Economic policy. Industrial Policy State Industrial Policy and Her Concepts Presentation
By discipline: "Institutional Economics"
Topic: "State Industrial Policy"
Student Group X - M (C) - 31 V.V. Seversow
Lecturer Danilchik T.L.
Khabarovsk 2014.
Introduction
1. Competitiveness
2. Improving market mechanisms
3. Formation of the technological base
4. Knut and gingerbread for investment
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
By the nature of the overall orientation of the state impact on the Industrial Policy industry. Classified as a defensive, focused on the preservation of the current industrial structure, maintaining employment, the protection of national firms from foreign competition, Adaptive, aimed at adapting the country's industrial structure to the shifts in the structure of demand and the changed conditions of competition in the world market, and initiative, when the state actively affects the development of the country's industry, based on its vision of the desired image of its structure in a more or less long-term perspective.
Industrial policy (hereinafter referred to as one of the main functions of the state in the general It is a strategy focused on the formation and implementation of industrial development goals, through various economic instruments. The term "industrial policy" came to Russia in the early 90s. To indicate the regulatory role of the state in the industrial and technological development of the country. In the era of the administrative and planned economy in the USSR, the need for such a term did not exist, because the entire business system essentially meant PP. There was no alternative from the state a system for making decisions on investment by private business, the entire strategy of economic development of industries and inter-sectoral complexes was determined centrally from the Unified Economic Center. In the system of representations of the market economy, there was a super-industrial policy with its achievements, disadvantages and even failures. The need for the designation of the role of the state in developing and implementing a strategy of long-term development of priority industries in the premium of market relations arose thanks to quite obvious "market failures" in the field of projects, designed not to short-term profits. Among the directions of the state industrial policy, consider the main of them, namely:
the influence of the state on the competitiveness of industrial production;
state activities to improve the efficiency of market mechanisms;
the impact of the state on the sectoral structure of production;
the possibilities of the state in stimulating the investment process.
1. Competitiveness
The need for a state to increase the competitiveness of industrial production is dictated by such fundamental differences in modern developed market economy, as increasing intellectualization of industrial production, strengthening the role of innovative principles and transnationalization of industrial firms.
As a result, the competitiveness of the country's industry is increasingly dependent on factors such as the quality of labor resources, the strength of links between industrial firms, higher education institutions and research institutes, the ability to creatively develop foreign technologies, the rate of distribution in industry technological and other innovations; Capacity of the domestic market and the level of requirements of domestic consumers of industrial products to its quality characteristics, the presence of technologically related and geographically related bushes that produce products that are in demand in foreign markets. The role of the state, which not only finances the main part of general educational institutions and universities, but also at home the relationship of society to the formation and prestige of the profession of the scientist and the teacher, in creating a system of education that meets the requirements of modern industrial production is very significant. Obviously, the initiative state industrial policy should be supported by a purposeful policy in the field of education. For countries with transitional economies, the most priorities include a sharp expansion of training specialists in the field of management, marketing and economic law. For all the importance of financial support by the state of the fundamental science and the most priority programs of applied scientific research, the organizational activity of the state can play a very important role in the following directions. First, the creation of state structures focused on identifying potential industrial consumers of knowledge accumulated by state research institutes and universities. Secondly, coordination with the state of R & D programs, in which industrial enterprises and university laboratories are involved, as well as state research organizations. An important factor in maintaining the competitiveness of the country's industry is the presence of conditions conducive to the rapid spread of technological and other innovations in it. Since these conditions are determined primarily by the dynamics of the investment process, the activities of the state in this respect are implemented in the field of macro economic Policywhose success depends on the ability to create a favorable investment climate with funds for monetary and fiscal policy. In addition, due to the fact that the lack financial resources Small innovative firms very often serves as a difficult barrier at the stage of introducing scientific and technical knowledge to new, economically expedient technological processes and types of products, the state should contribute to the expansion of the financing of innovative business. The state has the opportunity to provide a significant impact on such conditions for the competitiveness of the country's industry, as the availability of the Code of the domestic market and the strict requirements of domestic consumers of industrial products to its quality characteristics. All developed countries of the market economy to maintain the competitiveness of their industry stimulate the demand for high-tech products through government procurement in the state ownership of the state or under rigid state regulation (electric power industry, primarily atomic, telecommunications, aviation and railway transport), as well as to ensure the military needs of the country. In this case, discrimination is widely practiced. foreign companies - Manufacturers of similar products.
. Improving market mechanisms
The activities of the state to improve the efficiency of market mechanisms and mitigating the imperfections inheress to them is the second important part of modern industrial policy. Areas in which the imperfections of market mechanisms are manifested: this is, firstly, the production of public goods and services (for example, scientific research, health care services, arms manufacturing, etc.). It is believed that in the production of this kind of goods, the cardinal difference between those parameters of efficiency is manifested, on the basis of which private firms are functioning, and efficient from the point of view of society as a whole. Secondly, the imperfections of the market mechanism are associated with the consequences of the interdependence and complementarity of investments that are manifested in the form of "external effects", in particular, when part of the profits from a particular investment can be "captured" by other investors related to it. Thirdly, competition through innovation is unlikely to meet the principles of perfect competition. "Competition through new products and processes is approved in the work of American economists, - is imperfect, both in essence and results. Without bait, no higher return would not have the motives for innovation." Since the development of the industry is increasingly innovative, and innovative competition, in fact, is imperfect, with huge external effects, a strong monopoly element, the possibilities of the development of industrial production on the basis of exclusively market coordination mechanisms are presented very limited. Finally, fourthly, the market economy is characterized by complex problems that make it difficult to distribute resources with an emphasis on the long term.
In a market economy, comprehensive informational support of industrial firms serves as a prerequisite for their survival and efficient activity. Huge work on the collection and publication of information of the economic, scientific and technical, demographic, and the like nature, widely used by industrial firms in the adoption of investment and other decisions, is carried out in the countries of the developed market economy, it is government agencies, although they, of course, are not the only source of used information firms.
It should be emphasized that government agencies spread their information gathering without any restrictions and at affordable prices. Much attention is paid to the use of information collected by the state to develop a system of indicators used to analyze the state of the general conjuncture and its short-term forecasting. The very important side of the information activity of the state in the countries of the market economy is the development of medium and long-term forecasts for the development of the economy, including industry, countries and world markets of the most important industrial products.
. Formation of technological base
To affect the achievement of dynamic competitive advantages of public industrial policies can also be influenced by the technologies used in the country's industry, and, accordingly, its industry structure. The most obvious impact of the state on the technological structure of industrial production was manifested in the creation of state industrial enterprises and the nationalization of entire industries. At the same time, the historical experience of market economies does not provide grounds for unambiguous and unconditional assessments of the role of public entrepreneurship in the development of industrial production. If we assume that the funds of the state policy can be improved by the national income of the country due to its competitors by stimulating technologies and industries bringing a higher RENTU than other technologies and industries bring, it is obvious that the presence of such an opportunity for a long time is contrary to the conditions of operation Systems of competitive markets and industries with free intercountry and intersectoral overflow of capital.
The creation of state industrial companies is not the only and in modern conditions far from the most optimal tool for the influence of the state on the technological structure of the country's industry.
. Knut and gingerbread for investment
Another, no less important task of the macroeconomic policy of the state in the application to the problems of modernization of the country's industrial structure is the creation of favorable conditions for the dynamic investment process.
The following state impact tools are actively used on the dynamics of the investment process:
public investment, and not only infrastructure;
tax stimulants investment;
coherent prices for equipment through preferential customs duties on its import;
impact on interest rates and maintaining them at the level below the market.
A highly important role in financing investment programs is played by a bank loan, and the state actively influenced the value of the loan, and on the direction of its streams. Dominating roles played internal sources (retained earnings and depreciation deductions) and bank loans. The state financial institutions played an important role in financing investment programs in many dynamically developed countries. The impact of the state for price proportions in order to stimulate the investment process was not limited to regulating interest rates. World Bank specialists indicate that in these countries, tax, tariff and currency policies not only shot part of investment risk from investors and at a moderate scale suppressed interest rates, but also controlled capital imports, and also maintained relatively low prices for investment goods . At the same time, the possibility of using the price disproportions created by state regulation, in order to stimulate the investment process and the economic growth of the country are significantly narrowed as its involvement in world economic relations. And about one embodiment of investment policy aimed at developing the real sector of the economy - use tax system. There are two most important directions of the state's tax policy, capable of providing a significant impact on the development of the country's industry.
First, affecting taxes on the level of population savings, depreciation funds firms and their retained profits. The magnitude of potential sources of financing investment programs firms, the state is able to influence the most important macroeconomic proportions, in particular on the distribution of national income between accumulation and consumption.
Secondly, using targeted tax breaks, as well as legislation, in terms of depreciation, the state can affect the relationship between investments in the active and passive part of fixed assets, the rate of reproduction of fixed capital in the country industry, stimulate investment activities Firms on the priorities from the point of view of the state areas, affect regional placement of industrial investment.
5. Problems of state support industry in Russia
Obviously, if the main goal of economic reform carried out in Russia is the creation of a modern market economy, the Russian state is obliged to perform the functions listed above, characteristic of all countries market economy. At the same time, the peculiarities of the situation in the economy of our country that has established to date in the economy requires that the state is not limited to these functions.
Overcoming negative trends in the industrial production of Russia and the creation of prerequisites for indigenous changes of its structure is impossible without meaningful and targeted state industrial policy, and in the most favorable version this policy should serve as a tool for the implementation of the country's industrial development strategy based on the public consensus. Such a strategy should be determined taking into account the uniqueness of the current situation in Russia. This uniqueness is due to a whole complex of technological and socio-political factors.
In socio-politically, the current situation in Russia is determined by the sharp differentiation of income between a minor population in population and its main mass. Over the years of reforms in Russia did not work out middle classIn the absence of which it is impossible to create a market economy of mass consumption and an adequate sustainable political regime of social-democratic or liberal orientation.
