In which countries the population is unevenly distributed. Placement of the population on the territory of the Earth

Video tutorial 2: Placement and migration of the population

Lecture: Geographic features of the distribution of the population. Uneven distribution of the world's population: main features and factors

Accommodation of the population

The population of the Earth for 2017 is 7.5 billion people. The total population density is 45 people. for 1 sq. km. The main feature of the distribution of the population is its unevenness. 70% of the population occupies only 7% of the territory. Densely populated areas are distinguished, and places where there is no population. The bulk of the planet's inhabitants are located in the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical and temperate zones. Even in these zones, countries stand out with a population density of about 16,400 people per 1 sq. km (Monaco). Northern Canada has 1 person per 25 km. Greenland and the South Pole are not inhabited, mountainous areas, deserts, tundra, equatorial forests remain uninhabited. Out of 100 people, 80 live on flat territory, which is 28% of the land area. The population is concentrated in developed countries, in places of developed industrial production with a developed infrastructure. Here the population density is up to 1500 people per 1 sq. km. In places where the climate is most favorable for the development of agriculture and human life, there is a high density. The islands of the coastal zone of the equatorial and tropical zone are densely populated, due to good climatic conditions and water transport routes. 30% of the world's population is concentrated here.

Uneven distribution of the population

The root cause the uneven distribution of the population are historical factors. Ancient human settlements are still the most densely populated areas today. First of all, people developed lands along the banks of rivers and lakes, water played a primary role for human life. River water was used for drinking, household needs, fish were fished in rivers and lakes, water bodies served as transport routes and protection from external enemies.

The second reason- these are climatic conditions. For a long time, the basis of the human economy was agriculture: plant growing and animal husbandry. Favorable climatic conditions contributed to the prosperity of agriculture. Therefore, areas were mastered and settled where it was possible to grow crops and raise livestock.

Third reason Is the population size for individual countries. Today, there are countries where there is a large increase in population.

Fourth reason- socio-economic. Areas where industrial production is well developed attract people. Large urban agglomerations are the most populated areas. In addition to manufacturing jobs, infrastructure is being developed to provide additional jobs.

Population size is a quantitative characteristic of the aggregate of all people living in a certain territory, the most common and demanded indicator of the demographic situation.

The specificity of this indicator lies in the fact that the population is:

• baseline indicator of socio-demographic and economic development country;
• basic indicator, since it serves as the basis for calculating many macroeconomic indicators, for example GDP per capita. It is also needed when calculating relative indicators characterizing the intensity and dynamics of demographic processes.

The world's population has grown steadily throughout history. According to estimates in 4000 BC. only 4 million people lived on Earth, in 1000 BC. - 50 million. At the beginning of our era there were already 300 million people on Earth, by the end of the 1st millennium AD. - 400 million, in 1500 - 500 million, 1820 - 1 billion, 1900 - 1.6 billion, 1960 - 3 billion, 1993 - 5.65 billion, October 31, 1999 population The land was 6 billion, and on November 1, 2011 - 7.0 billion people.

At the beginning of 2014, at the 47th session of the UN Commission on Population and Development in the report of UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, it was stated that the world's population reached 7.2 billion people.

In the history of mankind there were periods when the population, albeit temporarily, but significantly decreased: in the XIV century. the plague claimed the lives of about 15 million people; in the XIX century. in India and China, 25 million people each died of hunger; at the beginning of the XX century. from the Spanish flu ("Spanish flu") in Europe and Russia - about 20 million people. ; but the greatest losses occurred during the Second World War - about 60 million people.

According to the UN forecast (2014), by 2025 the population of the Earth will reach 8.1 billion, and by 2050 - 9.6 billion people. (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1

Periods of increasing world population

The number of inhabitants is an absolute moment value that indicates the size of the society as of a certain date (usually at the beginning or end of the year). To avoid underestimation of the population and to achieve comparability of data, in demography they resort to calculating the average population.

The average population is a conditional calculated value that reflects the size of a society for a period of time as a whole. To find it, several calculation methods are used.

1. If data are available at the beginning and end of the year, a simple arithmetic mean formula is used to calculate the average population:

where S - average population; S H - population size at the beginning of the period; S k - population size at the end of the period.

