Features of state regulation of the Russian economy. Features of state regulation of the economy in Russia state regulation of the Russian Federation

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Introduction

Chapter 1. Essence of state regulation of the economy

1.1 Objectives of state regulation of the economy

1.2 Item and objectives of state regulation of the economy

1.3 Methods of state regulation of the economy

Chapter 2. State regulation of the economy in Russia

2.1 State regulation of the economy in Russia

2.2 Social Development: Regulation Priorities in Russia

2.3 Modernization of government economy. Significance of the public sector in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

state Office Social Economics

Introduction

Government regulation is used in the interests of the whole society to revitalize all forms of activity and restriction of negative processes in the economy. It affects the interests of the entire economic and social sphere, all regions of the country, has a tremendous impact on their development.

The basis of state regulation is the use of levers and methods, direct and indirect regulators of economic processes. Various aspects of economic activity state regulates through the budgetary, banking system, state orders, customs service. Planning, economic forecasting, control and other control functions are widely used.

State regulation establishes the rules and procedure for economic activity, responsibility for complying with these rules. At the same time, state regulation ensures independent activities of all economic structures.

The importance of state regulation of the economy is particularly increased due to radical changes in the economic zoning of Russia, the establishment of seven federal districts, the main goal of which is to strengthen the vertical of state power, preventing the decay of the country, limiting the excessive sovereignty of regions. This goal can be achieved through a significant strengthening of the regulation of all aspects of economic and social development, strengthening a single national economic complex of the country and the coordination of the activities of the central governing bodies with the Offices in the districts and the subjects of the Federation.

The purpose of this course work to disclose the features and mechanisms of state regulation.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are delivered in the work:

1. Analyze the key technology of state regulation

2. Show fundamental control methods

3. Reveal ways to improve the efficiency of state influence

Chapter 1.Essence of state regulation of the economy

1.1 Goalstate regulation

In economic science, the so-called pyramid of state regulation is distinguished. The highest goals of state regulation are the formation of favorable conditions for maintaining the economic development and social stability of society. The remaining goals flow from these higher purposes.

First order goals (they are called a magic quadrilateral) include four main objectives of state regulation: 1) ensuring GDP growth; 2) minimization of unemployment; 3) price level stability; 4) Foreign Equilibrium, expressed in a deficitial balance of payments. The magic quadrilateral is called these goals because they contradict each other. In previous chapters, we have already disassembled the relationship of inflation and unemployment, from which it follows that the fight against one phenomenon may cause the other. Thus, employment stimulation by increasing government spending leads to an increase in the budget deficit, which is considered one of the important causes of inflation. Fighting inflation by "reducing money" has its consequence to reduce investment and unemployment growth. Therefore, in all four directions it should be moved evenly.

The objectives of the second order are aimed at creating a favorable legislative environment to increase profits and deploy competition, stimulating moderate economic growth, the introduction of scientific and technological progress into the production of achievements, smoothing the cyclicity of the economy, maintaining a satisfactory environmental state and some others.

Direct specific embodiments are the tasks facing the national economy. A number of main objectives of state regulation are carried out through government functions.

The main function of the state in the modern economy is to create a legal framework for economic activity. This function of the state involves the development, adoption and monitoring of the implementation of laws and legal norms that ensure the functioning of the economy as a whole governing the economic activities of its individual subjects. An important task of the state is the establishment (specification) of ownership of economic resources. For Russia, control over the execution of legislative norms is very important.

Conducting antimonopoly policies is also considered the primary task of state economic policy. In Germany, for example, the antimonopoly law is called the Constitution of the Market Economy. Relying on antitrust laws, the state is fighting monopolism, protects the principles of free competition, which makes it ultimately to implement the benefits of a market economy, increase the efficiency of the management.

Creating public goods - another important function of the state. Market economy, like any other, cannot exist without them. However, commercial organizations produce only what makes a profit. Therefore, social benefits are created mainly by the state or non-state non-profit organizations, which also enjoy the support of the state. The level of consumption of public goods, guaranteed by the state, depends on its capabilities determined by the amount of the state budget.

Regulation of external (side) effects. External effects, or externlialia, is the utility or costs that are not reflected in the terms of the contract and are not taken into account in the price system. They can be both negative and positive. Environmental pollution due to oil production is a bright example of a negative external effect. An example of a positive external effect, for example, is the breeding of bees by one farmer, which allows its neighbors to increase the crop of fruit crops, without investing additional investments. The state is intended to regulate external effects, reducing the costs that are brought by negative externals and supporting the benefits of positive.