Meanwhile to the present transformation russian economy It occurs in the lack of any meaningful strategy of the country's industrial development. In the countries of democratic orientation, the definition of a strategy of industrial development is not extremely prerogative of central government bodies. This case provides for the active participation of representatives of industrial business circles, trade unions, independent research organizations, regional authorities. At the same time, the central state structures, speaking as a member and coordinator for the development of the country's industrial development strategy, offer their estimates of the development of the global economy and its individual regions (primarily the most closely related to the country's industry), world markets of important industrial goods, scientific and technical Progress, environmental situation, etc., formulate their ideas about the desired areas of industrial development of the country.
For such a work, certain organizational structures are created, which occurs a thorough discussion of problems related to the development of the country's industrial development strategy, including the problems of the industry and regional nature. The activity of such structures not only allows you to make a more complete and clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe problems and prospects for the development of the country's industry, its most vulnerable places, potential sources of growth and competitive advantages, but creates prerequisites for the formation of public harmony regarding the vision of the future industry. Such consent serves, in particular, an important condition for the rapid legislative design of industrial policies. The function of the leader in the creation and coordination of the activities of these structures should be carried out by the authoritative department of the executive branch, so Japanese experience deserves the most close study and use.
It is necessary to state that at present, in the executive authority of Russia there is no agency capable of their intellectual potential and authority to assume the functions of the initiator and coordinator for the development of the country's industrial development strategy. Developing public consensus In relation to the vision of the future of Russia, the blurring of the value attitudes of the main part of the country's population makes it difficult due to the collapse of the totalitarian atheistic state and the negative effects of the current reforms for most people in the country. By returning the report that the development of the country's industrial development strategy and its adequate state industrial policy requires enormous collective efforts, we note only some contours of such a strategy and policies. The country's industrial development strategy assumes the definition of basic purposes in a more or less long-term perspective, the main obstacles to the implementation of these goals and means to overcome these obstacles and achieve their goals. The most important strategic goals of the development of industry in Russia should be considered to be preserved and improving the basic elements of life support infrastructure, improving the quality of life (physical and mental health of the nation, ecology, education and housing); maintaining a sufficient level of country's defense capability.
The main obstacles to the implementation of these goals are to continue the development of a deep and protracted general economic and industrial crisis, without any positive shifts in the technological structure of industrial production, an increasingly deepening gap between the financial sphere and the state of the Russian industry, increasing the shortage of investment resources. The state industrial policy of Russia should be focused on overcoming these obstacles and to carry an initiative, based on the vision of the desired image of the structure of the industry in a more or less long-term perspective. As for the technological structure of the Russian industry, it should be based on a thorough assessment of the existing scientific and technological potential, taking into account the main directions of global scientific and technological progress and a number of factors. To do this, it is necessary to determine: in what technologies, based on considerations national Security In its various aspects, its own production potential is needed and what level should it be achieved; In which technologies, Russia has chances to achieve a breakthrough and strengthening its competitiveness; Satisfaction of what needs is advisable due to imports of industrial products and technologies. Based on this, the following directions of the state activities within the industrial policy can be determined. The active, coordinating activities of government departments in the field of technological forecasting and the development of a complex of criteria, on the basis of which the technology priorities should be selected for the Russian industry.
The state can contribute to an increase in the technological potential of the Russian industry, as creating closed, weakly affordable foreign competition systems "Scientific research and development - production of high-tech products in Russian companies - large-scale purchases of this product by the state So stimulating the influx of foreign capital and technologies by admitting foreign companies to the production of high-tech products in the country and the public procurement of this product. Most likely, you should combine both options depending on the state of scientific and technological potential in specific areas of science and technology. It is necessary to state funding for fundamental science and applied scientific research for priority technologies. For all the importance of financial support for the state of the fundamental science and the most priority applied research programs, the state's organization of the state in the following areas can be played: the creation of state structures focused on identifying potential industrial knowledge consumers accumulated by state research institutes and universities; The coordination activities of the state in the conduct of R & D, in which industrial enterprises and university laboratories are involved, as well as state research organizations.
The renewal of the technological structure of the Russian industry is possible only in the conditions of a dynamic investment process, which is in a decisive extent depends on the tax, budgetary and credit and monetary policy of the state. This implies the need to reform the tax system with an emphasis on the creation of preferential conditions for savings and capital savings, as well as liberalization of monetary policy and creating conditions for additional emissions in industrial investment. In this regard, it seems necessary to create State investment bank development banks, without which a quick exit from a deep investment crisis is hardly possible. Realistic assessment of capital market opportunities as a source of financing investment programs requires recognizing that its role in Russia for many more years will most likely be generally insignificant. Therefore, the state should be guided primarily to the creation of conditions stimulating own sources Accumulations in industrial structures (in this respect, depreciation policy is important), and ensuring these structures with long-term credit resources.
The critical situation in the Russian industry with non-payment dictates the need to conduct active state policy and at the microeconomic level, including: - the allocation of large industrial enterprises and financial and industrial groups capable of their technological and managerial capacity and financial condition for the role of leaders; the creation of conditions that facilitate the absorption by leaders or the undertaking under the control of industrial enterprises with the technological potential of development, but not providing financial opportunities for its implementation; The elimination of hopeless in all respects of industrial enterprises with simultaneous retraining of their staff and in its employment.
With all the importance of the state's active policy on the creation of a competitive economic environment through privatization, demonopolization, support for industrial enterprise small forms, the state should contribute to the development of cooperation as the main social groups and enterprises within the industries and their complexes.
The development of social partnership at the level "State - Industrial Sectoral Associations - Trade Unions" could contribute to the maintenance of macroeconomic stabilization through a particular policy of price and income regulation. With all the dangers that are fraught with the manufacturement of industry, the creation of industry associations of industrial enterprises of the type of cartels (on a temporary basis and in the development of clear criteria for the activities of firms in cartels) could contribute to the stabilization of industrial production and the modernization of its technological base. An important area of \u200b\u200bstate industrial policy in the coming years should be the mitigation of negative social consequences caused by changes in the structure of industrial production. Obviously, this problem over the coming years will be especially acute. To mitigate it, the state is obliged to implement a whole range of activities that include a wide public work program (in particular, on the modernization of infrastructure), the program to retracted labor and increase its mobility, as well as to carry out sufficient protection against excessive foreign competition in the industry most important in terms of Maintain employment. Finally, it is necessary to significantly increase the efficiency of the management of industrial enterprises remaining in state ownership.
Conclusion
In recent years, the problem of state impact on the industrial development of the country has gained greater relevance. In this regard, the state industrial policy of Russia, currently should be an integral part of the state economic policy (GEP), in many respects, ensuring its goals. Therefore, the development and implementation of the GPP is the most important task of public administration. The definition of the features of the formation and mechanism of the implementation of state industrial policy is one of the most important theoretical, methodological and practical problems of market transformations.
The degree of development of the problem. One of the reasons for the abundance of state industrial policies in the transitional management system. is the weakness of scientific exercise of the fee of the GPP for the economy of Russia.
Conducting all the above, it can be concluded that on the common platform, the need for PP has risen and compete with each other many doctrines. All the concepts considered differ in the methods of implementation, according to the methods of implementation, according to the system of goals and values. The need for a holistic state industrial and economic strategy is obvious and relevant during all years of radical economic reforms. For PP, almost all sane and national-oriented groups of society are performed. Against PP - only the top of the cosmopolitan capital in the largest domestic commodity companies and serving their interests ruling bureaucracy. Obviously, the absence of PP in the conditions of the rapid degradation of the industrial base and social conditions The life of the country is nonsense, explained by the cohesion and the organizedness of its opponents in the disunity of its supporters. The main subject of PP is always the state represented by the set of institutions of the economic power, asking the "Rules of the game" into an industrial strategy, and selecting winners and losers ie. Partially replacing the functions of market competition, which is always so afraid of liberals. In addition, home-grown interpreters of Hayek-Mises ideas are so obviously tied to the interests of energy-raw materials built into the global market of this product, that any conversations about PP are perceived by them completely "correctly", because in modern Russian conditions, this means the inevitable redistribution of income from transnational "commodities" in favor of national "industrialists" through the economic power of the state. Therefore, all that liberals demand from the state is the preservation and strengthening of the "competitive" regime in the economy, "forgetting", which is most freely in such a "competition" feel energy-raw materials monopolies, cheaply buying all the necessary resources within the country (including working strength and state support in the form of, for example, the notorious NPPI, which created unprecedented opportunities for the departure of the taxation of differential rent) and expensive selling finished products both on the world and in the domestic market. Super robes settle in offshore zones and western banks.
PP issues are real political and economic issues of the theory and practice of reforms, for they affect the indigenous economic interests of the main layers of society. They consider the deep questions of the creation, distribution and assignment of public wealth. And so far, the economic power is in the hands of "transnomational" the state will diligently bypassing the issues of industrial strategy, replacing it with such important reforms as a monetization of benefits, commercialization of science and education, endless passages of the control apparatus, etc.
industrial Policy Market Mechanism
Literature
1.Zevin L.Z. "Economic structures of different levels in global processes: features of interaction. Scientific report of IPI RAS. - M: Epicon, 2009, S.8-9.
2.Tatarkin A. Industrial policy as the basis of systemic modernization of the Russian economy // Probl. Theories and Practices Management. - 2011 - N 1. - S.8-21.
.Pilipenko I. Cluster policy in Russia // Society and economics. - 2009 - N 8. - C.28-64.
.Wavadnikov V. Industrial Policy in Russia / V. Wavadnikov, Y. Kuznetsov // Econ. politics. - 2011. - N 3. - S.5-17.
.Zeltyn A.S. State industrial policy in market economies // Eco. - 2012. - N 3. - p.42-60.
.Ivanov VS Rational management of the territory as a factor in the development of industrial policy // Microeconomics. - 2009. - N 5. - P.124-127.
.Abramov M. About Industrial Policy and Tax Regulation // Free Thought. - 2009. - N 1. - C.101-116.
.Abramov MD Industrial Policy and Tax Regulation // Eco. - 2009. - N 1. - C.165-173.
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What is the public economic policy of the state's economic goals. The main directions of economic policy. Stabilization monetary policy goal tools Types of pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy Objective tools Types of pros and cons Structural policy Definition How to understand it Examples of structural policy Pros and cons Questions 1
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The economic policy of the state is the process of implementing its functions to achieve certain economic purposes.