Advantage this method lies in the availability of data and ease of calculation. The disadvantage of calculating the average population using formula (3.1) is that its changes within the period under consideration are not taken into account. So, for any resort town, the average population, calculated according to data at the beginning and end of the year, will be significantly less, excluding the seasonal stay of vacationers who use transport services. Catering etc.

2. If data are available for equal periods of time (at the beginning of each month or year), then the chronological average formula is applied:

where S 1 S n - the first and last levels of the population dynamics series, respectively.

The advantage of this method is that it is more accurate than the first calculation of the average population size, and the disadvantage is that the number of days by months is different, and besides the usual, there are also leap days.

3. If data on the population size are available for unequal time intervals (for example, on January 1, March 1, July 1, etc.), then the formula for the average chronological weighted is applied:

where t- the time interval between every two adjacent levels in the series of population dynamics.

Such a calculation takes into account the length of the time intervals between the available information on the population size, but does not capture the qualitative characteristics of a particular period of time.

4. If there are data on the population size for a relatively long period of time, for example, at the beginning of 2004 and 2012, then the formula for the average logarithmic is applied:

The use of this formula in calculating the average population can be justified by the impossibility of obtaining detailed data.

The average population is an absolute indicator that makes it possible to judge the demographic "weight" of a particular country, territory, etc. (Table 3.2).

Table 3.2

A source: Chinese Official Population Clock. URL: data.stats.gov.cn/english.

From the point of view of management, the change in the quantitative size of society for certain period time can lead to:

• to an increase in the population;
• stabilization of the population;
• population decline.

The last option is called depopulation, i.e. a process associated with a decrease in the number of inhabitants of a country or territorial unit. Depopulation as a result demographic development society took place in history more than once, for example, in the second half of the 20th century, when it manifested itself in France, Germany and some other countries, including the Russian Federation since the beginning of the 1990s.

The following signs are used to classify the varieties of depopulation.

• 1. Depending on shape manifestations: a) one-time; b) repeated; c) continuous depopulation.
• 2. Depending on character: a) stable; b) intermittent depopulation.
• 3. Depending on duration: a) short-term; b) medium-term; c) long-term depopulation.

To assess the development of the depopulation process, such indicators are used as:

where D - the size of the depopulation; S K.P. , S N.P, - population size at the end and beginning of the period, respectively;

where K d is the depopulation coefficient; S i S 0, S - actual, baseline and average annual population, respectively.

From the standpoint of the state, ignoring any issues related to depopulation as an unfavorable scenario for population change can lead to problems in the development of society.

The distribution of the population is of great importance in studies of the development of countries and regions.

Placement of the population - the resettlement of residents by country, region, in urban and rural areas.

It is characterized by the following conditions:

• natural and climatic. The population is more concentrated in areas better adapted to life. Places with extreme natural conditions, such as deserts, glaciers, high mountains, do not create favorable conditions for human life;
• historical. According to the research of many scientists, the formation of human society took place 40-50 thousand years ago, initially in South-West Asia, North-East Africa and Southern Europe, then people spread throughout the Old World, by the X millennium BC. settled in North and South America, at the end of this period and Australia;
• socio-economic. With the development of society, the quality of life turned into one of the defining elements of the distribution of the population.

The following groups of indicators are used to characterize the distribution of the population.

• 1. The share of the population of a country, region in the total number of the world, continent, etc. Currently, the largest part of the world's population lives in Asia (over 60%).
• 2. Physical density of the population, calculated as the ratio of the total population to the area of ​​the territory in square kilometers. Its value allows you to estimate how many people are per square kilometer, and shows the degree of population of regions or countries.

Depending on the level of population density (Table 3.3), three groups can be distinguished:

• very high - over 200 people / sq. km;
• average - 40-200 people / sq. km;
• low - 2-40 persons / sq. km.

Table 3.3

Population density of some countries

A source: Chinese Official Population Clock. URL: data.stats.gov.cn/english.

The average density of the world's population as of 2013 is 52 people / sq. km, or 48 people / sq. km including Antarctica. With the growth of the population, the physical density also increases (in 1890 the average density of the world's population was only 12 people / sq. Km).

