Population of Yu Korea. Population of South Korea (2019)

The DPRK can be bolded by one of the most specific countries of Asia. The closeness of society and strict political regime led to what those who wish to move to the republic from other countries - units. This turned northern Korea to the mono-ethnic country: 99% of the population of the Peninsula - Koreans, who are rather biased to representatives of other nations and nations.

Statistics and numbers

In World War II, about 20% of the inhabitants of the state died, which was strongly affected by the demographic atmosphere. For more than 20 years, the time of the DPRK inferior to his neighbor in terms of settlement. South Korea faster recovered a pre-war indicator - to explain it is high economic level and influx of emigrants. However, over the past twenty years, the birth rate has sharply risen in the DPRK. Relying on this statisticians, the North Korean government predicts that by the middle of the century the country will overtake the capitalist neighbor.

At the beginning of 2017, 25 million 230 thousand people were registered in North Korea. Of these - 12 million 442 thousand men and 12 million 913 thousand women. At the same time, in the state, in contrast to neighboring countries - South Korea, Japan and China - there is no aging of the nation. 69% of the country's inhabitants are healthy people who provide all spheres of life.

The number of nations developed unevenly. Since the beginning of the 50s, a sharp race of fertility occurred, which decreased by the 1960s. Since the 90s, a stable period began - about 1000 people are born a day, and more than 600 dies.

Ethnic composition

In addition to the Koreans, small communities of other nations live on the peninsula, which hold apart. They consist mainly of people deported to the military and post-war time.

These groups include:

• chinese;
• japanese;
• vietnamese;
• mongols;
• russian.

Most of the nations that have historically lived on the territory of Server Korea merged with the local population. Separately, those groups that have been formed after the decay of the country into two parts are perceived. Large waves of migration in the DPRK were immediately after the completion of the war and in the 60s, when the state began to invite students and specialists from other countries.

The population of North Korea is biased to representatives of other nationalities. There are several explanations for it. First, such perception was formed during the war, when other Asian peoples suffered the rights of Koreans. Secondly, this policy is supported by the state: the militarized worldview is easier to impose when the people have common external enemies. Thirdly, the ethnic composition of the country is so uniform that "strangers" are perceived as a threat on the psychological level.

Interior of society

In North Korea, a specific national system of fissioning people in classes is used, which is called Sonbun.

In accordance with it, residents of the country are divided into three large categories:

• the main is the working class;
• hostile - people excluded from the party, repatriates from Japan and China, unreliable members of society;
• the fluctuating - groups of the main class people who show inconsistencies to the behavior contrary to the party line.

This system has a structure that can be compared with any caste society. People who fell into a hostile layer are circumscribed on the same fate of children and relatives on the father's line. You can only go to the class low in status. Cases when the family restored a good name, single.

System Sonbun is not just a formality. Koreans, found to hostile caste, are deprived of a number of rights and privileges. They can not get a job in a prestigious enterprise, go to the institute, claim housing in the capital. In addition, there are limitations on food - on "hostile" cards you can only get a trimmed food set.

To this class include:

• ministers of religious denominations;
• people who were on the "wrong" side during the Japanese oppression and in the Second World War;
• suites from the families of landowners and entrepreneurs;
• political criminals.

The government tried to improve the system, dividing classes into smaller structures. For this, special formations were created, which were called "Groups 640". The three main categories were divided into 51 small. The division was influenced by the origin, the occupation and fragility of a person. However, as the results showed, such division did not bring obvious fruits. To accurately determine the number of people is difficult even in large groups, and small only complicated the task.

The situation began to change rapidly since the early 1990s. The political situation in the world provided strong influence On the foundations of the DPRK. Sonbun system has survived and exist today, but its significance has decreased. Now people with "hostile" origin appeared a chance to receive prestigious work or admission to the university. However, to achieve these goals, they have to overcome much more obstacles than trusty citizens.

The official name is the Republic of Korea (RK). It occupies the South of the 38th parallels of the Korean Peninsula. Area 99.2 thousand km2, or 45% of the entire territory of Korea. Population population 47.340 million people. (2001). State language - Korean. Capital - G. Seoul (10.3 million people, 2000). State party - the day of liberation on August 15. On this day in 1945 Korea was released from 35-year-old Japanese colonial domination. This day also marks the anniversary of the creation of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan formed in 1948. Other essential public holidays - salt, or lunar New Year (the first day of the first month in the lunar calendar), the day of the independence (March 1), the birthday of the Buddha (the eighth day of the fourth month in the lunar calendar), the day of memory (fell in wars, celebrated July 6), the day of the Constitution (adopted in 1948 , celebrated on July 17), Chusok (the day of memory of ancestors is celebrated for the fifteenth day of the eighth month in the lunar calendar), the Day of State Education (there is an education of the first Korean state in 2333 BC, celebrated on October 1), Christmas (celebrated December 25 ). Monetary unit - von.

UN member (since 1991) and its specialized organizations, OECD (since 1996), WTO (from 1995), APEC (since 1989), etc.

Sights of South Korea

Geography of South Korea

It is between 124 ° 11'00 '' and 131 ° 52'42 '' '' '' East longitude and 33 ° 06'40 '' and 43 ° 00'39 '' northern latitude. In north Korea borders with the PRC and Russian Federation. The western coast of Korea is washed by yellow sea, East - Japanese Sea. The depth of the seas does not exceed 100 m, so the bottom forms a shallow continental shelf. Small seas are favorable for fishing. On a shallow shelf since the 1990s. Geological and survey work on the search for mineral resources is underway. The weak and warm flow of Kurosio, coming from the Philippines, on the southern tip of the Korean Peninsula splits. The same flow goes to the yellow sea along the western coast of Korea, another to the Japanese Sea. These flows do not have a significant effect on winter temperatures. The strong East Korean current (flow of Tonahan) goes along the east coast in the northern direction and has a high temperature gradient compared to neighboring waters. The main part of the east coast is characterized by higher winter temperatures than the western, due to the influence of monsoon and warm current.

The east coast has a relatively smooth coastline. The largest bays located here - Enhane and Reel. The lagoon network, including the most famous Kenpho and Hwwanchinfo, create favorable conditions for tourism. The west coast has a rugged coastline, characterized by an abundance of tidal-tidy shames, a wide amplitude of tides and sings (6-9.3 m). The largest island of Jedjudo with an area of \u200b\u200b1777 km2 is located at the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula.

Most (70%) of the territory of Korea occupy hills and mountains. Mountain chains of the Nanomie in the north and TEBEK - in the south stretch in the north-south and serve as a watershed between Western and Eastern slopes. Smaller mountain chains stretch parallel to each other from the northeast to the southwest. In the area of \u200b\u200bKama Plateau, at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level, there is the highest peak on the Korean Peninsula - Packtusan Mountain (2744 m). Other mountain peaks - Nannimsan Mountain in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Nannim Ridge in the north, Mount Halllasan on the Island of Jedjudo (1950 m) of volcanic origin, as well as Mountains Saracan (1780 m) and Komgancan (1638 m), attracting tourists with their painting. The largest rivers (km): Aminkkan (790), Nakongan (525), Toganan (521) and Hangan (514).

Most of the soils - granite or gneisse origin with admixture of limestone and volcanic rocks. Agriculture is based on soils artificial originFormed by man for a long time.

In Korea, reserves of stone and brown coal, iron ore, polymetallic ores, gold, silver, graphite, salt. The main part of mineral resources is located in the north of the Korean Peninsula.

Wild fauna is represented in Korea with large mammals (tiger, leopard, black Himalayan and brown Ussuri Bear, Lynx, spotted deer, razubre, Kabarga), as well as birds (379 species registered), small mammals (badger, cunnic, caress), 25 species Reptiles, 14 - amphibians and 130 - freshwater fish. Tiger, Lynx, other large mammals live in high mountainous areas in the north of the Korean Peninsula.

Korea climate is continental, monsoon. Summer monsoon brings abundant precipitation. Winter monsoon dry, brings low temperatures. The average temperature of January 0-3.5 ° C in the south of the peninsula and from -6 ° C (in the flat part) to -26 ° C (in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Cam's Plateau) - in the north, the average temperature of July + 25.3 ° C in the south and + 22-25 ° C in the north. The average annual precipitation ranges from 500 mm in central and eastern areas to 1400-1500 mm on the south coast. 70% of precipitation falls from June to September. Great fluctuation of annual indicators: once every 8 years, the annual precipitation in the south falls below 1000 mm.