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Classic economic functions states stabilization of the economy; Protection of property rights; regulation cash circulation; Redistribution of income; regulation of relationships between employers and employees; control over foreign economic activity; Manufacture of public goods.
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The most common economic goals of the state ensuring economic growth (development!); Creating conditions of economic freedom (the right to choose the form, shape and sphere economic activity, methods of its implementation and use of income from it); Ensuring economic security and economic efficiency;
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The most common economic goals of the state is concern for ensuring full employment (everyone who can and wants to work should have a job); Assisting those who cannot fully provide themselves, etc.
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The main directions of state economic policy stabilization, structural.
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Stabilization includes mainly budget and tax (fiscal) and credit-money (monetary) policies. The structural direction uses such methods of influence on the economy as state support especially important for the development of the entire economy of the country of industries, the production of public goods, privatization, promoting competition and restriction of monopolies and others. If the stabilization policy is aimed primary on the improvement of the economy, then the structural is to maintain it Balanced development, i.e. healthy lifestyle.
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Stabilization monetary policy What is? What are the main advantages and risks associated with the use of its tools?
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Objectives of monetary policy Provision: stable economic growth, full employment of resources, price level stability, balance of balance sheet.
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Monetary policy has an impact on cumulative demand. The control object protrudes - money supply. Monetary policy determines and implements the Central Bank. However, the change in the money supply occurs not only as a result of the operations of the Central Bank, but also commercial banks, as well as solutions of the non-banking sector (consumers and firms).
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Types of monetary policies distinguish two types of monetary policy: stimulating restraining. Stimulating monetary policy is carried out during the recession period in order to "swinging" the economy, the growth of business activity in order to combat unemployment. The restraining monetary policy is carried out during the boom and aimed at reducing business activity in order to combat inflation.
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The advantages of monetary policy Lack of internal lag (the time period between the moment of awareness of the economic situation in the country and the moment of adoption of measures to improve it). No displacement effect. Stimulating monetary policy (the growth of money supply) determines the decline in the interest rate, which does not lead to displacement, but to stimulate investments. Multiplier effect.
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Disadvantages of monetary policy. The possibility of inflation. Stimulating monetary policy, i.e. The growth of money supply, leads to inflation even in the short term. The presence of external lag due to the complexity and possible failures in the mechanism of money transmission. The external lag is a period of time from the moment of taking measures to the moment the result of their impact on the economy.
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Stabilization fiscal policy What is? What are the main advantages and risks associated with the use of its tools?
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The fiscal policy is a government actions in order to stabilize the economy by changing the amount of income or state budget expenditures. Fiscal policy is actions to regulate aggregate demand. The regulation of the economy occurs through the impact on the magnitude of cumulative expenses. A number of instruments fiscal policy Can be used for impact on the aggregate offer.
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Fiscal policy goals: stable economic growth; 2) complete employment of resources (solving the problem of cyclic unemployment); 3) a stable price level. Fiscal policy tools - costs and revenues of the state budget: government procurement; 2) taxes; 3) Transfers.
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Types of fiscal policy Depending on the cycle phase, either stimulating or restraining policy is applied. Stimulating fiscal policy is applied in recession and is aimed at an increase in total demand. Its tools are: an increase in government procurement, tax reducing and increasing transfers. The restraining fiscal policy is used in the boom and aims to reduce the aggregate demand. Its tools are: reducing public procurement, increasing taxes and reduction of transfers.
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The impact of fiscal policy tools on total demand government procurement is a component of aggregate demand, so their change has direct impact, and taxes and transfers have an indirect impact on cumulative demand. Growth of government procurement increases aggregate demand. The growth of transfers also increases the aggregate demand because the personal income of households increases the increasing taxes leads to a reduction in aggregate demand.
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The impact of fiscal policy on the aggregate proposal as the firms consider taxes as costs, the growth of taxes leads to a reduction in the aggregate supply, and the reduction of taxes to the growth of business activity and production volume.
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The advantages of the fiscal policy of the multiplier effect (fiscal policy tools have a multiplicative effect of exposure to the magnitude of the total release. The absence of external lag (external lag is the period of time between the decision-making and the appearance of the first results. The presence of automatic stabilizers. Since these stabilizers are built-in, then the government does not need Take special measures to stabilize the economy.
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Disadvantages of fiscal policy. The presence of inner lag. (This is the period of time between the emergence of the need to change policies and deciding on its change). The effect of displacement. (budget expenditures during the recession period to the cumulative income, that the demand for money and the interest rate on money market. Appreciation of loans to private investment, i.e. To "oust" parts of investment costs of firms.
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Structural (industrial) policy What is? What are the main advantages and risks associated with the use of its tools?
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Examples of industrial policies World experience gives examples of at least three types of industrial policy: export-oriented (creating conditions for the growth of export of certain types of products), internally oriented (protection of the domestic market and ensuring economic self-sufficiency) strategic industrial policy aimed at restricting the use of natural and natural and non-reproducible resources (oil, forest, ecology, etc.).
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Examples of industrial policy Export-oriented policies - Yu. Korea 60s and 80 years and other "Tigers" of SUV, China 80s 90s, partly Japan, India 90s, Chile 70s and 80 -H. Internally oriented policies - India 60s - 80s, France 50s - 70s, Japan, China, USA (in terms of agriculture policies), USSR and to a certain extent, Russia. Strategic Industrial Policy - US Actions, OPEC countries.
The state industrial policy is one of the most discovered concepts in domestic economic literature. Discussions are underway both about the content of the concept of industrial policies and in the areas of implementing industrial policies in Russia.
The term "industrial policy" entered the Russian economic literature in the early 1990s and was borrowed from Western economic literature, the original name is "Industrial Policy". The borrowing of the concept of industrial policy with disparate specialists led to the fact that various interpretations of industrial policies appeared in the domestic literature.
In the domestic literature, along with the term "industrial policy", the term "structural policy" is also used, which remained from the time of the state-planned concept, often this two term attaches for a synonymic value. In the Western literature under structural policies are understood institutional transformations, such as privatization, monopolies reform, promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses, etc.
The evolution of views and the need for single terminology led to the next interpretation of industrial policies.
Industrial policy is defined as a set of state actions aimed at targeted change in the structure of the economy through creating more favorable conditions for the development of certain (priority) sectors and industries.
Another definition of industrial policy is given L.I. Abalkin.
Industrial policy is a system of measures aimed at progressive changes in the structure of industrial production in accordance with the selected national goals and priorities. The central issue and subject of industrial policy are intersectoral proportions and structural shifts in industry, and not the issues of industry development in general and, let's say, intra-industry competition.
Finally, the definition of industrial policy given by experts of the Ministry of Economics RF, industrial policy is a complex of measures carried out by the state in order to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of the domestic industry and the formation of it modern structurecontributing to the achievement of these goals. Industrial policy is a necessary addition to a structural policy aimed at the growth of public welfare. When developing industrial policies, it is important to determine the objectives and priorities established on the basis of the strategic landmarks of the production and commercial activities of economic entities and social activities of the state.
As follows from these definitions, industrial policies implies clear state priorities regarding the sectors of the National Economy. The purpose of the industrial policy is to change the current industry Structure National Economy, an increase in the share of priority industries in the created national product.
Industrial policy pursues other purposes than industry. If the sectoral policy is aimed at improving the economic efficiency of the industry and is implemented mainly through short-term measures, the industrial policy is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the national economy as a whole, eliminating intersectoral problems and providing progressive changes in the structure of public product production, which requires a long-term decision-making horizon.
Among the main instruments of the state's industrial policy, the following can be distinguished:
1) Budget Policy Tools: Providing various types of subsidies and loans from the state budget funds, the implementation of state investment policy in certain sectors of the economy in order to develop a production base, infrastructure facilities, formation of growth poles, etc.
2) Tax policy tools: the introduction of various tax regimes, depending on the industry, providing priority benefits in priority industries, an accelerated depreciation order. The use of various tax regimes in different industries and regions can have a significant stimulating function, changing costs and sectoral profitability of production, which, in turn, has an impact on the sectoral structure of investments in fixed assets, redirecting investments in the priority sectors of the national economy and increasing their competitiveness.
3) Instruments of monetary policy aimed at regulating the level of monetization of the economy, savings and lending in the national economy, as well as on the exchange rate national currency: discount rateOperations on open market, Mandatory reservation rate.
4) Institutional Policy Tools: Improving Property Relations; stimulating the transition of enterprises to more effective forms of business organization; Relationship of property Privatization and nationalization; licensing; Legislative formation and support of new market institutions, market infrastructure.
5) Foreign Economic Policy Tools: Export Stimulation (Export Loans and Guarantees, Customs and Tax Benefits, Subsidies), import or export restrictions (customs tariffs, quotas, anti-dumping investigations, the establishment of technological and environmental standards and standards), changing trade duties, membership in International Economic Organizations and Customs Union Conclusion.
6) Investment Policy Tools: the creation of a favorable investment climate and promoting investment in those sectors whose development is a priority for the state;
7) Training and retraining of specialists for priority industries.
Thus, the implementation of industrial policies involves a significant state intervention in the functioning of the economic system. From here there is a question about the justification of its holding, especially in the framework of the dominant currently liberal market economic concept (neoclassical theory) and evaluating its effectiveness.
As part of the neoclassical theory, industrial policy is considered as unlawful state interference in the economy, distorting the effect of market mechanisms and preventing effective (optimal) resource allocation. According to this point of view, the state is not able to determine the true points of growth, so any priorities of the state regarding sectors and industries will lead to a decrease in overall economic efficiency.
In accordance with the Liberal Market Concept, the following main arguments against industrial policy can be brought.
1. Industrial policy distorts market signals and, accordingly, leads to ineffective solutions of economic entities at the micro level, which leads to the emergence of more substantial imbalances.
2. The ability to establish state priorities regarding the development of individual industries can lead to lobbying and corruption, as a result of which the priorities will receive inefficient industries.
3. The state cannot unmistakably determine the priorities of industrial policy on the long term. The experience of most countries shows the inefficiency of industrial policy tools in the long term.