Creating an economy infrastructure is another task requiring state intervention. Developed infrastructure is an indispensable condition for an effective economy. Under the infrastructure, a complex of industries that ensure the reproduction process is understood. There are several types of infrastructure:

1. Production (transport, communication, power supply network);

2. Market (institutions, organization and services that ensure the functioning of the market: a network of wholesale and retail trade, etc.);

3. Institutional (state administration office);

4. Social (science, healthcare, education system, cultural institution);

5. Informational (set of information channels, information warehouses, information technologies).

The state can act as an entrepreneur. Under public entrepreneurship means the activities of state enterprises producing goods and services necessary for the development of the national economy, but are generally not profitable for the market sector of the economy. Unlike private entrepreneurial structures, state-owned enterprises are focused not only for profit, but also for the provision of socially significant goods, works, services that ensure the functioning of the economy as a whole, including private capital.

Redistribution of income for the purpose of socio-economic leveling and supporting socially vulnerable segments has become a characteristic feature of state policy in a socially oriented economy. The state uses various forms of seizure of income from more wealthy segments in order to transfer them to other persons, more in them in need. Such a redistribution serves as a prerequisite for the prevention of social conflicts and achieving social stability in society, allows us to solve many of the tasks of nationwide.

The main form of redistribution of income includes:

tax redistribution of revenues, which involves partial or complete exemption from paying alone individuals and an increased rate of payment for others. In this way, the state solves serious socio-economic tasks: supports disabled and socially vulnerable layers, stimulates small entrepreneurship, the development of socially significant industries, attracts foreign investments, etc.;

government lending and subsidizing business entities at the expense of state or local budgets, as well as special funds;

state purchase of goods and services for state consumption. The state acquires products for the development of the budget sector: army, civil engineering, education and health care systems. At the same time, government purchases of goods and services guarantee entrepreneurs a stable market and profit market. This form of redistribution of income contributes to solving employment problems and improving the welfare of the population.

In modern conditions, such a function of the state is attached very important, as the macroeconomic stabilization of the economy. With the help of fiscal and monetary levers of economic policy, the state measures measures to smooth out the economic cycle: the braking of the cyclic fall of production, the revival of the economy in the conditions of the recession, as well as cooling it during the manifestations of overheating, fraught with a new crisis.

The tasks facing state regulation of the economy include support for small businesses through tax and credit policies, providing advisory services, assistance to enterprises in the implementation of scientific and technological progress. The development of small business is currently being considered as a factor in maintaining competition in a market economy, as well as an important direction for the fight against unemployment.

The most important function of the state is the creation of favorable foreign economic conditions for the functioning of the national economy. By regulation of foreign economic activity in accordance with the current situation in world markets and on the basis of specific national interests, the state holds a protectionist or fritersk (liberal) policy. State Foreign Economic Policy Measures are divided into tariffs, assuming the active use of customs duties, and non-tariff, including import quotas, licensing imports, the use of rigid standards and quality standards, etc.

Let us dwell on such an important function of the state in the conditions of an information society focused on the active creation and consumption of knowledge, as supporting the fundamental science, conducting an active scientific and technical and innovation policy. The state funds fundamental scientific research directly by income, but necessary for the successful development of applied science and expansion of the scientific potential of society.

The function of the state is also the provision of environmental safety. Economic activities are detrimental to environmental pollution, ecosystem destruction, exhaustion of irrepustible resources. In turn, this leads to negative economic, financial and social consequences for the population. To a large extent, they can be reduced or even eliminated with the help of a complex for environmentalization measures implemented by the state, which assumes the organization of the environmental monitoring system through the adoption of environmental legislation, tax policy, forces entrepreneurs to comply with environmental rules. Government agencies control the exploitation of natural resources, carry out an examination of investment projects, establish administrative sanctions for violation of environmental legislation, environmental norms up to the prohibition of issues of certain types of products or revocation of licenses for mining.

1.2 Subject and objectives of state regulation of the economy

State regulation of the economy is a scientific economic discipline that studies the country's participation of the country's economic life with the help of methods and levers of impact on socio-economic processes ensuring the effective formation of market relations.