The climate of the Korean Peninsula is influenced by two types of cyclones. One type - spring, brings abundant sediments in March-April and early summer. The second type is typhoon coming in Korea in July-August. Every 2-3 years there is a strong typhoon that can cause significant damage.

Population of South Korea

Population density 476 people. per 1 km2. In terms of population of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it takes the 26th place in the world, the population density is the 3rd. In the 1960s, who became the first civilian decade after many years of wars and post-war recovery, there were high growth rates of the population (approx. 3% per year). In the 1970s. This indicator decreased to 2%, and in the 1990s. And the first years of 21 c. - up to less than 1%. In the upcoming quarter of a century, according to existing forecasts, the growth rate of the population can be reduced to zero. The ratio of male and female population is close to one: in 2001 the number of men was equal to 28.8 million people., And women - 28.5 million people. Urban population 79%.

The average life expectancy is 76 years old. For women, this figure is 79.5 years, for men - 72 years. The economically active population (aged 15-64) is 72%. The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan is distinguished by homogenicity: noctors account for less than 1% of the population.

The sustainable adherents of any religious denomination include a little more than half of the country's population. Of these, 51% are followers of Buddhism, 34% - Protestantism, 11% - Catholicism, 2% - Confucianism, 2% of other denominations.

History of South Korea

Korea is one of the most ancient states of East Asia. The earliest state education in the history of Korea is the ancient Choson, whose flourishing is falling on 5-6 centuries. BC. Translated from Korean "Choson" means "the country of the morning freshness" or "the country of morning calm".

In 1 c. BC. On the Korean Peninsula, the early referring states are formed Kogouro, Packs and Silla. This historical period of time is called the "three-fiction period".

Three states were at the stage of early refortel development. They were established by Confucianism and Buddhism.

Kogouro, Packcé and Silla led a long internecine struggle for leadership. The Chinese Empires Sui and Tang intervened in the bloody conflicts between the Korean states.

In 7th century Silla won the wars against Kogouro and Packs. Unified Silla was created - the first one state in the history of Korea. In the 8th century The united Silla turned into a strong centralized feudal state. At the beginning of the 9th century Silla comes in decline as a result of feudal internecasters.

In 918, the Wang Gol Ring unites the lands of the Korean Peninsula and forms the Korean State (hence the European name occurred). The entire period of the existence of Koriya (10 V. - Kon. 14th century) was marked by constant wars with chicks, Chuzhseni, courageous struggle with Mongolian invasions.

At the end of the 11th century. The Kori state began to weaken noticeably. The country was ruined not only the kidani, Zhugzheni, Mongols, but also a feudal clic. The weakening of the state was accompanied by a strengthening of feudal exploitation, which led to popular uprisings. In con. 12 V. In Korea, there were three major uprisings of peasants who embraced a significant part of Korea.

In 1392, whether the team matters did a state coup and proclaimed a new dynasty - Lee Dynasty, which is the rules of Korea until 1910. The founder of the Dynasty Dynasty GE gave a new name to the state created by him - Choson in memory of the ancient Choson.

The new Wang (King) and his followers conducted a number of reforms aimed at the revival of Korea, strengthening a centralized state.

In 15-17 centuries. Korea helped stubborn resistance to ingenic conquerors. In 1592-98 Korea with the help of China reflected the Japanese invasion. In a long destructive war (in history, I entered the IMGIAN WAR) against Japan, the Korean people showed courage and heroism. The Korean fleet, using the Kobukson ("Turtle"), won several victories over the Japanese fleet. He led the sea fleet of Korea outstanding warlord Admiral Lee Sun Sin.

In the beginning. 17th century The Korean people also reflected the invasion of Manchurian tribes.

Fearing new invasions of Inozem residents, the ruling Aristocracy of Korea in the 17th century. It began to pursue an insulation policy from the outside world. Korea began to call the "country-hermit". Along the Korean coast, barriers were built, the population is forbidden to communicate with foreigners. Even fishermen were not allowed to go far in the sea, so as not to have contacts with sailors of foreign vessels. However, in the con. 18 V. In K., European missionaries began to penetrate, which brought with them the ideas of Christianity. Christian religion gradually approved in Korean society.

The inner life of Korea is 17-18 centuries. It was noted conflicts, internecine straightening, conspiracies and coup, the struggle of various "parties". Nevertheless, this period in the history of Korea is also characterized by the development of crafts and trade, the appearance of workshops. The mining began to develop, the mining of gold, silver, copper was established. Gradually formed inventory-cash relations.

An outstanding page in the history of Korean culture 18 V. There was an ideological course "Sirhak" ("Real Sciences"), which arose as opposed to orthodox confusion. Sirhakists opposed the cruel exploitation of the peasantry, for the introduction of equalization land use, the development of the national industry and trade. They called for admiral all the best that there are other nations, protested against social inequality, superstition. Supporters of this flow demanded the termination of the "Sadhazhuy" policy ("low-planness" before the "older brother", which was China). The views of the ideologues "Sirhak" reflected democratic trends growing in Korean society, the beginning of the crisis of the feudal system.

Nach 19th century It was noted by the instability of the Korean state, the growth of peasants and artisans against the presence of feudal and aristocracy. During this period, the new teaching "Tyhak" ("Eastern doctrine") arises, which has enabling the ideas of Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity and Korean shamanism. The main idea of \u200b\u200b"Talkhak" - all people are equal.

At 19 in. Korea becomes the object of expansion of countries that have tried to "open" Korea. In 1876, Japan first imposed Korea an unequal agreement. Then other US countries (1882), United Kingdom (1883), Russia (1884), France (1886) - concluded similar contracts with it. Between the main powers, the struggle for the predominance in Korea unfolded.

In the 1870-90s. In the context of the crisis of feudal relations and the external influence in Korea, the Keezhi Undon movement ("Movement for reforms"), the ideological basis of which was the "Movement for Real Sciences" (Sirhak). Supporters "Kezhwe Undon" opposed feudalism for the development of capitalist relations, against Chinese influence in the country, for expanding links with foreign countries. Their program included the suppression of corruption, the reorganization of the armed forces, the improvement of the position of the people, the assimilation of the best practices of other countries.

December 4, 1884 Reformers made a coup, but after 2 days with the help of Chinese troops under the command of the Yuan, a chic reform movement was suppressed.

In con. 19th century In Korea, a wide peasant movement against feudal oppression unfolded. This movement resulted in the peasant war of 1893-94, which at the insistence of Korea's ruling circles was suppressed by Chinese troops. China's military action caused dissatisfaction with Japan, which sent troops to Korea under the pretext of protecting his subjects and defeated by Chinese forces. As a result of the defeat of China in 1895, Korea was freed from the Chinese vassalitet and became an independent state.

In 1896, the Korean Royal Dvor bet on Russia in the hope of preventing the enslave of Korea Japan. Russia stands for maintaining the independence of Korea. After the defeat in the war with Japan in 1905, Russia could not resist Japanese influence in Korea. In November 1905, Japan imposed Korea on the protection agreement, which meant the establishment of the Japanese protectorate over it. In August 1910, Japan completely annexed Korea, turning it into the Governor-General - part of the Japanese Empire.

For almost 40 years, Japanese colonial domination in Korea, which brought innumerable disasters and suffering from the Korean people. Over the years, Korea passed three stages of Japanese governance: the first - "saber regime", the second - "cultural management", or "velvety cat paw", and the third - "integration", i.e. Attempts to involve Koreans in the power structures of the lowest level.

An important stage in the history of the National Liberation Movement of Korea was the first Armenian uprising of 1919, which was attended by 2 million Koreans. The first day movement was defeated by Japanese colonizers.

During the 2nd World War, Korea was turned on Japan in a military-strategic bridgehead. In Korea, hundreds of plants for the production of weapons and military equipment for the Japanese army were built. A number of industries of Korea (metallurgical, chemical), railway transport served by the Japanese Empire. Japan exported significant volumes to Korea Rice for their own needs.

The brutal suppression of freedoms, the national neut and the disaster pushed the Korean people to fight against colonial enslavement. The partisan movement unfolded on the territory of Korea. One of the partisan detachments was headed by Kim Il Saint, the future leader of North Korea. In Shanghai, the temporary government of Korea operated. In the ranks of the army of the antihytler coalition, more than 5 thousand Koreans fought.