4. Structure modern economycharacterized by the predominance of large diversified companies, reduces the possibility of regulating individual industries and sectors.
The question arises, which justifies state intervention in the natural development of the national economy.
The arguments in favor of industrial policies are.
1. The market is effective only with relatively small deviations from the optimum. The elimination of large structural imbalances requires state intervention.
2. Market subjects When making decisions are guided, as a rule, short-term goals, which can lead to a deviation from a long-term optimum.
3. The action of the market mechanism can lead to a high social and political costs of society.
4. The emerging industries during the formation period may be non-competitive due to adverse initial conditions.
Thus, the issue of assessing the effectiveness of industrial policy arises. In what conditions it will help increase public well-being, and in what no.
The following main objectives of industrial policy can be given:
1) ensuring national security and decrease dependence on external factors;
2) the solution of social problems and employment;
3) ensuring competitive advantages of individual industries;
4) stimulating investment activity in the target industries due to the provision of favorable conditions of operation, especially in the sectors of a large indirect effect on the development of the national economy; etc.
Industrial policy, as a rule, implies the creation of more favorable conditions for the development of priority industries and consolidation of growth in some other industries national economy.
Consequently, as a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of industrial policy, it is possible to use the net winnings of the national economy from accelerating the pace of development of some industries and slowing the pace of development of others. However, serious methodological difficulties associated with the measurement of this indicator arise.
Thus, it can be concluded that industrial policy is justified in the conditions of a serious structural imbalance of the economy, which cannot be liquidated only under the influence of the market mechanism, which necessitates state intervention.
The following levels of industrial policy can be distinguished:
1. The level of state industrial policy. At this level, there is a formation and ensures the implementation of measures for macrostructural transformations, to create favorable conditions for such transformations and adapting or neutralizing their adverse effects.
2. The sectoral (sectoral) level of industrial policy defines specific goals and activities of the state regarding a certain industry in a wide or narrow plan.
3. The regional level of industrial policy determines the objectives and activities of the state regarding the industrial development of individual regions.
Due to the fact that industrial policy affects the functioning of the entire national economy, to make decisions regarding the choice of the objectives and priorities of industrial policy, a thorough analysis of the state of the national economy and the definition of a long-term strategy of the socio-economic development of the state is needed. In this regard, the economic literature is made to allocate the following three types of industrial policy:
1) internal-oriented (import substitution);
2) export-oriented;
3) innovative-oriented (as a special case, resource-saving).
Internal-oriented industrial policy
The import substitution model is based on internal demand strategy through the development of national production. The important component of import substitution policies is a protectionist policy from the state, maintaining a low course of national currency and stimulating the production of products that replace import counterparts.
The main positive results of the application of internal-oriented industrial policies are:
Improving the balance of payments;
Employment and, as a result, an increase in internal solvent demand;
Reducing the dependence of the economy from the outside world;
Development of the focal sectors in connection with the growth of demand for buildings, structures, machinery and equipment.
Negative importation results of import substitution can be related to the following processes:
The weakening of international competition in the domestic market of the country and, as a result, the technological lag of the national economy from developed countries;
Creating excessive favorable conditions for internal manufacturers, which, in turn, can lead to the weakening of their competitiveness;
Ineffective management at the micro level;
The saturation of the domestic market of less high-quality domestic products, due to the protectionist measures of the state, restricting access to the market of high-quality imported products.
Examples of the implementation of internal-oriented industrial policy (import substitution) are India (1960-1980s.), France (1950-1970s), Japan (after World War II) and China (1970-1980s. ), USSR, DPRK.
Export-oriented industrial policy
The main task of exporting oriented industrial policy is to promote the development of export industries whose products are competitive in the international market. Among the tools used by the state, when implementing this type of industrial policy, you can allocate:
The establishment of tax and customs benefits for exporting enterprises, providing them with concessional loans;
Policy of the weak exchange rate of the national currency;
Measures to create favorable conditions for the development of export-oriented and related industries;
Development of export infrastructure;
Simplify customs regime.
The main advantages of the export-oriented model are:
Strengthening the integration links of the national economy with world economy and, accordingly, access to technologies and resources;
The development of competitive industries, which ensures the multiplicative effect of the development of the national economy as a whole, both in the chain of intersectoral bonds, and through the increase in solvent demand from the population engaged in these industries;
The influx of currency resources into the country due to export growth;
Attracting additional investments, including foreign ones.
The most successful examples of the implementation of the export-oriented development model are South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong (1960-1980s.), Chile, China (1980-1990s.) And India (1990s), in a broad sense of industrial policy (as a structural policy) here attribute agricultural policy of the United States.
At the same time, there are also unsuccessful attempts to conduct such a model of industrial policy. First of all, it is Mexico, Venezuela and a number of other Latin American countries (1980s.).
Despite the significant benefits that can be obtained from implementing exported industrial policies, under certain conditions, it may lead to negative consequences.
For example, in the case when exporting-oriented growth is implemented at the expense of the commodity sector of the national economy, which can be dictated, for example, by political or financial reasons, the following negative processes may occur:
Deepening commodity orientation of the economy;
Growth of corruption in government bodies responsible for regulating foreign trade operations;
The outflow of labor and financial resources from the manufacturing industry in the extractive, which negatively affects the long-term competitiveness of the national economy (for example, Venezuela);
Reducing innovation activity due to the weakening of the manufacturing industry (" dutch disease»);
Stagnation in the manufacturing industry leads to the need to import new equipment and other high-tech products from abroad, putting the country dependent on foreign manufacturers (such processes are currently occurring in Russia).
It should be noted that the export of raw materials can serve as a source of economic growth only in the short term. Long-term prospects for the development of the national economy in exported orientation are doubtful.
However, the negative consequences of the implementation of the exported-oriented model arise not only in the case of the orientation of the export of raw materials, an example may be Mexico, where the orientation of the country's economy for exporting a high degree of treatment has assumed the use of a significant share of imported components in its production, which has delivered the economies of this country to dependence on external suppliers. When the cost of labor in Mexico increased, the products collected in Mexico ceased to be competitive in the global market.
Practice shows that the failures in the implementation of export-oriented industrial policy were associated mainly with a decrease in the diversification of the national economy and strengthening the role of industries depending on the global market conjuncture, which, with the deterioration of the conjuncture in the global market, the exported products led to a crisis state.
When choosing this type of industrial policy, it is necessary to take into account the scale of the country, the level of scientific and technological development, the provision of production resources. In this regard, there are two types of export orientation.
The first form is due to the insignificance of the size of the national economy and the relatively simple structure of the economy, which leads to the relative disadvantage of the development of import substitution due to limited domestic demand. Singapore can be brought as an example.
The second form is caused by the country with a significant competitive advantage over other countries. An example is the Chinese People's Republic, which has a huge reserve of cheap labor, which in the conditions of a saturated domestic market forces the search for new markets for the turn abroad. At the same time, predominantly extensive methods of expanding production significantly reduce the possibility of developing high-tech production.
So, the main advantages of exported industrial policies are the international cooperation, Improving the competitiveness of the national industry, deepening integration into an international division of labor. However, it is worthwhile to reduce the diversification of exports, which strengthens the dependence of the national economy from the external situation.
Innovative oriented industrial policy
This type of industrial policy is fundamentally different from those described above. The main task in implementing this policy is to enhance innovative activities and the introduction of new technologies in domestic enterprises.
Considering that innovative activity has a significant lag between the investment in the innovative project and its payback (payback period) and the high risk of non-repayment of investments, in terms of the Company, investment solutions at the level of economic entities may not always be taken, since short-term short-term behavior prevail goals.
Numerous researchers are noted that the higher the level of competition (less concentration level) in the industry, the less the inclination of firms to invest in innovative development, and the main source of financing innovation is the economic profit received by firms with the monopoly authority in the market. Therefore, the state should stimulate this type of activity and direct it to the right channel especially in the case of low-level industries.
Positive points of application of innovative type of development is:
Acceleration of scientific and technological progress;
An increase in product competitiveness in the international and domestic market;
The growing demand for highly qualified labor, which stimulates the population to receive high-quality education;
The stability of the balance of payments and the course of the national currency provided by the high competitiveness of products.
Intensive development of the focus sectors, mainly mechanical engineering, as well as industries with a high degree of product handling, which are the basis for the economy of any industrialized country.
Despite the greater attractiveness, innovative-oriented industrial policy is not so often used in world practice, this is due to a number of difficulties related to its implementation:
1) the need to attract significant investments in the development of the R & D infrastructure and the update of the main production facilities of the industry, which, as a rule, requires the involvement of significant external borrowing;
2) the financial vulnerability of national enterprises at the initial stage leads to the need to apply protectionist measures and non-market methods of stimulating R & D, which often meets resistance at the state level;
3) National educational and professional institutions, as a rule, are not able to satisfy the growing need for highly qualified workforce, so the implementation of this type of development must be accompanied by the implementation different programs By an increase in the educational level of the population, as well as an increase in the quality of education.
Given the high capital capacity of the model of the innovation model, it is usually used selectively in the most competitive industries. However, the overall effect of the application of this model applies to all sectors of the national economy.
As examples, countries such as Japan (1970-1990s), South Korea (1980-1990), USA, and the countries of the European Union can be cited as examples of the implementation of the innovative development model.
Note that the use of a type of industrial policy leads to the redistribution of factors of production in the priority sectors of the economy, which reduces the possibilities for the development of other industries. For this reason, examples of the use of mixed industrial policies are very rare.
Industrial policy has a dynamic aspect, and after reaching the objectives established by it, its priorities must be adjusted in accordance with the changed economic conditions and the current structure of the economy. For this reason, in almost any developed country, all three allocated types of industrial policies were implemented in one form or another.
Based on the analysis of world experience in conducting structural transformations, the following optimal strategy for the implementation of industrial policy can be distinguished.
Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the dynamic nature of industrial policy - over time, the need to stimulate the development of selected industries disappears, the need to stimulate other industries.
Depending on the selected strategy of industrial policies, the sectoral policy of the state in each particular industry should be determined.