The economic density of the population can be calculated separately, i.e. only in relation to an economically developed area. It can differ markedly from the physical density of the population. For example,

for Russia, a large discrepancy will be observed for the regions of Siberia and the Far East.

The population density in Russia as of 2014 was 8.4 people / sq. km. Lowest population density in Russian Federation in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - 0.07 people / sq. km. The highest population density in the Russian Federation is in the Moscow region (including Moscow) - 409 people / sq. km; in the Moscow region without Moscow 160 people / sq. km, in Moscow itself - 4822 people / sq. km. ( A source: gks.ru - federal Service state statistics.)

Information about population density or the degree of population is of great importance in solving issues of the socio-economic development of a particular territory, the development of transport and trade networks, and the construction of social institutions.

• 3. Distribution of inhabitants between city and village. This is one of the most important characteristics of the distribution of the population. The main indicators here are:
  • urban and rural population;
  • specific gravity urban and rural population;
  • the number of urban residents per 1000 rural;
  • number of cities by category;
  • distribution of settlements but the number of inhabitants.

These indicators reflect the distribution of residents between urban and rural areas and are used as characteristics of the socio-economic development of society. Ego is connected with the fact that the availability of transport, trade facilities, educational institutions, health care, etc. in cities it is much wider than in rural areas. At the same time, information on the distribution of the population depending on the place of residence allows government bodies at various levels to build a more effective socio-economic policy.

To assess the degree of uniformity in the distribution of the population in demography, such an indicator as the index of territorial concentration is used:

where S i - share of the area of ​​the i-th region in total area the territory of the whole country; Р i - the share of the population of the i-th region in the total population of the entire country.

It allows you to highlight the centers of congestion of people as in regional dimension, and in relation to placement in urban or rural areas.

A settlement is understood as a place inhabited by people, or the primary unit of settlement of people within one built-up land plot(city, urban-type settlement, village, etc.).

An obligatory feature of a settlement is the constancy of its use as a habitat from year to year. In Russia, there are the following settlements: arban, aul, a settlement, a city, a dacha settlement, a village,

settlement, kishlak, town, churchyard, settlement, urban-type settlement, settlement at the station, repairs, working settlement, village, settlement, village, ulus, estate, farm. Despite the variety of settlements, as a rule, there are two main types of them - urban and rural settlements.

A city is considered to be a large settlement that performs production, management, organizational, and cultural functions. Growing up, cities form urban agglomerations. Modern cities are divided into small (up to 50 thousand inhabitants), medium (50-100 thousand), large (100-250 thousand), large (250-500 thousand), largest (500 thousand-1 million) and millionaire cities (over 1 million inhabitants).

In international practice, the urban population includes people living in urban settlements, and the rural population is people living in rural areas. At the same time, referring to an urban or rural settlement may have several criteria:

• economic- employment of the population in non-agricultural labor;
• quantitative- reaching a certain number of residents;
• legislative- assignment of the city status to a settlement as a special legislative act;
• historical- Historically assignment of the status of a city to a settlement.

However, these requirements of the criteria are not strict, in practice they are often linked to each other. The inconsistency of a settlement with any of the criteria (primarily formal, especially in terms of the number of inhabitants) does not automatically lead to the loss of the status of the city, since this requires the adoption of an appropriate regulatory legal act (regional law), and minor fluctuations in the population are quite natural.

In Russia, since 1939, the unity of the first three criteria has been used, and the status of a city is determined by the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In Russia, a city can be a settlement with a population of more than 12 thousand people, among which 85% are workers, employees, as well as their family members, and who should not be employed in agriculture... At the same time, two types of cities are distinguished: regional (regional, territorial, republican, etc.) and district significance. However, in Russia there are quite a lot (208 out of 1092) cities with a population of less than 12 thousand people. Their city status is associated with historical factors and population change.