The defeat of the Korean people brought the liberation of the Korean people in August 1945 of the Soviet Army in August 1945. However, the confrontation began between the USSR and the United States did not allow to create a single Korean state. In May 1948, on the initiative of the United States in the south of Korea (US liability zone), parliamentary elections were held. On August 15, 1948, the Republic of Korea is proclaimed. President of the Republic of Kazakhstan becomes the son of man.

In August 1948, elections to the Supreme People's Assembly are also held in the North Korea. September 9, the creation of the Korean People's Democratic Republic is proclaimed. Kim Il Saint is appointed chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers. He is the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Korea Labor Party.

After the formation of the two Korean states, confrontation on the peninsula is enhanced. In 1950, the Korean conflict broke out, the responsibility for the disconnection of which lies both on the leaders of the DPRK and RK Kim Il Seine and the son of Mana and in the allies of the Allies of the North and South (USSR and the USA).

The Korean War was attended by the Armed Forces of the PRC (on the side of North Korea), as well as the United States and their allies (on the side of South Korea). The USSR provided material assistance to the DPRK in the war. The UN Security Council Resolution of June 25, 1950 recognized the DPRK aggressor. The Korean War, which lasted 3 years, ended with the signing of a truce agreement in July 1953, which is currently valid.

State Device and Political System South Korea

According to the Constitution, the state system of the Republic of Kazakhstan is defined as a democratic, and its people are endowed with sovereign rights. The Constitution was adopted on July 17, 1948, in the future its text made amendments.

Administratively divided by 9 provinces (Klengindo, Canvondo, Chunchonpooko, Chunchokhonnamo, Chollapukto, Chollanamdo, Konsenpukto, Konsennamdo, Jejudo) and 7 cities with administrative rights of provinces (million people, 2000): Seoul, Busan (3.8), Tag (2.5), Incheon (2.5), Kwangju (1.4), Thajon (1.4), Ulsan (1.0). In addition, there are 232 administrations of lower levels: 72 "C" administrations (large cities), 89 "Kun" administrations (counties), 69 "KU" administrations (city districts within large cities).

RK - Presidential Republic. The highest legislative body is a unicameral legislative assembly, consisting of 273 deputies elected for 4 years by direct voting. On party lists, 1/6 of the total number of deputies is elected, 5/6 - on single-member constituency.

The main function of parliament is legislative. Among other functions - the adoption of the budget, control over the conduct of foreign policy, the announcement of the war and sending troops abroad, the placement of foreign troops in the country, control or investigating special issues that have state importance.

The President is elected by a universal direct vote for 5 years, after which he has no right to run again. The President is at the same time the head of state and executive. Being the leader of the political party, he appoints the highest government officials in accordance with the recommendations of his party. The president appoints the Prime Minister and other executive executive leaders. The President is also the Supreme Commander and leads to the leadership of the state's foreign policy.

The functions of the executive authority, the president implements through the State Council, consisting of 15-30 people, appointed by the president and consistent only before him. Members of the State Council may lead or supervise the ministries, to act on behalf of the President, have the right to attend and act at the meetings of the National Assembly.

The leading work of the government, the Prime Minister is appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. Under the Presidential Administration, Kim De Zhong (1998-2003) reform was carried out government controlled. In 1998-2001, as a result of the reorganization of state bodies, the number of ministerial posts decreased from 43 to 31, and the total number of civil servants (in the government and local authorities) decreased by 10% to 829,816 people.

The leading political parties are the Democratic Party of the New Millennium (more often called the Democratic Party), the Party of the Great Country, the Party of the United Liberal Democrats. There are also a number of small batches whose political influence is slightly. In the parliamentary elections, the 2000 victory won the opposition party of the Great Country. Its fraction for June 2002 was 133 deputies, the fraction of the Democratic Party - 119 deputies (including 4 independent deputies who have joined the faction after parliamentary elections), the fraction of the United Liberal Democrats - 17 deputies, the Democratic People's Party - 2 deputies, independent - 4 deputies .

The first president of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1948 was chosen by the Son of Man, whose board had to be held at the Korean war and a recovery period, which was distinguished by a complex political and economic situation. In April 1960, under the pressure of powerful student speeches, if the son of the man was forced to leave his post.

With the formation of a representative of the Democratic Party, Chan Men's Government is a calculation of the transitional stage of the country's development, which ended in May 1961 by the military coup and the coming to power of General Pak Zhong Hee, who won on the presidential election 1963. This period was noted by an authoritarian style of the Board, in which the administration of Pak Zhong Hee , harshly controlling socio-political processes in the country and suppressing opposition speeches, sought the concentration of financial, material and human resources in strategic directions. economic Development. Under President Pak Zhong Hee, the foundations of the development model were laid, which allowed the country to achieve impressive economic success and survived without significant changes before the crisis of 1997-98.

After the murder of President Pak Zhong Hee in October 1979, a short transitional transition was followed, during which at the head of the country stood the president of the President of Gyu Ha. As a result of a military coup in December 1979, General Chon Du Czvan, elected in August 1980 by the National Conference for the Union (College of Election) by the President of the country, came to power.

In 1987, the Constitution of the country has restored the Regulations on the direct election of the President, and in the same year, the former General RO DE W. was elected to the highest state post.

As a result of the progressive transformation in the country in 1992, the President was elected a civilian politician - a representative of the ruling party Kim Yong himself.

In 1997, a symbolic event occurred for the Republic of Kazakhstan: for the first time a peaceful way as a result of democratic elections, the transfer of power from the ruling party to the opposition occurred when the president was elected Kim De Zhong, for many years, who was considered an authoritarian regime that was considered to be an opposition to the opposition to the NCH. 1990s.

In December 2002, she wonked, and from February 2003, a representative of the Democratic Party of the New Millennium, but Mu Hyun, began to fulfill his duties.

The Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan consist of ground forces, IUD and Air Force. The total number of armed forces of 690 thousand people, of which 560 thousand are land forces, 67 thousand - Navy, 63 thousand - Air Force (2001). Military expenditures were in 2001 15,388 billion won (11.92 billion US dollars). It is in service with the South Korean army there are 2360 tanks, 2400 armored transporters, 5180 artillery guns, 160 ships and 6 submarines, approx. 550 fighters, etc.

The cornerstone of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the Strategic Military Union and close trade and economic relations with the United States. Since the normalization of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and Japan, South Korean-Japanese relations in the field of politics, security, economics and culture are actively expanded in 1965. In August 1992, the Republic of Kazakhstan established diplomatic relations with the PRC, after which bilateral relations began to develop dynamically in many areas, primarily in the economy. China was among the most important foreign trade partners of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

In the beginning. 21 c. RK pays priority attention to the state of relations with the countries of East Asia. Since 1999, the Republic of Kazakhstan participates in the annual meetings of heads of states and governments of Kazakhstan, China and Japan, during which current issues are discussed. international relationsAt the same time, priority is given to the joint search for ways to solve economic problems. The Republic of Kazakhstan is also actively developing contacts with the countries of Southeast Asia as part of the ASEAN + Three dialogue (10 countries - members of ASEAN and RK, PRC, Japan).

The Republic of Kazakhstan has established diplomatic relations with the USSR in September 1990. Russian-South Korean communications covers spheres of policies, security, economics, science and culture. Regular meetings of the heads of the two countries are at the highest level. However, economic cooperation has significant unused reserves. The volume of trade is $ 3.2 billion, the stated South Korean investment in the Russian Federation - approx. $ 270 million (2002).

Economy of South Korea

RK for 55 years of its existence passed the way from the underdeveloped country, gaining in the 1970s. The status of a "new industrial economy", to the recognition of an industrialized state, which was officially executed by accession to the OECD in 1996. The amount of GDP amounted to 545 billion von ($ 422 billion) (increased from 1995 by 1.3 times).

After the 2nd World War, Korea turned out to be discarded far back in its economic development. The Korean War tried the destruction of industrial potential in the south of the peninsula. Established in the beginning. 1960s. The authoritarian regime of General Pak Zhong Hee managed to carry out forced industrialization and ensure high economic growth rates, which allowed to build a highly developed economy in a compressed historical period. The concentration of human, material, financial and scientific and technical resources in the strategic directions for the development of export-oriented industries played a major role. With the assistance of the government, large conglomerates were formed, or Chebol (Hende, Samsung, etc.), supported their promotion to world markets. In this government, the banks controlled by him, through which financial flows were redistributed.