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-1.jpg" Alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e Presentation on the topic: Features of state regulation of material production ("> Презентация на тему: Особенности государственного регулирования развития материального производства { Выполнили студенты: Саая Б. , Сымбелов С. , Кунгаа А. Проверил (а): Бадмаева Д. Б!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-2.jpg" Alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e Plan: 1. The sphere of material production and the task of state regulation; 2 ."> План: 1. Сфера материального производства и задачи государственного регулирования; 2. Особенности современного госзаказа, его содержания; 3. Государственная промышленная политика, ее концепции; 4. !} State regulation agro-industrial complex.
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-3.jpg" alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e State regulation of the development of the material sphere is relevant at all times, it is the basis"> Государственное регулирование развития материальной сферы актуально во все времена, оно составляет основу жизни людей, создает условия для развития непроизводственной сферы - здравоохранение, образования и т. д. Чем выше эффективнее функционирует материальное производство, тем выше уровень развития экономики и тем больше национальный доход. Материальное производство - производство, напрямую связанное с созданием материальных благ, удовлетворяющих определённые потребности человека и общества. Материальному производству противопоставляется непроизводственная сфера, которая не имеет своей целью изготовление вещественных ценностей. Такое разделение, в основном, характерно для марксистской теории.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-4.jpg" Alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e 1. The sphere of material production and the task of state regulation;"> 1. Сфера материального производства и задачи государственного регулирования; В соответствии с классификацией отраслей экономики в состав материального производства включены 14 крупных отраслей: промышленность; ·сельское хозяйство; ·лесное хозяйство; ·!} cargo transport; · Production service link; ·building; · Trade and public catering; · Logistics and sales; · Product blank; · Information and computing; · Real estate operations; · Commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market; · Geology and intelligence subsoil; · Geodesic and hydrometeorological service.
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-5.jpg" Alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e The tasks of state regulation of material production periodically change taking into account the general purpose of state"> Задачи государственного регулирования сферы материального производства периодически меняются с учетом генеральной цели государственного регулирования социально-экономического развития страны, изменений во внешнеэкономических связях и мировом хозяйстве Основными задачами государственного регулирования материального производства современной России являются: стабилизация основных показателей развития отраслей материального производства; ·прогрессивная структурная перестройка сферы материального производства путем изменения соотношения между добывающими и перерабатывающими отраслями, повышения роли наукоемких производств, восстановления позиций машиностроительного комплекса ·техническое перевооружение отраслей материального производства; ·взаимовыгодная интеграция в мировую экономику; ·ослабление сырьевой направленности экспорта российских производителей путем увеличения в нем доли продукции обрабатывающих отраслей промышленности; ·повышение качества и конкурентоспособности отечественной продукции на внутреннем и внешнем рынках; ·рационализация размещения субъектов материального производства по регионам страны; ·обеспечение экологической безопасности производства.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077898_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-6.jpg" Alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e 2. State order. State order is characterized primarily"> 2. Госзаказ. Государственный заказ отличается прежде всего тем, что закупки и поставки по нему оплачиваются за счет средств налогоплательщиков, которые аккумулированы в соответствующих бюджетах и внебюджетных фондах. Это так называемый принцип "источника средств". При этом совершенно неважно, кто является конкретным получателем продукции - тот, кто ее приобретает или тот, кто является ее конечным потребителем. Например, конечным получателем закупаемых в рамках государственного заказа лекарств могут быть комитет здравоохранения, государственный аптечный склад или аптеки. Но в любом случае, если эти закупки оплачиваются из бюджета или внебюджетных фондов, они попадают под понятие "государственный заказ". Под понятие государственного заказа согласно действующему законодательству попадают потребности как федеральных органов государственной власти.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-7.jpg" Alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e State Order Provides: - Consons Console of the Russian Federation, state customers in products Works, services required"> Государственный заказ обеспечивает: -Потребности РФ, государственных заказчиков в товарах, работах, услугах, необходимых для осуществления функций и полномочий РФ (в которых участвует РФ); -Потребности субъектов РФ, государственных заказчиков в товарах, работах, услугах, необходимых для осуществления функций и полномочий субъектов РФ (для реализации региональных целевых программ); -потребности муниципальных образований, муниципальных заказчиков в товарах, работах, услугах, необходимых для решения вопросов местного значения и осуществления отдельных государственных полномочий, переданных органом !} local governments federal laws or the laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation, functions and powers of municipal customers.
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-8.jpg" Alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e 3. State Industrial Policy, its Concept; Industrial Policy -"> 3. Государственная промышленная политика, ее концепции; Промышленная политика - это совокупность действий государства, оказываемых влияние на деятельность хозяйствующих субъектов (предприятий, корпораций, предпринимателей), а также на отдельные аспекты этой деятельности, относящиеся к приобретению факторов производства, организации производства, распределению и реализации товаров и услуг во всех фазах жизненного цикла хозяйствующего субъекта и жизненного цикла его продукции.!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-9.jpg" Alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e subject object of industrial policy is the state manufacturer of goods"> Субъектом Объектом промышленной политики является государство производитель товаров и услуг на территории данного государства!}
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-10.jpg" Alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e Industrial policy goals are stable and innovative industry development, achievement and maintenance High competitiveness"> Целями промышленной политики являются стабильное и инновационное развитие промышленности, достижение и поддержание высокой конкурентоспособности национальной экономики, импортозамещение и повышение конкурентоспособности промышленной продукции, производимой на территории !} Russian Federation, in the global market, as well as ensuring on this basis, the security of the Russian Federation in the economic and technological spheres.
Src \u003d "https://present5.com/presentation/1/175150398_455077893.pdf-img/175150398_455077893.pdf-11.jpg" Alt \u003d "(! Lang:\u003e Industrial policy tools are determined by those roles in which the state can act in"> Инструменты промышленной политики определяются теми ролями, в которых государство может выступать в отношениях с конкретным производителем: - собственник (или совладелец); - поставщик (продавец) факторов производства; - потребитель произведенной продукции; - получатель налоговых платежей; - регулятор рынков факторов производства и !} end products; - manufacturer's activity regulator; - arbiter in economic disputes; - a political subject within the framework of international relations affecting the manufacturer's work or markets in which he participates
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- Introduction
- conclusions
- Conclusion
- List of sources used
Introduction
The topic of testing "Industrial Policy" on the discipline "Economic theory".
At the time of the collapse of the USSR and the formation of Ukraine as an independent state, the industrial sector held a leading position in its economy. In industry were employed by 7.8 million people. - more; than in any other form of economic activity. In 1991, the production of products by state industrial enterprises located on the territory of Ukraine amounted to more than 50% of the total release of goods and services by industry and more than 40% of VDS.
At that time, the Ukrainian industry was part of the Unified National Economy Complex of the USSR, which developed on a planned basis. Since after the collapse of the USSR in Ukraine, the course of the transition from the planned economy to the market, the industry was forced to go through the lane of institutional and business transformations, the main elements of which were privatization of state ownership, the liberalization of prices for goods and services, the elimination of state monopoly on foreign trade.
The expected results of such transformations were to bring the volume and structure of industrial production in line with effective demand in domestic and foreign markets, restructuring and modernization of the production unit, updating the production technologies, improving labor productivity and reduced man-made workload on the environment. Naturally, it was expecting that due to large-scale reforms, the size of the industrial sector of the economy will reduce, but over time it will become more efficient and competitive, better than the new requirements for the economic security of the state.
industrial Policy Neoclassical Evolutionary
In order to maintain and stimulate the development of the industry in difficult conditions of market transformations, the Ukrainian state has developed and implemented a number of measures in the field of industrial policy. In 1996, the Concept of State Industrial Policy was adopted (Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of February 29, 1996 No. 272). The following concept of industrial policy appeared in 2003 (Decree of the President of Ukraine dated February 12, 2003 No. 102). Then the State Industry Development Program for 2003-2011 was adopted (Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of July 28, 2003 No. 1174). In addition, the regulation of the development of the Ukrainian industry in the conditions of a market economy (sometimes contradictory) was carried out by the methods of fiscal and monetary policy.
Industrial policy: theoretical aspect.
Ultimately, over the past 20 years, market adaptation has really occurred, and now the industry of Ukraine, presented, mainly by enterprises of non-state forms of ownership, produces such products that are in demand in the domestic and foreign markets.
However, firstly, in form, the processes of transformations resemble more natural collas (especially in the first half of the 90s) (Fig.) Than focused training and gradually adapting to the changing conditions of the external environment, and therefore were accompanied by serious social costs: sufficiently note that the number of employed in industry has decreased from 7.8 million people. In 1991 to 3.5 million people. In 2009, that is, more than 2 times.
Secondly, mass restructuring and modernization of the production apparatus, updating the production technologies did not occur. Market adaptation was carried out mainly, not by creating new, high-tech, industries, but by extincting individual enterprises and even entire industries (in the light industry), the products of which were not in demand or turned out to be non-competitive. As for enterprises and industries, who managed to "survive" (in the extractive industry, ferrous metallurgy, electric power industry, gas industry, chemistry and petrochemistry, mechanical engineering), many of them still use the technique and technologies to be inherited from the former USSR Determine the level of labor productivity and technological burden on the environment.
Thirdly, from the standpoint of the economic component of national security, the results of the market adaptation of the Ukrainian industry to new economic conditions should also be recognized as satisfactory. It turned out to be vulnerable to economic shocks, not able to maintain the trajectory of sustainable functioning in a rapidly changing external environment. It was especially clear that this was manifested during the global financial and economic crisis, in 2009, when industrial production volumes collapsed by more than 20%, which put Ukraine on the edge of the default.
Thus, in general, the unsatisfactory results of the development of the Ukrainian industry for the 20-year period considered, it is evidenced that serious changes in the field of industrial policy are needed: or it needs to be significantly rebuilt, or due to inefficiency from it should be abandoned at all.
But before raising the question in such a practical plane, it is advisable to apply to the theoretical aspect of the problem, to once again weigh the arguments for "for" and "against" in relation to industrial policy in the light of the radically changing conditions of management both within the country and abroad. For this, the provisions of neoclassical, institutional and evolutionary economic theories will be consistently considered. And let's start studying with the establishment of the boundaries of its subject area - the definition of the concept of "industrial policy".