In the XIX century. the growth of industrial cities became massive, and the XX century. considered the century of urbanization. Urbanization (lat. urbanus- urban) - the process of increasing the urban population, urban growth, increasing the role of cities in the development of society. The consequences of urbanization are often not only positive, but also negative: on the one hand, accessibility and comfort, on the other, overpopulation, poor ecology, and transport problems. This is evidenced by the following data: in 1900, 13% of the world's population lived in cities, and by 2000, already 47%. Currently, more than half of the world's inhabitants live in cities. In Russia at the beginning of 2014 urban population accounted for 106.6 million people, or 74% of the total population.

In the practice of international statistics, the concept of "agglomerated territory" has become widespread. An urban agglomeration is a territorial and economic union of several settlements, usually urban, on the basis of a large complex into a complex multicomponent system with developed production, transport and cultural links.

Since the middle of the last century, as a kind of agglomeration, such a phenomenon as suburbanization began to manifest itself, the process of growth and development of the suburban area. major cities... The growing standard of living allows people to build "rural type" houses in the suburbs, cottage settlements while running away from the disadvantages of urban life - air pollution, noise, etc. In such a situation, the load increases both on public transport, and on the capacity of roads due to the use of personal cars... In Russia, the first manifestations of suburbanization were observed in the Moscow region, where this process acquired one distinctive feature: not daring to give up a city apartment, many residents of the metropolis spend most of their time at their country cottages, as a result of which transport problems have significantly increased. In small countries with a high population density, such as Belgium and the Netherlands, suburbs take up almost all of the free space, crowding out natural landscapes. In the USA, South Africa, Britain, suburbanization is accompanied by the so-called flight of whites (eng. white flight): central areas cities are populated by representatives of the Negroid race, while the white population moves to the suburbs.

Close to the concept of suburbanization is the concept of urbanization (from the English. rural - rural) - the spread of urban forms and living conditions on rural settlements... This process involves the migration of the urban population to rural settlements, movement to countryside economic activity inherent in the city. In Russia since the beginning of the XXI century. this phenomenon is observed mainly in the Moscow region - in many rural settlements are being built industrial enterprises and warehouses taken out of Moscow, the overwhelming majority of the population leads an urban lifestyle.

The decrease in the rural population and the increase in the urban population are largely associated with the development of agricultural production, the introduction of technology and technology, as a result of which the labor force is freed. This is very clearly seen in the example of the economies of developed and developing countries... So, in developed countries, agricultural production employs from 3% (Great Britain) to 15% (Italy, Portugal) of the total number of people employed. At the same time, more than half of the active population is employed in agriculture in the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America.

Another reason for the increase in the urban population is the legislative decision to transfer a settlement from one type to another (from rural to urban). This process took place in Russia in the middle

the last century due to the pursued policy of industrialization. An example in recent history is the annexation of new territories (mostly rural) to Moscow and the formation of the so-called New Moscow.

• This paragraph uses data from the United Nations Population Information Network, United Nations Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs. social issues) from un.org/popin/.
• The most massive influenza pandemic in the history of mankind in absolute numbers, both in terms of the number of those infected and the deaths.

POPULATION ACCOMMODATION

POPULATION ACCOMMODATION

the population of the Earth is distributed extremely unevenly. Strong influence on R. n. render natural conditions territory, employment in the village. households, gravitation towards transport and trade routes. R. n. testifies to the huge unevenness in the population of the Earth's territory. In the east. hemisphere concentrated more population (about 86%) than in the west., and in the sowing. hemisphere is larger in comparison with the south., where 10% of the population lives. The bulk of people live in temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones at altitudes up to 500 m above sea level. Completely undeveloped areas occupy 15% of the land area.

Concise Geographical Dictionary... EdwART. 2008.

See what "POPULATION ACCOMMODATION" is in other dictionaries:

POPULATION ACCOMMODATION- POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, the result of the process of spatial distribution of us. and the formation of a network of settlements for a certain period of time; is included in the concept of population settlement. R. n. and dep. its characteristics are displayed on geographic ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

English. settlement; German Bevolkerungsverteilung, territoriale. The result of the process of spatial distribution of the population in the network of settlements for a certain period of time. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

POPULATION ACCOMMODATION- English. settlement; German Bevolkerungsverteilung, territoriale. The result of the process of spatial distribution of the population in the network of settlements for a certain period of time. ... Explanatory Dictionary of Sociology