At the same time, the efforts of the state were aimed at the formation of the foundations of the market economy: the legislative system was developed, the network of financial institutions, the stock exchange was developed, the market was developing valuable papersThe mechanism of relations with the world market was improved.

An extremely important role in the formation of modern South K. played a sociocultural factor. The commitment of the Koreans of Confucian ethics with its sermation of hard work, a burden for education, discipline, the veneration of the elders was fully used by the state and business for development. The duration of the work week in the 1960-70s. In fact, it was not regulated, reaching 60, or even 70 hours per week. The duration of the vacation was only a few days. And B. modern conditions More than a week the overwhelming majority of Koreans do not decide to leave their workplace. Trade union activities were allowed only at the level of enterprises and at the same time it was toughly regulated.

With the assistance of the state, a major national business managed to successfully reproduce the advanced methods of organizing entrepreneurial activities borrowed in developed countries. Created by Pak Zhong Hee Had Organized economic system Although deformed and weakened in the 1980s, nevertheless existed, while maintaining his main features, to the sir. 1990s. The search for new forms of development prevented the block of politicians, bureaucrats and representatives of large-scale business that contributed to the reproduction of large-scale corruption. Such was the fee for the deep involvement of the state into economic processes.

Under these conditions, a sharp change in the economic situation could break the established status quo. The currency and financial crisis spreading in East Asia in 1997, not only destabilized the economic situation in South Korea, but also made it impossible to function that existed at that time of the economic mechanism.

The rod conducted in 1998-2002 the administration of Kim Dha Zhong economic reforms was the turning of the direct state intervention in the economy and, accordingly, the formation of fundamentally different relationships between state institutions and business. A course was taken to ensure the independence of the banking and credit sector and the creation of equal terms of access of commercial structures to credit resources, to support progressive sectoral transformations and strengthen competitive principles, incl. Due to the expansion of access to the domestic market of external investors. The presidential administration, but Mu Hyun declared a desire to continue and develop started economic reforms. After the decline in 1997-98, the South Korean economy quickly reached a pre-crisis level and restored the sustainability of economic development. The foreign debt of the country for 2002 was $ 128.8 billion, while foreign exchange reserves reached $ 121.4 billion.

The leading role in the South Korean economy is playing manufacturing (32% of GDP) and services (52%). The construction of construction accounts for 8.2%, agriculture 4.5%, electric power industry 3%, extracting industry 0.3%.

Production of mining industries in the 1990s. And in the first years 21 century. Started or even reduced. Stone coal reserves are estimated at 1.5 billion tons, but its production, which was 24.5 million tons in 1985, then constantly decreased to 5 million tons (2000). In turn, the production of iron ore after its maximum of 665 thousand tons in 1985 also decreased to 180 thousand tons. The same trend characterizes the extraction of graphite and other mineral resources. The process of reducing the extraction of domestic raw materials is associated with the growing competition of imports of cheaper and high-quality fuels and raw materials, mainly from Australia, Canada, USA, Indonesia.

An important place in the country's economy is played by metallurgy, chemical industry, shipbuilding. Production in the Republic of Kazakhstan, maritime courts increased in 1980-2000 at 7 times (total lifting capacity of 12 million tons), steel production - 1.7 times (41 million tons). These industries such as electronics, automotive, biotechnology are developing dynamically. Car release in 1980-2000 increased 23 times (2.8 million pieces).

Traditionally, the system T. N. is widespread in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Lifetime hiring, in which a hired employee has a high chance to associate its activities with the only job in his labor biography. Under these conditions, unemployment in the Republic of Kazakhstan is usually a minor value - 2-4%. With con. 1990_h. The labor market is changing, the circumscribed traits inherent in the developed market economy (mobility, flexibility), while unemployment remains low (2.9% in 2002).

For the South Korean economy, low inflation is characterized, the level of which in the 1990s. Hesitated within 2-5%, with the exception of the crisis 1998, when the rise in prices increased to 7.5%. In the post-crisis period, the price dynamics declined again. Inflation on the dynamics of retail prices amounted to 2.7%.

The leading role in the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is played by a small group of large companies - Cabli. They account for 57% of the country's exports. In its nature, these are conglomerates, the structure of which, as financial, personnel and technological resources accumulate, evolved in the 1960-90s. In favor of increasingly advanced industries: from the light industry and the basic industry to the automotive industry, electronics, computer science, biotechnology and aerospace technology. The number of strategic industries sometimes grown to 8-10. After the crisis of 1997-98 and under pressure from the state, the Cheboli reduces the number of strategic business areas to 2-3. The leaders of the South Korean business occupy a noticeable position in such industries in the world market as metallurgy ("Posko"), automotive industry and shipbuilding ("Hyunde"), the production of electronics and information systems (Samsung and El Ji).

The dynamic development of the South Korean economy over the past four decades was accompanied by deep structural changes, leading to a decrease in the role of the agricultural sector in the country's economic complex. Although the volume of agricultural production increased in 1970-2000 almost 15 times, the share of the agricultural sector in GDP decreased from 26.1 to 4.5% with a simultaneous decrease in the share of the agricultural population in the total population of the country during this period from 44.7 to 9, five%. In agriculture RK the average size The farming is 1.3 hectares. Only 6.3% of farmers have a land plot of 3 hectares and more. The long-term period of agricultural population has already been a long period that the share of farmers aged 60 years and older increased from 24% in 1990 to 41% in 2001. Still lagging behind the development of the Social Infrastructure (Education, Health) and housing construction. The accumulated problems have adversely affected the profitability of agricultural business. The level of income rural households amounted to 2000 only 80% of the similar indicator of urban farms, whereas in 1990 this figure was 97%.

At the same time, positive processes occur in agriculture: the strengthening of its concentration and specialization, an increase in the efficiency of a number of production. The number of specializing in the production of rice of farms with a pashnya size of 3 hectares and more increased in 1990-98 from 18 thousand to 35 thousand. These farms provided a decline in the 1990s. The cost of rice by 30%. The concentration of production in pig breeding is growing: 7% of farms containing more than 1000 goals of pigs produced 52% of pork (1998).

Having supported agriculture, the government proceeds not only from purely economic calculations. It considers the development of an agrarian economy as a guarantee of maintaining a favorable social environment that promotes the transfer of new generations of national traditions subjected to threats in the context of globalization. According to the OECD, the level of support for agriculture in South K. is 5 times higher than similar averages of member countries of this organization. With the support of the state, the volume of agricultural products produced over the past 15 years increased by 2 times. Rice production reached 5.5 million tons (2001), which covers the needs of the country in this important product and allows RK to provide food assistance to the DPRK. Citrus production is 644 thousand tons, apples 400 thousand tons, grapes 450 thousand tons. Noticeable shifts occur in animal husbandry: due to the growth of cheaper imports of meat livestock decreased in 1995-2001 from 2.6 million to 1.4 MU million of the heads, the population of dairy cows is consistently held at the level of 550 thousand, while in the context of strengthening the competitiveness of pig breeding and poultry farming, the population of pigs has grown in the same period from 6.5 million to 8.7 million, poultry - from 85.8 million to 102.4 million. Currently, the main emphasis in agrarian policy is done not so much to increase quantitative indicatorsHow much to improve production efficiency in the agricultural sector.

RK has a developed transport system and communications. The length of commercially operated railways is 3.12 thousand km. At the same time, the length of the double ways of 1 thousand km, electrified 668 km, or 21% of all railways. Railways transported in 2001 43.86 million tons, or 10.281 billion TCM. The high-speed rail line with a length of 412 km, connecting Seoul and Port Busan in the south-east of the country. The total length of roads with a solid coating of 91.5 thousand km (2002). The first high-speed road with a length of 24 km between Seoul and Incheon was built in 1968. In 1970, the Directory of Seoul - Busan (428 km) was put into operation, the construction of which was an important border in the development of transport infrastructure in the Republic of Kazakhstan. By 2002, the length of high-speed roads amounted to more than 2.6 thousand km. In the RK there are approx. 13 million cars, of which 8.9 million are passenger, which is more than 35 times higher than the 1980 indicators. The material and technical base of the air transport is constantly strengthened. In 2002, the first stage of the new Inchehon International Airport near Seoul was opened. At the same time, the airport of Kimocho gradually reoriented to servicing internal lines. Two South Korean airlines - Korean Airlines and Asian Eillinez, having a fleet, respectively, in 118 and 59 aircraft, provide transportation of passengers and airlors in the Republic of Kazakhstan and more than 70 countries of the world. In the country in 2000, 22.5 million passengers were transported, on international flights - 19.5 million passengers. The leading role in ensuring the delivery of commercial cargoes to the country and abroad belongs to sea transport. The largest seaports of the country - Busan, Ulsan, Incheon, Mokpo. In total, 530 million tons of cargo were reworked in the International Naval Ports of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

As part of the national program of the national telecommunications network and computer science in the country "Cyber \u200b\u200bK. 21", a unified developed information system is created for any type of users, uniting 34 thousand state institutions, 10 thousand schools, 1000 centers of computer education of the population. There are more than 15 million personal computers in the country, 100 inhabitants account for 44 ordinary and 50 cell phones. Covering 22.3 million Internet users South Korean Internet market on its capacity is the fourth in the world after the United States, Japan and Germany.