State regulation of the economy covers all parties to public reproduction. During the transition to market relations, state regulation is particularly necessary when conducting economic reforms - reform of ownership, material production, labor market, financial market. The role of state regulation in territorial development is extremely important, determining within regional and interregional proportions, leveling the levels of social economic development of regions, formation of regional markets. It is necessary to regulate environmental management, foreign economic relations. The state should regulate the process of structural restructuring of the economy in accordance with the main purpose of market relations with sociologicalization, an increase in the material welfare of the population.

State regulation of the economy relies on the objective economic laws of social development. In terms of market relations, this is primarily the law of supply and demand, the law of value, etc. The purpose of state regulation is to ensure the legal framework for the functioning of the market system, the establishment of legitimate and effective relationships between manufacturers and suppliers and consumers of products. State regulation is the main regulator of the behavior of civilized business and creates conditions for the relative leveling of the social inequality of the country's population.

Along with this, there is an understanding of the market as an element of reproduction of a total social product, the movement of its component parts. It is also legitimate, one can say the reproductive characteristics of the market. Finally, there is a third understanding of the market - this is the market as a type of functioning of the economy as opposed to command-administrative NPIF-treasure methods of regulation. The transition to the market is a complex process and is characterized by a decrease in production, the destruction of many economic relations, a disorder of the monetary circulation and the consumer market, the increase in prices, inflation, production stagnation.

Historical development experience shows the need to apply incentives and regulators based on the use of market relations when approving an effective market economy. Only with sufficient saturation of the demand and development of competition between manufacturers there is a consumer market, the very commodity market, which rigidly subordinates the production of social needs and provides a more reliable mechanism for realizing his goals.

At the same time, he also forms an economic basis for continuous increasing investment in order to update the products and introducing new technologies into production.

This determines the main task of creating a modern market - the satisfaction of the demand for a variety of products of industrial and non-productive purposes, services, the elimination of the commodity deficit.

The market requires other than with the administrative and command system, economic leaders. For the market, a special infrastructure needs, the ability to create it and work in it.

The market cannot be entered or canceled by decret. Its formation and approval is a natural historical process, a long and complex, requiring a certain transition period.

In this transitional period of the Russian economy, the task of restoring disturbed equilibrium in the national economy, ensuring the elementary balance of supply and demand, and then the introduction of market regulators.

State regulation of the economy was carried out and currently in all countries of the world, including in developed countries. An effective market economy cannot be created without an active regulatory role of the state.

In our country, the experience of the last decade has shown that almost a complete refusal to regulate the state of the process of socio-economic development, providing the element of the unlimited freedom market led to the deepest crisis, and proved that the unregulated market is not able to solve the problems of the development of the economy and the social sphere, including Creating and maintaining infrastructure facilities.

A huge role in the state exposure to socio-economic development is played by laws that make it possible to regulate the behavior of economic entities. It was the legislative framework created at the initial stage of transition to market relations, made it possible to smooth out to some extent many negative consequences of the modern market.

The essence of state regulation at the present stage of the transition period is not a complete dismantling of the old system, but in creating a more efficient system for regulating the economy, taking into account the accumulated positive experience. First of all, a number of events are needed to create such an effective regulatory system.

* Improvement of the financial system, transition to indicative methods, the use of financial levers.

* Creating conditions for adaptation and subsequent development for unprofitable and low-cost enterprises, eliminating which is immediately impossible. They need to provide temporary support with the help of benefits and subsidies to adapt to work in the market conditions. At the next stage - privatization, privatization of ownership on conditions beneficial for state.

* The implementation of the structural restructuring of the entire economic complex of the country, the introduction of the latest achievements of technology, new technologies, the development of resource saving. Structural adjustment by conventional methods through the scattering of capital and creating the necessary accumulations through them is too long and heavy path. Effective regulation in combination with targeted planning and programming, as well as stimulating the structural restructuring with direct and indirect methods by the state, will greatly facilitate and accelerate this process.

* Conducting an active social policy designed to ease the negative consequences of the transition to the market, ensuring social protection, the implementation of a complex of increased employment levels.

* Conducting a clear antimonopoly policy, an increase in state control over the activities of monopoly, an increase in the share of the state in the outlook of the property of large monopolies.