1. What is industrial policy?
Judging by the title, industrial policy is some actions of the government (central and (or) local) in industry. In other words, this is a certain type of economic policy, along with such widely recognized species, as stabilization, financial, trading, etc. However, in contrast to these species that bear the nature of general economic, industrial policy "in a strict sense is a sectoral ( sECTORAL.) policies; It is designed to promote industries where intervention should take place for the reasons for national independence, technological autonomy, failed initiative failures, decline in traditional activities, geographical or political balance. "
With the fact that industrial policies wears the sectoral (sectoral) character, many other specialists agree. "Industrial Policy is mainly any type of electoral intervention or government policy aimed at changing the sectoral structure of production in the direction of industries, which are expected to offer the best prospects for economic growth than in the absence of such interference, that is, in market equilibrium conditions. ".
The change in the sectoral structure of industrial production acts as an element of structural transformation (restructuring) of the economy as a whole. Therefore, it is possible to determine that industrial policy is a "diversity of state measures intended for managing and controlling the processes of structural transformation of the economy." Moreover, the emphasis is placed on industry, since "the process of industrialization is important for the transformation of the economy as a whole, and it can be affected by this process to manage the entire mechanism of structural changes."
With several other positions, D. Rodrik stands: "There is no evidence that those types of market failures that are calling for industrial policies take place mainly in industry ( industry.) "Therefore, for the absence of a more suitable name, it denotes the term" industrial policy "all actions on economic restructuring in favor of more dynamic activities in general -" regardless of whether they include industry or production directly, "and causes examples Such policies (including agriculture and services).
However, such an extended interpretation takes away from the traditional understanding of the industrial policy, which, in turn, makes it difficult to study this phenomenon in the historical aspect. Therefore, J. Formen-Pek, who fulfilled a retrospective analysis of the European Industrial Policy in the XX century, refers to its sphere only producing ( manufacturing) and infrastructure ( infrastructure.) industry ( industries.). And although he believes that in principle the term " industry."It can be distributed to any source of employment - whether it is a mining, agriculture or services of services (based on the fact that the classification of jobs is somewhat arbitrary), yet" governments in relation to agriculture And the services were generally different from policies in relation to industry, defined more strictly, and therefore the field of research should be limited so that it can be controlled. "
Appeal to historical aspects Problems allows you to identify a certain shift in its research paradigm. If until the 80s of the XX century. Industrial policies were usually understood as actions on the direct state intervention in the economy and policy control of the government for the production apparatus, then "currently this term, on the contrary, denotes a variety of policies that are carried out by different institutional actors in order to encourage the creation of firms in favor of their concentration, promoting innovation and competitive development in context open economy. Therefore, the new industrial policy is mainly industrial development policy, within which the industry is implicitly seen as an organization, as well as strategic management of human competencies and technical capabilities. "
In modern terminology, the traditional sectoral type of industrial policy affecting the relative importance of individual industries and enterprises, was called "vertical policy", and its new functional type is, respectively, "horizontal policy". The latter includes common areas for a large number of industries and enterprises in the field of regulatory and legal support of economic activities, protection of property rights, elimination of administrative barriers, promoting innovations, etc. On the horizontal type of industrial policy, the European Commission focuses (the highest EU Executive Authority), which offers measures to ensure the competitiveness of the European manufacturing industry ( manufacturing industry.) on the grounds that most innovations take place in this industry.
Since both vertical and horizontal types of industrial policies include a wide range of actions that may affect the most different spheres economic activity, then the question arises about their restriction from the position of the policy object. Therefore, J. Pelkmans from the whole range of actions affecting industry ( industry.), it allocates such that, in his opinion, should not be attributed to the field of industrial policy: these are not politicians for industry specially (macroeconomic regulation, redistribution of income, wage policies, etc.), as well as policies that directly affect industry, but are not only intended for her (privatization, regional development, control of prices, etc.). Obviously, such a division cannot be recognized as strict, because actions intended not only for industry is difficult to separate from the sphere of industrial policies.
Similar uncertainty is also observed in relation to industrial policy purposes: "In most cases, industrial policy pursues many goals - increasing short-term employment, increase production volumes, improve income distribution and increasing process power. It often also includes (correctly or wrong) non-economic goals of national pride and Prestige, as well as a sense need to promote the "strategic" domestic industries. " The above was also called such goals as structural transformation of the economy, stimulating the creation of firms, promoting innovations, ensuring competitiveness, etc. All this in the aggregate gives grounds to assert that, "in contrast to most of the other areas of economic policy, industrial policy does not have a clearly defined and a generally recognized set of goals you need to achieve.
So, strictly outline the boundaries of the subject area of \u200b\u200bthe study - to determine the industrial policy - it does not work, since there is no definition in that:
a) what exactly is the object of this policy (which should be understood under industry as an object of politics, why and how it should be separated from other sources of employment);
b) what actions relate to the content of industrial policies (including the system-wide actions in the economy, affecting including industry, or actions in relation to the industry, which may have system-wide effects);
c) What objects pursues industrial policy, which it should be the final desired result of its implementation.
It seems that this conclusion is not an unexpected or original: "The expression" industrial policy "means different things for different people," so "any six randomly taken economists will undoubtedly produce at least a dozen different opinions on this issue." And also: "No taxonomy can fully cover the range of industrial policies, which can be found in the literature" 25. "Industrial policy, despite the fact that it is marked as" politics ", not enough characteristic features last. "
But the inability to strictly delineate the subject area and give the universal definition of industrial policies does not mean that the search for its private (for special purposes) does not make sense. In principle, this is a typical task of assigning heterogeneous elements to a certain set, which plays an important role in human understanding (for example, in biology, computer science, etc.). It can be said that industrial policy is (in mathematical terminology) some fuzzy set of elements characterized by the fact that the accessory function can take any values \u200b\u200bin the interval, and not just values \u200b\u200b0 or 1.
For the same to establish which elements it should be included in the "fuzzy multiple" industrial policy, and which is not, it is important to determine the aim of which such a restriction is conducted. In this paper, is a study of the theory of the issue. In a full form, it is not a holistic and consistent logical system, but a conceptual assembly or "population" of concepts 29, which develop in competition for the best explanation of the same sphere of empirical phenomena (intersecting spheres of phenomena) and the prediction of possible scenarios for the development of events. In turn, the development of such a conceptual unit has direct and inverse relations with the evolution of the "population" practice, in this case - Industrial policy practices.
Guided by these considerations, to solve the task of a set of elements of industrial policy, the composition of which changed in time and space, the "solid disciplinary nucleus" should be allocated, maintaining the historical continuity of the subject area of \u200b\u200bthe study to which the scientists appealed (or appealed). However, the problem lies in the fact that supporters of individual economic theories not only use the proposal ways of explanation and predictions, but often refer to the study of different aspects of empirical phenomena, so the composition and structure of a fuzzy multiple industrial policy in the presentation, for example, a tenderness of neoclassics may differ significantly From its composition and structure in the submission of an adherent of institutionalism or evolutionism.
Therefore, further, when analyzing the provisions of scientific theories in the field of industrial policy, we will proceed from such wide understanding Its content, which would be able to consider the arguments of representatives of different points of view. And that the scope of this analysis is not impossible, as a limiter is invited to use an analogue of the philosophical principle of the intensalism, according to which any action should be assessed from the point of view of its goal. The idea is to consider the theoretical foundations of only those actions that intent (intention) Influence the industry - production (production, movement, manufacturing, processing) of material goods. This means that the "vertical policy" will be accepted for consideration (in the part that aims to change the relative importance of industry as a whole and (or) its individual industries), and the "horizontal policy" (in the part that concerns institutions, innovation, etc. in industry).
2. Neoclassical foundations of industrial policy
In ordinary neoclassical prerequisites, free competition is rationally acting in their own interests of economic entities, which are fully informed and not possess market authorities leads to the pass-effective use of limited resources. Therefore, grounds for state intervention in such a market mechanism occur if there are obstacles to free competition, known as market failures ( market. failures.). However, this intervention itself can also be associated with failures, but now there are already states ( government. failures.). So the neoclassical arguments "for" industrial policies may be opposed to no less convincing arguments "against" her.
Market failures. In the context of industrial policies to the market failures, which gives grounds for certain forms of state intervention, usually include incomplete information, non-competitive markets and externalities.
Incomplete information. From the standpoint of commodity producers of information, the incorrect estimates of the profitability of individual commercial projects may result. The problem is complicated if it is supposed to release new Product, the profitability of which is not yet evaluated by the market, and in the case of "related" investments, when the uncertainty of investments in one type of activity (for example, to enrich ore) generates uncertainty of investments in other activities related to it (for example, in the production of cast iron and steel). In turn, this leads to errors in assessing business prospects, as well as reduces the potential level of business activity and investment in the economy. From the standpoint of consumers of informality, information about the quality of new products forces them to be guided by the average estimates of already known comparable goods. In this situation, there is a risk that enterprises offering quality products above average will be ousted from the market, - what got the name "unfavorable selection" ( adverse. selection). In addition, corporations can specifically create obstacles to motion information, intentionally distribute incomplete and (or) unreliable information and develop strategies that create market imperfections. Counteraction from public authorities may be that they are "developing strong competitive policies to restore the conditions for fair competition in a situation close to full awareness, and implement a strategic industrial policy through which they play an active role in promoting non-traffic behavior in industries Industry.