Domestic trade and services in the RK are developing dynamically. And this concerns different market segments. The volume of retail through the discounter network was in 2001 12 trillion (10 trillion in 2000). Trade through television was 2 trillion van, online sales in the beginning. 21 c. Each year is doubled, and the trade turnover of universal stores amounted to 16.1 trillion vo.

From the 2nd floor. 1980s. The tourism industry is intensively developing in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This is facilitated by regular holding of international exhibitions, business forums, cultural festivals, the largest sports competitions (summer Olympic Games 1988, World Cup 2002, Asian Games 2002 and World Championships in various disciplines). As a result, the number of foreign tourists, annually attending the Republic of Kazakhstan, increased from 170 thousand in 1970 to 5.5 million in 2002. The growth of the well-being of the population has led to a significant increase in the number of South Koretsev trips to rest abroad. In 2001, 6 million people were vacation in other countries: OK. 4 million was in Asia (mainly in China and Japan), more than 800 thousand - in the United States, OK. 400 thousand - in Europe, 260 thousand - in Australia and Oceania.

The dominant role of B. credit and money system RK plays created in 1950 Korean Bank performing functions central Bank. Korean Bank conducts emission operations, implements monetary policy, Credits the banking system. For several decades, until the financial crisis of 1997-98, the banking and credit system was under the rigid state control. Control over the banking system made it possible to direct financial flows into the areas of the economy that the government determined as priority. However, the regulatory role of officials, sometimes guided by self-interest, led to the ineffectiveness of banking and credit operations and the deterioration of the financial situation of credit institutions. Since 1998, the banking and credit system is experiencing a reform process passing under the control of the Financial Supervision Commission: The Commission develops a reform plan, establishes the general principles of the banking system, forms a new oversight system over banking and credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions. Using in their policies privatization, tolerance of non-residents and a number of other measures, the government conducts a sanation of banking and credit institutions. By 2002, 20 banks and 1528 non-bank institutions operated in the Republic of Kazakhstan, among them - 3 shopping bank, 44 Insurance companies, 121 mutual savings company, 1268 credit unions, 129 investment trast and a number of others.

The Fiscount System of the Republic of Kazakhstan unites the Finance of the Central Government, Provincial and Local Authorities. The budget 2001 amounted to 100.2 trillion vo ($ 85.9 billion). The volume of taxes collected in 2001 amounted to 95 trillion (82 billion dollars). Of these, the income tax accounted for 19.5%, the corporate tax of 17.7%, the value-added tax is 27%, for customs payments 6.2%. At the same time, the government within the framework of the reform tax system In 2001, reduced income tax rates by 10% (from 10-40% to 9-36%), the corporate tax rate was reduced by 1 point to 15-27%.

According to the volume of foreign trade turnover ($ 314.57 billion in 2002), the country takes 12th place in the world. At the same time, exports amounted to $ 162.47 billion (8th indicator in the world), imports - $ 152.1 billion with a positive balance of $ 10.37 billion (2002). Leading Articles of South Korean exports: Household and Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering (34.5%), Easy Industry (15.6%), Cars (8%), Industrial Equipment (7.7%), Chemical Goods (7.3 %), sea ships (6.6%), ferrous metallurgy products (6.3). Entering the leading shipbuilding powers in the world, the Republic of Kazakhstan became the world's largest manufacturer of maritime ships for the transport of liquefied gas. South Korean companies are among the leading exporters of electronics and telecommunications equipment, steel and cars. On the 10 main export goods in South Korea account for 26.6% of exports. 100 export goods were provided in 2000 South Korea 60.7% of exports. Almost half (48.5%) of South Korean imports fall on fuel and raw materials. A noticeable share is to import high-tech goods: electronics and electrical engineering (24%), machinery and equipment (12%). The expansion of internal consumer demand led to the share of consumer goods for long demand accounts for 5% of imports.

Main Foreign Economic Partners of the Republic of Kazakhstan: USA, Japan and PRC. In 2001, the US share accounted for 20.7% of exports and 14.6% of imports, for Japan similar indicators are 11 and 18.9%, and for PRC, respectively, 12.1 and 9.4%. The share of turnover from the Russian Federation is approx. one%.

Dynamic development of the South Korean economy with the beginning. 1960s. He led to a significant improvement in the material situation of the population. Average monthly wage amounted to 2000 1.75 million вон (approx. 1400 dollars) with an average working week duration 46.6 h. The largest duration of the work week is noted in the transport and communication branches - 48.8 hours. The smallest construction is 44.4 hours.

Serious shifts occurred in providing South Koreans housing. In the RK, 79% of the population lives in cities (in 1960 - 38%). The government has developed a construction program in 1988 92 2 million apartments, which was successfully overfulfilled: 2.7 million apartments were built during these years. In 1992-97, 500-600 thousand apartments were built annually, which made it possible to reduce housing prices and improve the living conditions of the southern Koreans. Half of the population of the 7 largest cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan lives in apartment buildings.

Social insurance in the Republic of Kazakhstan on a broad scale began to be applied only with the con. 1980s. The state pension system from 1988 was originally distributed to employees of institutions and companies with a number of 10 people. And more, since 1992 - with the number of employed 5 people. And more, since 1995, it was also engaged in agriculture and rural residents working in agriculture and rural residents who work. The health insurance system began to be introduced into the Republic of Kazakhstan only since 1988-89. Over the past period, significantly improved medical service population. Number medical institutions It has grown in 1996-2001 from 31 thousand to 41.3 thousand, and the average number of beds in them increased from 209 to 304. Great efforts are made to prevent one (viral) and early diagnosis of other (oncological) diseases. In 2001, within the framework of the national anti-cancer disease program (1st place among the causes of death in the Republic of Kazakhstan), a national oncological hospital center was opened, which is entrusted with the function of coordination of relevant research and therapeutic activities. The program of free examination and early diagnosis of oncological diseases is covered by 20% of the country's population.

Traditionally, women played a minor role in the business and in the public life of the country. However, in the 1990s. The opposite trend began to clearly manifest itself: the marriage and the birth of children for the growing number of young Koreankov does not cause a refusal of a business or public career. Supporting the growing activity of women, the government initiated in 2000 an increase in quota reserved posts public service up to 20%.

Science and culture of South Korea

In government and business circles, RK is aware that the economic prospects of South Korea will largely depend on how successful the development of science and education will be. The education system consists of six-year-old primary education, a three-year secondary education, three-year secondary education in high-level schools. Higher education can be obtained in colleges and universities (approx. 230 in 2001), under which graduate and graduate schools also work, which give the opportunity to get a scientific degree.

Payment of school education is provided by the central and local authorities (in the proportion of 78%: 22%), therefore it is almost publicly available: only a small part of the costs of acquiring teaching aids cover parents. Although higher educational institutions at 80% are private, the government provides financial support to both universities themselves and parents, providing preferential loans to pay for children. It is encouraged by the increasing officials of its educational level in the country and abroad. The number of college students and universities was 1.73 million people in 2001. Leading Universities Countries: Seoul State University, University of Koriya, University of Konhi, Korea University of Education. Tens of thousands of South Korean students receive or continue their education in higher educational institutions in the United States, Europe and Japan.

The development of the science development strategy in the Republic of Kazakhstan is determined by the Science and Technology Council, headed by the country's president. The Committees in the Council coordinate the activities of government departments and the private sector in the scientific sphere. Particular attention is paid to the ratio of forces in the triangle "Scientific Laboratories - Universities - Private Business."

The Ministry of Science and Technology is responsible for the specific financing and implementation of scientific and technical programs, their distribution on scientific centers. The Ministry of Economy, Industry and Energy is responsible for the implementation of priority areas for the development of high-tech industries. The Ministry of Informatics and Communications supports the development of information infrastructure.