The main regulatory levers should be the cost proportions with which you can form the proportions of development and reproduction in the fields of economics. Prices, taxes, benefits on them, allocating financial resources, credit rates, rental payments, wage rates, pensions, benefits - all this is a set of economic levers, with which it is possible to impact the economic interests of industries, regions. One of the most important elements of state regulation is to control the prices. Of course, in the conditions of the market it is impossible to establish control over prices for all types of products. But the control of the prices for raw materials is necessary, as they serve as an initial position for the formation of the entire chain and price scale, and the state should regulate them. It is also necessary for state regulation of prices for basic socially significant products, some food, primarily bread. So, for example, in Germany, the state is currently controlling fifty percent of all prices, helps Selu subsidies, finances housing construction. And this is happening in the country from the long-established and efficiently emerging market economy.

State regulation is not just an organizational and management or economic, but also a social problem. As the most important link of economic knowledge, state regulation is closely associated with other scientific disciplines, and above all with the public administration system.

Regular regulation with economic geography, regions, municipal management, economic history, statistics, sectoral economies, etc. is closely connected.

As already noted, under state regulation is a system or a set of interrelated methods and economic levers, affecting all areas of the country's socio-economic life, including production, exchange, distribution and consumption of production products.

However, the regulatory mechanism is not reduced only to the set of methods and levers of management impact on socio-production processes. The management effect is only one side of the regulation mechanism. The main content of it is determined by the target destination of the system, the target functions of each element and its interactions with other elements of the state regulation system.

In the economic complex of the country, each sphere of life, each industry, each region has its own characteristics, its specific features, is guided by its economic interests. Being objects of state regulation, they require an individual approach to apply individual regulators.

In the modern transitional period, when the task of exiting the crisis and stabilization of the economy is worthwhile, regulation should be based on the principles of the use of value tools of the market as regulations of economic activities.

The meaning of the use of commodity-monetary relations in the conditions of a non-refined market economy in Russia is as follows.

1. Provide a systematic regulation of the quantitative parameters of cost categories within the same measure, which is due to the laws of commodity production, in particular, the equivalence law on the basis of equality of the cost of social labor embodied in the product, and the measures of public need for it.

2. Changing the values \u200b\u200bof value parameters under the influence of a public need for the product, purposefully affect the economic interests of producers and consumers of the product, use the cost categories as a tool for regulating the structure and volumes of production and consumption.

3. By giving it to commodity producers all freedom of adoption of economic decisions regarding the structure and volume of production, distribution and sale of products within centrally established cost parameters, stimulate economic entrepreneurialness with orientation to national planned indicators.

4. To seek rapprochement and coincidence of the goals of the state and economic interests of commodity producers so that the production of the product needs for society is beneficial to commodity producers.

During the transition to market relations, it is advisable to scheduled regulation of market relations, which is to create such economic conditions of management, which would force the commodity producers for the sake of public economic benefit to bring the volume and structure of its production to the parameters of the national plan.

The state, providing the commodity producer, regardless of the form of ownership and management, the right to independently plan its production, brings him quantitative indicators to market parameters. Within their limits, the producer itself chooses such a structure of production, which will be economically most profitable for it.

Thus, the content of the planned market regulation in general terms is reduced to the centralized development of its main cost parameters for a certain period of time.

In the planned economy, these parameters perform the functions of standards.

The main planned market standards includes prices and tariffs, tax payments rates, bank interest rates, centralized investments and subsidies.

The listed standards constitute the main set of tools for scheduled regulation of commodity-money relations.

All of them interact in the aggregate. It is the system of standards that determines the parameters of economic conditions. It is purposefully changing their magnitude, but without leaving the objective measure of trade proceedings, the state can create favorable conditions for the production and sale of certain types of products and thereby regulate their volumes, approaching the production to the requirements of the State Economic Development Plan.

The high level of development of productive forces in the conditions of market economy and the compliance of objective economic laws to this high level can be achieved only by interference in the state economy, i.e. With the help of state regulation. In all developed countries of the world, with all economic systems, the state in one degree or another regulates the economy, while the role of the state in regulating the processes of socio-economic development increases as the international division of labor is deepened.

However, in the theory of development of market relations, there are direct opposite approaches. Back in the XVIII century. Adam Smith, and in the XX century. M. Friedmen and a number of other economists considered and consider invalid state intervention in the formation of the market, arguing that the market system is capable of automatically to self-regulation, equilibrium of supply and demand. Others, for example, English economist J.M. Keynes and American economist Laureate Nobel Prize V. Leontiev, considered the necessary system of state regulation of the market economy.

Moreover, each state produces its own model of building a market economy, taking into account its characteristics - natural and economic, historical, levels of economic development, etc.