Non-competitive markets. Problems with competition in markets caused by one or another degree of market authority of economic entities, take place for a number of reasons. It may be the control of rare resources, high permanent costs, savings on the scale of production. "In this industry, which is characterized by high constant costs (and therefore saving scale), the first firm on the market has a decisive advantage of a pioneer, which prevents other firms to enter this market. Essentially, high constant costs and the effects of scale are barriers to The entrance for which the pioneer captures rent to the detriment of potential competitors and consumers. " If the scale savings are so great that allows one enterprise to satisfy all market demand, they speak about the natural monopoly - in the sense that the entrance barriers are based on the laws of nature. In addition, as is well known from the history of industrial policy, such barriers can be created by the state artificially: "XIX century technology was as follows that infrastructure business held back the growth of industrial enterprises, and the most expensive type of business were railways. Iron and ordinary roads were necessary for to deliver troops to the borders, and telecommunications - in order to give them instructions on actions. For reasons of national security network security, postal service and roads, as well as electric telegraph and telephone, were traditionally state monopolies, except in cases When not enough finance. " Ways to solve the problem of non-competitive markets provide for price regulation (usually for the production of natural monopolies), the directive reconstitution of the competitive environment (due to the forced separation of enterprises), facilitating the entry into the market (by mitigating regulatory requirements, selection of subsidies for start-ups, etc.).
Externalia. A typical example of externals in the context of industrial policies is knowledge. Being once obtained, they are with relatively small costs (compared with costs for their generation) can be led by a large number of economic entities. Therefore, the public return from private investment in creating knowledge is larger than the individual level of investor's profitability, and the total efforts of enterprises aimed at gaining knowledge - the implementation of R & D, the opening of new market opportunities (the so-called " self.- discovery.") And others - may be lower than a socially optimal level. A similar problem is related to the cost of enterprises to training personnel, from which other organizations also have benefits. As in the case of other externalities, it weakens incentives to provide learning. the optimal level in connection with the concerns of economic losses. In addition, externals arise in the process of coordination in time and space - when creating new products requires, in particular, large synchronous investments in related species Activities whose organization is not provided by the market mechanism, the geographical concentration of industry, due to savings on the scale and the presence within a given territory of rare or difficult-moving factors of production. Externalliaments can be both positive (due to the total infrastructure, the concentration of qualified workers, diffusion of implicit knowledge), and negative (due to the accumulation of problem industries and environmental problems). The usual neoclassical recipes for solving the problems of Externalliament are to provide subsidies (monetary, credit, tax, etc.) and government procurement - to enhance positive externalities (for example, by stimulating R & D and Spinof), as well as in charge of additional obligatory payments (PIG taxes) and Penalties - for the weakening of negative externalities (for example, by increasing the costs of pollutants of the environmental environment).
State dips. To adjust the failures of the market, state authorities intervene in economic processes (through taxes, subsidies, procurement, regulatory standards, etc.), but the end result of their actions can also be failed - even less effective use limited resources than without such intervention. In the context of industrial policies to state failures, imperfect information, the self-conducting behavior of officials, the conflicts of the state's industrial policy with other types of economic policies.
Imperfect information. The administrative bureaucracy, which manages the state, in contrast to the economic entities, which are directly involved in market transactions, are worse than the prices, costs and benefits of a business, ways of its development, the prospects for changing the product range, reorient sales markets, etc. : "The public sector is not omniscient and, as a rule, is even less informed than the private sector, about the deployment and nature of the market failures blocking diversification. The government may not even know what it does not know." Nevihood of state authorities is also associated with the definition of a list and select the best tools to achieve the goals. These can be a variety of means of both monetary (taxes, fines, subsidies) and non-monetary (intellectual property rights, state regulation of mergers and acquisitions of enterprises, tariffs, non-tariff measures, including quotas and licenses) types. The use of each of them is associated with making distortions into economic processes and labor-consumable long-term consequences - all the more when not one instrument is applied separately, but several tools in the complex.
Selfish behavior official persons. If, in accordance with the prerequisite for the rational egoism of economic entities, the officials pursue first of all personal (and not public) interests, the results of their actions may be ineffective placement of resources (the allocation of subsidies not to the industries that really need it is unnecessarily low or High tariffs, etc.) and the brought to the acquisition distortion - regardless of how well they are aware of the market problems. When regulatory authorities are created for industrial policies, the self-conducting behavior of officials can lead to their "capture" ( regulatory. capture.), meaning that these bodies begin to perform functions entrusted to them in the interests of those companies whose activities they are called upon to regulate. This gives some reasons for the conclusion that "economic regulation is not carried out at all in public interest, but is a process by which groups of interest are trying to promote their (private) interests." As a rule, the "seizure" of regulatory authorities is achieved by the methods of corruption (through bribes or granting various benefits, for example, in the form of guarantees of future employment, etc.), although other methods can also be used for this.
Conflicts industrial politicians states from other see economical politicians. In addition to industrial policies, you can call at least two more types of economic policy related to state support of the business: this is a trade policy (aimed at complying with the interests of domestic producers and consumers) and competition policy (aimed at ensuring the effective functioning of the market coordination mechanism and the fight against non-competitive business practices). All of them have intersecting spheres, and therefore their simultaneous use, common in practice, is fraught with contradictions and even conflicts. The typical example of such contradictions serve those that arise when implementing industrial policies in the form of support for the "young industries" ( infant industry.). Such support, usually appealing to market failures (in the form of poorly functioning capital markets, information obstacles to the industry), implies the creation of special trade barriers and taking measures to protect against competition, which clearly contradicts modern competitive and trading policies, often aimed at ensuring greater openness of national economies.
Thus, according to the above state of the state failures, its actions aimed at improving the situation in the industry are completely not guaranteed. The measurements of its assessment in the neoclassical economic theory are considered to be the criterion of passing improvements or a more operating criterion for potential pass-improved, which suggest comparison of costs and results ( cost.- benefit. analysis.). Therefore, to make sure the effectiveness or inefficiency of the selected embodiment of industrial policy, you need to compare the cost-related costs and results. It is obvious that in practice it is very difficult to do - by virtue of the problematics, both the correct measurement of the benefits of government interventions aimed at correcting market failures and the calculation of the costs associated with them, taking into account the emerging side effects.
3. Institutional foundations of industrial policy
In the institutional theory, in contrast to the neoclassical, emphasis in the substantive of industrial policy are shifted to finding the optimal distribution of limited resources to the analysis of institutions (spontaneous and formal rules with the mechanisms of coercion to their implementation), which contribute or impede the success of such policies and transaction costs accompanying Relationships of economic entities. Therefore, for example, differences in the productivity of the economies of closely located countries (South and North Korea, the former Western and East Germany, etc.), incomprehensible from the positions of neoclassics, can be easily explained by differences in the effectiveness of institutions.
Such great importance attached to the rules is due to the initial prerequisites for the institutional theory, according to which economic entities acting in their own interests are not fully informed and rational, and "are capable only to approximate and limited rationality". And that they can and what can not be done in the current situation, the institutions that limit are structured and stimulate individual behavior. Therefore, grounds for state intervention occur when in order to industrial policies it is required to improve the current or adapt new institutions, thereby reducing transaction costs, that is, due to which the "rules failures can be called" (rules. failures.).
The institutional grounds for industrial policies include arguments in favor of the formation of special rules in the fields of industrial innovation, industry diversification and global value chains.
Industrial innovation. Contemporary economic theory departed from understanding innovation as a mechanical process in which large financial investments Automatically provide greater returns (after all, it was usually believed that an increase in R & D costs leads to an increase in innovation), in the direction of an organic sociocultural process, in which intangible factors play a key role, the ability of economic entities for learning and cooperative behavior. Now the prerequisite for their successful actions in the field of innovation, carrying out a key role in ensuring the competitiveness of industry, is considered a special social order based on the "long rules" of interaction, creating prerequisites for long-term economic planning and on cooperation, and not only the rivalry of economic entities, what got the name " co-oPETITION.". In modern conditions," innovation in industry industries is the result of the interaction of various actors (firms, universities, public agencies, financial organizations), which have partner formal and informal relationships. "And in such innovative business areas, as pharmaceuticals and biotechnologies, cooperation Large, small and new firms are all permissive ( pervasive).
Usually, the base for state intervention in the processes of such relationships is that the markets provide insufficient incentives to firms to cooperate. " However, in this case, the explanation in the neoclassical terms of markets, market failures and welfare economies based on the analysis of the interaction of independent selfish individuals is not enough. Institutional theory proceeds from the fact that individuals "form their preferences are not insulated from other people, but in response to public events and widely disseminated information." In addition, in organizations, their choice is limited by routins. Moreover, in individual organizations, these are different routines subordinate to different purposes, not always commercial. Obviously, the explanation of the failures (or success) of cooperation of such unresponsive organizations is beyond the scope of the application of neoclassical theory. The reason for these failures is no longer the failures of the markets, but the mentioned failures of the rules (in particular, their short-term and non-partner character). And the support of the "long rules" of the partnership relationships of diverse organizations (instead of "short" and nonpartineering) can take on interested in economic Roste The state is again taking into account possible government errors, corruption, etc. "The role of the state consists, therefore, in responding as a guarantor of cooperative behavior for each of the partners. For example, in Japan, the Ministry international Trade And industry reduces various types of business together in projects and ensures that every partner is honest. "
Sectoral diversification ( sECTORAL. diversification) In industry, leading to structural change and contributing to the growth of economics and social welfare, implies the development of the production of goods not traditional for a given country or region. It usually does not require radical innovations based on R & D, and can be achieved by adapting the world's already known products and technologies for their manufacturers to local conditions - what is called "self-cycle" ( self.- discovery.). As in the case of innovations, commercial organizations cannot independently solve the problems of such adaptation in connection with the problems of information and coordination failures. The exit consists in measures of an institutional nature providing for the formation of rules and the organization on the basis of the process of public-private cooperation - through joint research and the search for consensus as to which the information and coordination externalities occur in which the objectives of industrial policies in such a context may be And how to achieve them. "The right model of industrial policy," notes D. Rodrick, is not an applied by the autonomous government of the taxes of Pig or subsidies, but in strategic cooperation between the private sector and the government in order to identify where the most significant obstacles to restructuring are and what type of intervention with the greatest probability can eliminate them. " At the same time, the usual discussions on instruments, costs and results of government intervention in the economy of the industry are not fundamental. It is much more important "to have a process to help identify the spheres of desirable interventions. Governments that understand this will be constantly in finding ways they can contribute to structural changes and cooperation with the private sector. Thus, industrial policy is more the state of mind than what -Lo others. "
Global cost forming chains. The processes of globalization and liberalization of international trade led to a change in the situation in the global economy. Now, specialists of the Asian Development Bank are celebrated, an explanation of where and how industrial goods are produced is not a simple task - their design, manufacture, distribution and maintenance are divided into elements scattered around the world. We are talking about the system of international production and distribution relations, called the "global chains of the cost formation" ( global value chains - GVCS), in which the more time-consuming stages of the process are transferred to the territory of developing countries. GVCS, which are currently "key and sustainable structural features of the world economy," form both new opportunities and new threats. On the one hand, participation in these chains allows firms from different countries (first of all, less developed) to enter global production structures, improve production processes and products in accordance with GVCS standards, climb the technological staircase and get wide access to international markets. At the same time, according to some estimates, "the benefits of trade liberalization, which is accompanied by the creation of international chains of suppliers between firms in industrialized and less developed countries, can be 10-20 times more than from trade liberalization in itself." On the other hand, to export successfully, it is not enough to effectively produce competitive products: "Suppliers of labor-intensive goods from a developing country should now not only overcome traditional trade barriers that remain high for some export items from developing countries, but also become part of a specific trading network In order for exports to take place. "
For successful overcoming of these new barriers, special industrial policy is required.