The country has created a modern scientific base, the financing of which in 2001 reached $ 12 billion, or 2.7% of GDP (1/3 - budget spending, 2/3 - private). The annual increase in spending on science in 1998-2001 was 14%. Among the leading industries - medicine and accurate instrument making, electronics. In these industries, R & D expenses were, respectively, 5 and 4.2% of sales. However, the proportion of expenditures of the largest South Korean companies on R & D are lower than that of leading Western corporations. Government spending will increase on nuclear research, biotechnology, etc. Meanwhile, the 20 largest private companies account for 40% of all those employed in science and 47% of scientists with a degree of doctorate, 55% of all investments in R & D.

Institutional transformations are becoming an acute problem, since the hierarchical and complex structure of large business, its concentration on solving tactical problems to the detriment of strategic goals impedes innovations. Reforming the innovation sphere implies its commercialization by promoting the restructuring of large conglomerates, supporting the development of small venture business and stimulating the expansion of domestic demand for high-tech products. Only for 2001, announced by the Government, the Year of Biotechnology, and to Con. 2002 Up to 600 venture companies specializing in biotechnologies have been created with the help of the government.

The Ministry of Science and Technologies since 2001 sharply increases the costs of financial support for scientific personnel. For this purpose, the practice of providing premiums, grants, scientific scholarships is expanding. The purpose of modern state policy is to significantly raise the financial situation in science and strengthen the prestige of scientific labor, increase the status of South Korean scientists in society, for a long time in the shadow of bureaucracy, military and businessmen, as well as significant material losses as a result of the 1997-98 crisis.

In RK, there are 233 museum. Among the largest - State Museum of Korea and the State Museum of Folk Creativity (Seoul). Museum complexes located in the ancient cities and the former capitals of Kongzu and Puyu enjoy fame. In addition to state, municipal and university museums in the country there are more than 80 museums created by private individuals and corporations.

In the development of modern visual arts in the south of the Korean Peninsula, activities were played by activity in the 1950s. The national exhibition supported by the state and presented the priority to the realistic direction of painting and sculpture. In the subsequent period, other artistic directions were developed in the country. Of great importance for modern cultural life of the Republic of Kazakhstan was held in 1995 in the city of Kwangju of the International Art Festival "Kwanju Biennale", which reflected the diversity of artistic directions in the art of the Republic of Kazakhstan, its growing connections with world cultural centers.

Modern Korean literature (including modern prose and poetry) develops under the significant influence of Western literature.

Korean musical and theatrical art with their roots goes to primitive religious rites. Traditional colorful theatrical performances connecting dance, songs and oral narrations are presented on the scene of the Chondon Theater (Seoul). The first theater of the Western sample opened in Seoul in 1908. There are several theaters and stage sites in the Republic of Kazakhstan, performing performances of different genres. A number of them are located on Tahanno Street in the center of Seoul.

South Korean cinema after a rapid growth in the 2nd floor. 1950s. worried a long recession. Since the 1980s The film industry in the RK again on the rise. The fame of South Korean films is growing, many of which received recognition at international film festivals in Cannes, Berlin, Venice, Moscow.

Opera art, symphonic music, classic and modern ballet are becoming increasingly popular in the country. Currently, 30 symphony orchestras are functioning in Seoul and other cities of the country. Korean singers and musicians, many of which were educated in the best educational institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other states, regularly perform on the scenes of famous theaters and on the leading concert venues of the world.

Level of education, public health, economic Regulations, religious affiliation and other aspects of the population.

In June 2012, the population of South Korea reached 50 million. Since the 2000s, South Korea struggles with low level Fertility, which led some researchers to assume that if the current demographic tendencies keep the population of the country to reach approximately 38 million people by the end of the 21st century in 2016 the population of South Korea was 51.25 million people.

Background

In South Korea, many different Asian peoples migrated on the Korean Peninsula in past centuries, but only a few of them remain constant. South Korea and North Korea is one of the most ethnic homogeneous countries of the world. And North Korea and South Korea equate nationality or citizenship with an affiliation to one homogeneous ethnic group and a politicized concept of "race".

The common language and especially the races are considered as important elements of South Korea in terms of identity, more than citizenship.

Demographic trends

Population of South Korea by age and sex (demographic pyramids)

as for 1955-09-01

as in 1960-11-01

as in 1965-11-01

as in 1970-10-01

as in 1975-11-01

as in 1980-11-01

as in 1985-11-01

as in 1990-11-01

as in 1995-11-01

as in 2000-11-01

as in 2005-11-01

as for 2010-11-01

as for 2015-11-01

Alignment, death of South Korea (1925 ~ 2016)

Raw births, death pace South Korea (1925 ~ 2016)

According to WORLDOMETER statistics "South Korea Population Forecast, South Korea must have a 0.36% annual increase in change by 2020, 0.28% on an annualized increase in change by 2025, 0.18% annual increase on the change of 52,701,817 and +0.04% Annual increase in changes to 2035 in accordance with the same statistics, from 2040 to 2050 should have a sustainable decline in annual percentage changes.

The population of South Korea showed steady growth since the creation of the republic in 1948, and then sharply slowed down with the consequences of economic growth. In the first official census adopted in 1949, the total population of South Korea was calculated for 20,188,641 people. Total 1985 Census 40466577. The growth of the population was slow, on average about 1.1% per year in the period from 1949 to 1955, when the population was registered by 21.5 million. Growth is accelerating between 1955 and 1966 to 29.2 million or Average by 2.8%, but significantly decreased from 1966 to 1985 by an average of 1.7%. After that, the average annual growth rates, estimated less than 1%, by analogy with the low growth rates of most industrialized countries and the target established by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs in the 1990s. As of January 1, 1989, in estimates of the population of South Korea will be about 42.2 million people.

The share of the total population up to fifteen years has risen and fell with growth rates. In 1955, about 41.2% of the population were younger than fifteen years, the percentage that rose to 43.5% in 1966 will decrease to 38.3% in 1975, 34.2% in 1980 and 29.9% in 1985 G. In the past, most of the children in relation to the total population staged a greater burden on the country's economy, in particular, because significant funds were invested in educational institutions. With a slowdown in the growth rate of population population and the growth of middle-aged (from 18.7 years to 21.8 years between 1960 and 1980), then the age structure of the population began to resemble a columnary picture, typical of developed countries, and not a pyramidal picture in most parts Third peace.

Reducing the growth rate of the population and the share of persons under fifteen years after 1966 reflected the success of official and informal fertility control programs. The government of President Lee Son Mana (1948-60) was conservative in such matters. Although Christian churches initiated a family planning campaign in 1957, he was not until 1962 that the Government of Pak Zhong Hee was alarmed by how quickly the population undermining economic growth began a nationwide family planning program. Other factors that contributed to the slowdown in the growth rate of the population included urbanization, the later age of marriage for men and women, a higher level of education, a greater number of women in labor, and improved health.

Public and private institutions participating in the family planning process are included in the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Korea Family Planning Federation and the Korean Family Planning Institute. In the late 1980s, their activities included the distribution of devices free of congenital management and information, classes for women using family planning methods, as well as the provision of special subsidies and benefits (for example, a low percentage of housing loans) for parents who agreed to sterilization. There were 502,000 South Korea sterilize in 1984, compared with 426,000 in the previous year.

1973 Baby Health The Health is legalized abortion. In 1983, the government began hanging medical insurance benefits for maternal concerns for pregnant women with three and more children. He also denied tax deductions For education expenses for parents with two or more children.

As in China, cultural relationships create problems for family planning programs. Strong preference to sons - who in the traditional system of values \u200b\u200bof Confucian Korea is expected to take care of their parents in old age and carry on the names, means that parents are only with daughters, as a rule, continued to have children until the Son is born. The government encouraged with married couple to have only one child. It was the main topic in the advertising of the civil service, which emphasizes "have one child and raise it well."

Common fertility coefficients (the average number of children whom a woman will have during her life) fell from 6.1 births per woman in 1960 to 4.2 in 1970, 2.8 in 1980 and 2.4 in 1984 The number of live births recorded in 711.810 in 1978, increased to a maximum of 917.860 in 1982. Such a development was stirred for concerns among specialists in planning a new "baby-boom". By 1986, however, the number of live births decreased to 806.041.