- ... Wikipedia

Population. Accommodation of the population- Population density and population size of cities. Population. Population distribution Latin America is one of the least populated regions in the world. The average population density (1977) in the region is over 16 people per 1 km2, including 12.2 in South America, in ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "Latin America"

Africa. Accommodation of the population- Population density. The average population density of the continent is not high, 17.7 people per km2 in 1984 (in Europe 65.6 people per km2, in Asia 64.3). The distribution of the population is influenced not only by natural conditions (for example, desert areas ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "Africa"

Placing deposits of the population in various banks, companies, funds, financial institutions, joint stock companies with the aim of earning a return on invested capital. See also: Deposits Deposits Financial vocabulary Finam ... Financial vocabulary

Placing deposits of the population in various banks, companies, funds, financial organizations, joint stock companies with the aim of earning a return on invested capital. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B .. Modern economic vocabulary... 2nd e ... ... Economic Dictionary

V economic geography distribution production facilities different sectors of the economy by region. See also: Material Manufacturing Finam Financial Dictionary. Location of production Location of production geographical distribution ... Financial vocabulary

Geographic distribution of material components of production and labor resources on the territory of countries and their economic regions. R. p. With. determined by the dominant mode of production, the form of ownership of funds ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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- This is the process of distribution of the population over the territory and the formation of a network of settlements. Its character is influenced by four groups of factors:

• socio-economic (general level of economic development, regional differences in the location of economic sectors, incomes of the population, investment volumes, etc.);
• natural (climate, relief, soil, availability, etc.);
• demographic (intensity of mechanical and natural);
• historical factor (influence on the settlement of historical conditions).

The main features of the distribution of the population

The distribution of the population reflects the result of the process of resettlement of the population for a specific period of time.

People are settled on the planet extremely unevenly.

More than two-thirds of humanity is concentrated on about 8% of the land area, and about 10% of it is still uninhabited (almost all, etc.).

Other features of the distribution of the population on Earth are as follows: 72% of the population lives in - the area of ​​origin and formation of man, 60% of the population - in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere; more than half of the people are concentrated in the lowlands (up to 200 m above sea level), although the latter make up less than 30% of the land. The population is, as it were, "shifted" to the sea - almost 1/3 of people live at a distance of no more than 50 km from the sea (this strip occupies 12% of the land).

The distribution of the population across the regions of the world is uneven. 3/5 of it falls on the share, 13.5% -, another 12% - on, and the rest of the regions in total - less than 15% Over the past decades, the share of Asia, Africa and in the entire population of the world has constantly increased, Oceania - has been stable , and Europe and - steadily declined.

60% of humanity is concentrated in the ten largest states with a population of more than 100 million in each, and almost 15% in eleven countries with a population of 50 to 100 million people. Thus, there is a very high territorial concentration of the population. At the same time, the vast majority of countries have less than 10 million inhabitants, and in many - less than 1 million. The largest share of sparsely populated countries is in Africa, Oceania and Central America. Examples of states with a very small population are (1 thousand inhabitants) and Pitcairn Island (British colony), where the population is less than 100 people.

The degree of population and economic development of a territory is often determined by an indicator - the number of inhabitants per 1 km2. Its average value in the world is 45 people per 1 km2. However, at the same time, according to available estimates, for half of the land, the population density is less than 1 person per 1 km2, and by 1/4, it ranges from 1 to 10 people per 1 km2.

There are 6 regions on the globe with the highest density population (over 100 people per 1 km2):

1. East Asian (East China, Japan, Republic of Korea).
2. South Asian (Indo-Gangetic lowland, South India.
3. Southeast Asian (, Vietnam,).
4. European (Europe without its northern part).
5. Northeastern United States.
6. West African region (Nile Valley and lower reaches - countries: Nigeria,).

In addition, there are areas with a high population density in - some coastal areas in and.

The most densely populated countries in the world are (930 people per 1 km2), and 330 - 395 people per 1 km2.

The high population density is most often associated with the development of industry and cities, in which it often reaches several thousand and even tens of thousands of people per 1 km2. However, among densely populated countries, they are found as industrial, strongly