It lies in the fact that the state should
1) to help enterprises of their country adapt to already existing rules GVCS - through information about which alternative GVCS exist and what key requirements should be done to participate in them, what standards here are applied and what needs to be done to achieve them, through the organization of collective action to create the infrastructure necessary for the implementation of logistics requirements, etc. ;
2) promote the formation of new international RulesMore favorable for domestic enterprises - through the organization of national trading companies, participation in collective actions of developing countries to harmonize and eliminate double standards, on monitoring compliance with the rules of competition from large TNCs, for their mergers and acquisition policies, etc.
Describing the institutional foundations of industrial policies in general, it is important to note that institutions (if they are considered as a factor of production) relate to low factors. Therefore, any country can copy production processes, import equipment, attract qualified personnel from abroad, but cannot borrow successful institutions. Their creation and development is a long-term process due to each country, due to the circumstances of the place and time: "Efficient institutions have always arose as a result of a long chain of historical accomplishments - climbing from the initial geographical factors to derivatives from them direct factors, among which there are institutional" . But such a formulation of the issue already affects the problem of the genesis of the institutions themselves, the study of which requires access to the use of other - evolutionary - paradigm.
4. Evolutionary grounds for industrial policy
In evolutionary economic theory, in contrast to the neoclassical and institutional, the motives of human behavior are determined, in addition to considerations of rationality and social factors, a natural desire for survival. In this case, behavior can be both egoistic and altruistic, since "in the evolutionary process, it is not a real value of the individual survival as such, but rather successful transmission of units of heredity or genes." So under certain conditions, "for the individual, it may be more profitable to promote the reproduction of related individuals even at the cost of its own life, in this way as much as the benefit of others." Competition for limited resources is explained not through the free choice of independent subjects, but through the domination hierarchies in the population, which "arise in groups of living organisms to minimize aggression between competing for limited resources to individuals. Since the high social rank automatically allows access to all available resources, Natural selection favored the tendencies of the struggle for the increase in social status. "
Institutes that were discussed are also considered as an epigenetic nature. They, like all sorts of cultural and behavioral superstructures, are based on a biological basis - in the sense that they are formed by living beings, which act as carriers of genetic information and are guided (including) by instincts - congenital reactions to external and (or) internal stimuli. And institutions develop "through public training the rules of conduct that begins with primitive, genetically determined forms of social behavior with the addition of new elements as a result of samples and errors."
Using the ideas borrowed from biology (the concept of units of evolution, variability, selection and heredity processes), evolutionary theory explores changes in time and space economic SystemsBut changes are not any, but only those in which complex open systems adapt to the environment environment, the diversity develops from common sources and over time the new design accumulates. Taking into account such an area of \u200b\u200bapplication of the theory under consideration, the evolutionary grounds of industrial policy can be found in the field of national innovative systems (NIS) and industrial clusters.
NIS is holistic networks of organizations and institutions whose interaction are determined by the features of the innovative development of individual countries. The concept of NIS is based on the idea of \u200b\u200b"technonationalism". It is understood that in each state, innovative efficacy is due to the national specifics of the methods of interaction of economic agents with possessing different types Knowledge and skills (enterprises, research institutes, universities, etc.), in the system of creating and using innovation 88. The very question of the issue is part of a wider complex of the problems of the genetically cultural coevolution and the formation of national characteristics of intelligence.
An old scientific dispute is about what more influences the intellect - nature or upbringing, still remains the subject of disagreements between modern villains-Ronmentalists and geneticists, and while the chances of the parties are approximately 50 to 50. In any case, it is obvious that national characteristics really matter . A evolutionary economic theory, which addresses the arguments of both parties, "makes a major contribution to the understanding of the importance for innovation of the characteristic features of the country. The concepts of the national innovation system and the technological trajectory put forward the specific institutional characteristics of different countries and the uniqueness of the history of each country. From the point of view National specifics and institutional dynamism, industrial policy receives new legitimacy. "
OECD specialists see the basis for state intervention in the context of NIS not in ordinary market failures (SystemAtic failures), such as insufficient interaction between subjects in the system, inconsistency between fundamental research in public sector and applied in industry, malfunctions in the work of technology transfer institutions, lack of enterprises' ability to receive and master information 92. Accordingly, the policies proposed by these specialists provide for the development of business contacts (Networking) and the innovative potential of enterprises 93.
Meanwhile, in the NIS part, such a substantiation is not quite correct: the concepts of the system and systemic failures are neutral with respect to national specifics (due to the number of ethnic, historical and cultural community of people), while it is key to the NIS concept. NIS system failures are characterized, firstly, the dependence of these systems on the features of the preceding development ( path. dependence) And, secondly, the national specificity of the country characterized by a unique complex of genetically cultural factors as a result of this process. Therefore, in this context, it is correct to use the evolutionary terminology that takes into account the specified aspects, and determine the shortcomings of NIS as the failures of the adaptability (fitness failures.). Natural processes of variability, selection and heredity can lead to the consolidation and dissemination of organizational rudines that do not meet the national specifics of a given country and prevent innovative development Its industry. Therefore, the government (taking into account restrictions on its possible failures) requires the organization of the process of targeted nationally oriented cultivation of organizational rudine, which determine the ability of the innovative process participants to interact in network contacts, to find and recognize relevant information and technologies, etc. In turn, the criterion for the success of such cultivation is not current economic efficiency Taking into account (institutionalism) or excluding (neoclassic) of transaction costs, and the ability of economic entities to survive and reproduction, evaluated through development indicators (for example, through indicators of the life cycle of technology, technological limits and breaks).
Industrial clusters can be defined as spatial agglomerations of manufacturers united by networks of intensive and versatile interrelations. The concept of an industrial cluster differs from the concept of an ordinary industrial agglomeration by the fact that, in addition to the spatial concentration of enterprises, the cluster suggests functional relations between its participants and complimentary competencies.
Like many socio-economic phenomena, clusters change in time and space: they can grow and develop (as well as degraded), often (but not always) synchronously with the life cycle of the dominant industry industry this evolutionary process "should be understood as continuous, never no discontinuous interaction of dependence on the past ( path. dependence), creating a new one ( path. creation) and the destruction of the existing ( path. destruction.)".
As a rule, the ascending dynamics of the evolution of clusters are associated with the development of network relations and innovative behavior, when industrial enterprises become part of innovative clusters ( cLU.s.tERS of. innovation) - spatial clusters of organizations interconnected in the innovation process - manufacturers, suppliers, service providers, universities, trade organizations, etc. Today, the special importance of such clusters is determined, firstly, in the context of globalization business gets the best opportunities to choose the most appropriate territory for application of their efforts. "The more markets are globalized, the greater the likelihood that resources will flow into more attractive regions, thereby strengthening the role of clusters and affecting regional specialization." The result of such processes is that, for example, in Europe, up to 40% of employees work in enterprises included in clusters. And secondly, the fact that the traditional linear model of innovation (in the form of a sequential process "Fundamental studies - applied research - R & D - new technologies and products") gradually loses its meaning. At the same time, the spatial model of the "studying region" is becoming the spatial model ( learning region), where innovations require parallel development of ability to teach and form a strategic innovative behavior of various and complemental economic entities that benefit from geographic proximity that promotes implicit knowledge and unplanned interactions that are critical elements of the innovation process. " The state policy towards industrial clusters entering the trajectory of ascending speakers provides for measures "concentration is often thematically scattered companies at special points. These focal points generate first joint actions within the cluster and allow it to enter the growth phase."
The downward dynamics of the evolution of clusters leads to the formation of territorial closures ( lock- ins.), in particular, in the old industrial regions, when "originally strengthsbased on geography and network contacts, such as industrial environment, highly specialized infrastructure, close relationships between enterprises and strong support for regional institutions, turn into barriers to innovation. "This situation can also be characterized as the failures of the fitness, but not only with an accent National (as in the situation with NIS), and the territorial aspects of the problem. The organizational routines of self-sustaining regional coalitions of business and politicians are an important cause of such closuity of the old regions. self.- sustaining. coalition) In which representatives of large companies prefer not to invest in business restructuring, since the losses of qualified workers are afraid, and representatives of the authorities are not interested in such restructuring, since the loss of tax revenues fear. To avoid continuing adverse trends leading to stagnation or decline, and to switch to a different trajectory of development involved in the update, cultivation is required (taking into account the territorial context) of organizational rudines, forming the ability of such coalitions to enhance innovatively oriented adaptation of the old clusters, to the creation of new clusters In the rooted industries and the development of high-tech activities. The effectiveness of such actions, again, is not reduced to the indicators of current efficiency, and requires the use of long-term growth indicators (for example, a balanced development criterion).
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thesis, added 08.09.2011
Industrial policy as an organization of work in the decision-making process in the field of production and investment, infrastructure development and human capital in order to stimulate domestic production. Her tasks and state in Kazakhstan.
presentation, added 11/10/2014
Brief description of the socio-economic development of the Chelyabinsk region. State regulation of the structure of production in the long term. Development of actual directions of improving industrial policy in the Chelyabinsk region.