Reduced population growth continues, and in the period from 2005 to 2010 the total fertility rate for South Korea of \u200b\u200bWomen 1.21, one of the lowest in the world according to the United Nations. The fertility rate below the replacement level of 2.1 births per female caused a national anxiety, terrible predictions of an aging society of unable to grow or support his elderly. The last Korean governments are a priority question about its agenda, promising to take social reforms that will stimulate women to have children.

The country's population increased to 46 million by the end of the twentieth century, while the growth rate in the range from 0.9% to 1.2%. The population is expected to stabilize (that is, cease to grow) in 2023 at about 52.6 million people. According to ASIAWeek magazine, the number "The number of Philipins in 1983 stabilized in 1983, but less a third of them [Philippines] Space Space."

the nature of the population settlement

South Korea is one of the most populated countries of the world, estimated 425 people per square kilometer in 1989 to sixteen times the average population density of the United States in the late 1980s. For comparison, China, estimated, 114 people, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany) 246 people, and in Japan 323 people per square kilometer in the late 1980s. Since about 70% of the area of \u200b\u200bland South Korea is mountainous and the population is concentrated in the plain areas, the actual indicators of the population density as a whole were higher than the average. Already in 1975, it was estimated that the density of thirty-five cities of South Korea, each of which had a population of 50,000 or more residents, was 3.700 people per square kilometer. Because of the ongoing migration in urban areas, this figure was undoubtedly higher, in the late 1980s.

In 1988, Seoul had a population density of 17,030 people per square kilometer, compared with 13,816 people per square kilometer in 1980, the second largest city, Busan, had a density of 8.504 people per square kilometer in 1988 compared with 7,272 people in 1980 . The province of Kongido, which surrounds the capital and contains something, the fourth largest city of the country, was the most densely populated province; Kangvon Province in the northeast was the least densely populated province.

According to the Council economic planning Governments, population density will be 530 people per square kilometer of 2023 people are expected to stabilize.

In the countryside in South Korea consists of agglomerated villages in river valleys and ranging from several houses to several hundred. These villages are located in the south who, with the support of the hills, and gives reliable protection against winter winds.

Since 1960, the pace of urbanization in South Korea has reached a significant reduction in the population of rural areas and the traditional rural lifestyle slowly disappears.

Aging population

South Korea faces the problem of fast aging of the population. In fact, the rate of aging in Korea is unprecedented in the history of mankind, 18 years old to double the aging of the population from 7 - 14% (the smallest number of years), overtaking even Japan. Statistics support this observation, the percentage of older people aged 65 years and higher, sharply increased from 3.3% in 1955 to 10.7% in 2009, the form of its population has changed from the pyramid in the 1990s, with a large number of young people And less than the elderly, in the form of diamonds in 2010, with a smaller number of young people, and a significant part of the middle age of individuals.

There are several consequences and problems associated with population aging. Fast aging of the population may have a number of negative effects for labor. In particular, experts predict that this can lead to a narrowing of labor. How the proportion of people is growing, entering their 50s and 60s, they are either retired or forced to resign their companies. Thus, it would be a decrease in the share of economically active population in the population. In addition, with rapid aging, it is very likely that there will be an imbalance in the young old percentage of labor. This can lead to a lack of dynamism and innovation in labor, since it helmets is mainly middle-aged employees. The data show that while there are fewer young people in society, the percentage of economically active population, of people aged 15 - 64, grew by 20% compared with 55.5% to 72.5%. This suggests that labor is truly mainly from middle-aged workers.

A possible consequence may be that South Korea will be a less attractive candidate for investment. Investors may decide to move to countries such as Vietnam and China, where there is an abundance of a cheap, younger work. If employers had to choose to maintain operations in South Korea, there is a possibility that they may incur costs associated with retraining or advanced training of this middle-aged group of employees. In addition, high health costs can also be incurred, and the government will need to allocate more moneyTo maintain a good health system to satisfy the elderly.

Due to the very low birth rate, South Korea is predicted to enter the Russian cross pattern, as soon as the numerous generation of born in the 1960s begins to die, with a potentially decade of population reduction.

urbanization

As in other new industrial countries, South Korea experienced a rapid growth of urban areas caused by the migration of a large number of people from the countryside. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Seoul, today in the largest urban settlement, had a population of about 190,000 people. There was a striking contrast with Japan, where Edo (Tokyo) was more than 1 million inhabitants and the urban population consisting of as much as 10% to 15% of the total amount during the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). In the final years of the Chosen dynasty and the first years of Japanese colonial rule, the city's population of Korea was no more than 3% of the total. After 1930, when the Japanese began industrial development on the Korean Peninsula, especially in the northern provinces adjacent to Manchuria, the urban part of the population began to grow, reaching 11.6% for all Korea in 1940.

In the period from 1945 to 1985, the urban population of South Korea grew from 14.5% to 65.4% of the total population. In 1988, the Council for Economic Planning is estimated, the urban part of the population will reach 78.3% by the end of the twentieth century. Most of this urban increase was associated with migration, and not the natural growth of the urban population. City fertility rates are usually lower than on average in the country. The degree of urbanization in South Korea, however, is not fully disclosed in these statistical data. The urban population was determined in the national census, limited to the municipalities with 50,000 or more residents. Although many settlements with a number of 50,000 residents were satellite cities and other major cities or mountain communities in the northeastern province of Canvon, which will be considered urban from the point of view of living conditions and occupations, they were still officially classified as rural.

The dislocation caused by the Korean War accounted for the rapid growth of the urban population during the early 1950s. Hundreds of thousands of refugees, many of them from North Korea rushed to cities. In the period after the Korean War, rural residents left their generic villages in search of large economic and educational opportunities in cities. By the end of the 1960s, migration became a serious problem, not only because cities were scary crowded, but also therefore lost in rural areas the most young and productive members of their labor force.

In 1970, the Government of Pak Zhong Hee began Saleul Undong (New Community Movement) as the reconstruction and movement of self-help of rural areas to improve economic conditions in the villages, close a large income gap between rural and urban areas, as well as stop urban migration - also to build Political base. Despite the huge number of government support for advertising, especially in the era of the park, was not clear, by the end of the 1980s, that Undon Saleaul reached its goal. By that time, many, if not most, agriculture and fishing villages consisted of older people; A relatively small number of able-bodied men and women remained working on the fields or fish. This trend is manifested in state statistics for 1986-87. Period: The proportion of people, fifty years or older, living in rural communities increased from 28.7% in 1986 to 30.6% in 1987, while the number of people in Their twentieth living in agriculture communities decreased from 11.3% to 10.8%. Nationwide interest for people fifty years or older, and in their twenties were, in 1986, 14.9% and 20.2%, respectively (see the farm, ch. 3).

In 1985, the largest cities were Seoul (9,645,932 inhabitants), Busan (3516807), Tagu (2030672), Incheon (1387491), Kwangju (906129) and Thajon (866695). According to state statistics, the population of Seoul, one of the largest cities in the world, exceeded 10 million people in the middle annual growth rates of the population end of 1988 in Seoul in the late 1980s were more than 3%. Two thirds of this growth was associated with migration, not natural increments. Studies have shown that "new place of work or a search for new work", "the transition to another work" and "business" were the main reasons why new immigrants came to the capital. Other factors quoted immigrants included "education" and "more convenient area to live."

To reduce overcrowding in the Central District of Seoul, the city government has developed a master plan in the mid-1980s, which provided for the development of four "main zones" by 2000: the initial city center, Yongdongpo-Yeouido, Yongdong and Jamsil. Cities - satellites will also be created or expanded. In the late 1980s, statistics showed that in the daytime or suburban population of the city of Seoul, there were as six times the officially registered population. If the master plan is successful, many passengers will go to work in the main area closer their homes, and the population of the central part of the city will decrease. Many government ministries were moved from Seoul, and the army, the fleet and the headquarters of the Air Force were translated into Thajon.

In 1985, Seoul's population was 23.8% of the total national. Provincial cities, however, experienced equal and, in many cases, greater expansion than in the capital. The growth was particularly impressive in the southeastern coastal area, which includes the port of Busan, Masan, Yos, Chinhae, Ulsan, and Pohan. The census data show that the Population of Ulsan in Eighteenfold increases, grows from 30,000 to 551300 in the period from 1960 to 1985, with the exception of the YOSU, all these cities are located in the province of South Konsen, an area that has been particularly acting as a recipient of government development projects. For comparison, the population of Kwangju, the capital of the southern province of Cheolla, increased less than three times in the period from 1960 to 1985, an increase of 315,000 to 906129 inhabitants.

