most unloved professions are police and civil servants. The first in the minds of South Koreans are associated with Japanese occupation. The second is due to low wages compared to other spheres. Policeman - hated ward in the eyes of ordinary koreans. The internal affairs officers themselves do not feel endowed with the special authority, which can be abused. In society, the requirements dictate laws, not the police, as in some other states.

Economic indicators

South Korea population and counting system economic indicators determined the state in the economy. This country is one of the leading developed countries not only asia region, and the world.

South Korea has more than 36 thousand US dollars for 2015. At the same time, the level of inflation and unemployment does not reach 3%. It is included in 15 for the indicator.

The country's economy for the 20th century has undergone a number of transformations, it constantly changed the vectors of its development. After World War II, the focus was made to agricultural production. In the 50-60s. The emphasis began to be made on the light industry and in the 70-80s. Heavy industry developed. Today in the economy of this country dominated the sector of services and highly intelligent production, robotics and alternative energy sources are developing.

Thus, it can be concluded that the population of South Korea is decreasing annually, and in the economic plan the country is adjusted for the needs of the world market and tries to occupy leading positions.