The rapid growth of cities brought familiar problems in developed and developing countries. The construction of a large number of high-altitude residential complexes in Seoul and other major cities is facilitated by a shortage of housing to some extent. But he also had difficulty tens of thousands of people who were forced to move from their old quarters, because they could not afford a rent in new buildings. In the late 1980s, the squatter regions consisting of single-storey shacks still exist in some areas of Seoul. The housing for all but the richest in general is closely. Concentration of factories in urban areas, rapid growth of motor transport movement, as well as widespread use of coal for heating in the harsh winter months caused hazardous levels of air and water pollution, problems that are still saving today even after several years of environmentally friendly policies.

As in other new industrial countries, South Korea experienced a rapid growth of urban areas caused by the migration of a large number of people from the countryside. In 2016, 82.59 percent of the total population of South Korea lives in urban areas and cities.

Vital statistics

uN Ratings

A source:

Life expectancy at birth from 1908 to 2015

1865-1949

1950-2015

A source: Prospects of the world population of the UN

The total fertility rate from 1900 to 1924

Registered birth and death

A source:

Current Natural Population Population

Ethnic groups

South Korea is a relatively homogeneous society with the absolute majority of the population of Korean nationality, which accounts for about 96% of the total population of the Republic of Korea. Nevertheless, with his appearance as an economic force, the possibilities for foreign settlers increased and in 2007 the number of citizens living in South Korea passed a million mark for the first time in history, and the number reached 2 million in 2016, 1,016,000 of them came from China More than half of them are ethnic Koreans of Chinese citizenship. The next largest group of Vietnam with 149,000 inhabitants. The third largest group of the United States with 117,000 inhabitants, with the exception of American troops deployed in the country. Thailand, Philippines, Uzbekistan and other countries followed.

China in South Korea

When the People's Republic of China and South Korea reformed relations were resolved in several Chinese migrants appeared in South Korea in 1992 in the early 1900s, the trade agreement allowed merchants from China to conduct business transactions in South Korea.

North American in South Korea

The immigration rules of South Korea are especially strict for non-Asians. South Korean place of various rules concerning persons applying for citizenship through marriage with one need to pass a Korean test for knowledge of language, and has an annual income of more than 14 million won. In this regard, most North Americans come to the country or as tourists or specialists.

Vietnamese in South Korea

Relations between Vietnamese and South Koreans dates back to 1200, when Ly Duong left in Goreyeo in Korea after a series of dispute of power. Currently, Vietnamese migrants who go to South Korea local husband through marriage agencies has been introduced.

Filipinos in South Korea

Relations between Filipino and South Korea can be traced until the 1950s during the Korean War. More than 7500 Philippine soldiers fought on the UN side to help the South Korean conflict with North Korea. During 2007, estimated about 70,000 Philippine immigrants in South Korea. Mass rural city migration led to a shortage of young women in these areas. This led many Filipino brides to find their way to South Korea and migrate there.

Below is a foreigner, a group in South Korea has more than 5000.

As of 2013, the population of South Korea was more than 49 million people. By the number of residents, this Asian country takes the 25th place in the world. At the same time, almost 11 million people live in Seoul, the capital of the state. The population of South Korea increases at the expense of both natural and migration growth. Migrants are mainly from China.

Natopolis South Korea

Republic of Korea is a state with a very homogeneous ethnic composition. More than 98% of the country's population is Koreans. The second is the ethnic group - the Chinese, they are in South Korea about 100 thousand. At the same time, citizens of Taiwan prevail among the Chinese - formally the Chinese province, but in fact an independent state.

Representatives of other nationalities permanently residing in South Korea relatively a bit. These are mainly labor migrants from countries such as:

• Philippines;
• Malaysia;
• Japan;
• India.

Also in the country there are constantly living about 28 thousand American servicemen. They carry service at the South Korean military bases.

Languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of South Korea

The only state language of the country is Korean. It is obligatory for studying in all South Korea schools, like English. The last many inhabitants, especially in Seoul and other major cities, are very good. Ethnic Chinese also speak Korean and English in their main mass. Among foreign workers, many are owned by the national language.

The third in the prevalence of the language, after Korean and English, is Chinese. It is used to communicate in everyday life of ethnic Chinese living in the country.

Characteristics of local residents

One of the main features of the Korean National Character is hardworking. Residents of the country of morning freshness (just so often call South Korea) and really work a lot. For many young Koreans, the career is traditionally in the first place.

Foreign tourists noted that at first Koreans may seem not very friendly and closed people. This is true, because in South Korea, it is not accepted to express their emotions in humans - this is considered to be unknown. But if you make friends with representatives of this nation, then make sure they are very welcome and open. It is only necessary to enter the confidence in the Koreans, and then the opinion about them will change dramatically.

Other distinguishing features of Koreans are:

• the desire to "save face" in any situation. Koreans are trying not to raise the voice, not to show their offense, weakness or anger in humans;
• help to guests. If a guest comes to the house, all the best is put on the table;
• emphasized respectful attitude towards the elders. Korean will never increase the voice to the older, and even more so - an elderly person, even if he is wrong. Instead, a more young man will simply silence and lower his eyes;
• cohesion and solidarity. Koreans are a very patriotic nation, they always come to help each other in their homeland and abroad. The worst thing a tourist in South Korea can do is to disrespect the country or about its individual citizens.

We wish you a pleasant stay in South Korea! Go to this amazing country and appreciate your beauty with your own eyes!

First of all, we denote where Seoul is. This is a huge megalopolis located on and being the capital of South Korea. This city is one of the world's largest cities. The official name of the country is the Republic of Korea. This democratic state was formed in the summer of 1945 after the separation of spheres of influence on the Korean Peninsula. Under the contract, this part of the peninsula has passed under the US jurisdiction, and its northern part fell under the influence of the USSR. Today is southern for 9 provinces with different population. And Seoul is the most densely populated point of the country.

Population size

• a group of children under 15 is 15.7% of the total number;
• a group of people-bodied people from 15 to 65 - 72.9%;
• in the group of people over 65 years old - 11.4% of the population.

Natural growth for this year, according to calculations, must be more than 184 thousand people. If the level of external migrants persists, then the increase will increase by more than 61 thousand people, since people come to the country more than it leaves.

Threatening the pace of aging

The population of Seoul rapidly agrees. Experts associate this phenomenon with the increased life expectancy and fenced birth rate. The last 10 years the number of youth is reduced, but the number of older people becomes higher. When saving this trend to 2030 in the capital of South Korea, more than 3 million residents will be over 65 years old. By this time, Seoul can take 8 string in the rated of the "aging" cities in the world.

Statistics recorded that in 2013 Seoul, whose population was more than 9 million, had about 11% of the "age" population. According to calculations, by 2019, this figure may increase to 14.3%, and by 2030 it will be 31% of society. Young people, on the shoulders of which will fall the burden of content of pensioners, will be under great pressure. It can reduce the standard of living.

To avoid aging of society, the authorities and employers should develop a global strategy aimed at raising the birth rate.

A little about currency

Currency Seoul (Republic of Korea) - Korean von. This currency unit Consists of 100 chon. Entered into the turnover of South Korean in 1962, and since 1980 it is firmly tied to the dollar rate. Since South Korea is an economically developed state, the population has a rather high level of income. The large percentage of the population works in shipbuilding and engineering industries. By parity purchasing power South Korea is 13 in the world ranking.

Seoul currency has the official reduction of KRW, its international symbol - ₩.

Character features

Koreans are the people of hardworking. They are a lot and with pleasure work. For youth career - main priority. With this, including low birth rate in the country.

Tourists may not always correctly appreciate the character of Seouls. It seems to them that everyone is closed and intense. In fact, the population of Seoul does not have the habit of expressing their emotions. They consider this manifestation of non-competitance. To understand the soul of a resident of the country, you need to enter him in trust and become a friend.

Culture of communication in Koreans also has its own traditions:

• Residents of South Korea are not shouting at each other, do not show offense and do not discuss their enemies behind their back. They are confident that all this is signs of weakness.
• For guests are always preparing the best dishes. Help to the guest is another important feature of a national character.
• Residents of South Korea respect old age. They never argue with the elders, even when those wrong. The younger must be silent.

Residents of the Republic of Korea - patriots of their country. They stand a mountain for her and are always ready to help their fellow citizens anywhere in the world. If the tourist is disrespectful of South Korea, he deepest insult to everyone who heard him.