Studying examples of building a market economy of other countries of the world, Russia cannot copy their models, as none of the countries of the world existed such a long period of time in such a stringent command-administrative framework. In addition, each country has its own historical and national characteristics, different levels of the development of the regions.

Therefore, at the first stage of the reform of the economy, it was impossible to completely destroy the current and long-term management system; This led to economic chaos, a catastrophic decline in production, impoverishing the population, a protracted crisis. For Russia, they needed a gradual transition to the market and the use of positive features of the old managerial system, the preservation of economic relations that develop many decades. In the end, taking into account the errors made at the beginning of the reform period, the state came to the need for an adjustable market economy.

The essence of state regulation of the economy can be reduced to the following.

* The tasks of state regulation of the economy are: at the initial stage of the transition period - the implementation of measures to liberalize the economy; At the second stage - measures to stabilize the economy and at the final stage - measures to improve efficiency in progress.

* State regulation of the economy should lead to the balance of mutual interests, i.e., on the one hand, it should ensure the effective course of economic reforms, using market mechanisms, and on the other, to achieve justice in the distribution of income and resources.

* One of the tasks of regulation is the skillful use of resources (natural, human, financial), which has a state to increase revenues to the revenue part of the budget, as well as to invest, restructuring and developing the economy. It is important to be guided by the criterion for the preservation of market freedoms.

* The task of regulation is to develop programs for socio-economic development, sectoral, regional, interregional, as well as targeted programs, investment projects, concepts of socio-economic development, forecasts for the nearest and long-term perspective, in which the role of the state in management should be expressed.

* State regulation should be aimed at strengthening the economic basis for the independent socio-economic development of all regions of the Russian Federation through a clear distinction between competence and responsibility between the state authorities of the Russian Federation, the subjects of the federation and local governments. Especially important is such a distinction for the use of natural resource potential, the development of basic sectors of the economy, a military-industrial complex, transport, foreign economic activity, etc. At the same time, measures are needed to improve the legal framework and interaction of federal, regional and municipal authorities.

* Among the tasks of state regulation there is a task of strengthening the financial independence of the regions based on the principles of budget federalism.

* The tasks of regulation are the smoothing of interregional differences, aligning the levels of socio-economic development of the regions, as well as all-time support for the regions with extreme natural economic conditions.

* Especially important state regulation for the regions of the Far North, Siberia, territories where small peoples live, as well as areas of ecological disaster.

* State regulation is the basis for the formation of a single commodity market of Russia and regional markets; It is intended to ensure the principles of the unity of the country's economic space, freedom of movement of goods, capital and labor throughout the Russian Federation.

State regulation involves the effective functioning of the financial assistance system to individual regions, industries, industries. At the same time, the role of state regulation in improving the methodology for calculating transfers is great.

The study of the scientific discipline "State regulation of the economy" is aimed at training highly qualified specialists in the field of management, contributes to the formation of state thinking and ability to solve the most important issues of regulating socio-economic processes in the conditions of the formation and development of market relations.

1.3 Methods of state regulation of the economy

State regulation of the economy in the conditions of the market involves a system of measures of a legislative and executive and controlling nature carried out by eligible government agencies and public organizations to accommodate the socio-economic system to existing conditions. State intervention in economic processes should ensure progressive shifts in the proportions of reproduction, conditions for conscientious competition, preventing negative social and economic consequences.

The impact of the state for economic processes involves a combination of market self-regulation with state regulators. The market performs features such as the exchange of labor products of separate commodity producers; stimulating the quality of products, reduce production costs; Imagination of buyers to savings, increasing income.

In developed countries, planned tools play a significant role in determining the strategic development goals, in the allocation of priority problems, the decision of which requires the participation of the whole society, in the admission of people to the implementation of national economic problems.

Planned regulators are a person's actions to establish specific economic activities; Market regulators - objectively acting, folding as the resulting interaction of many manufacturers and consumers of goods and services. Planned and market regulators are fully compatible. Planning as subjective human activity to establish a certain sequence of actions aimed at achieving a specific goal should be based on the actual conditions for its implementation, including the parameters of the external environment, the nature of the process of movement towards the goal due to the features of the operation of the market economy.

The state applies regulators, stabilizers, social compensation. For society, an important is also a control function, such as the development of various standards. Taxes allow the state to regulate certain types of entrepreneurship, and through government spending it stimulates firms and enterprises, satisfies social needs. Methods of direct and indirect regulation of the economy are used.

The methods of direct state impact include:

* determination of the strategic goals of the development of the economy and their expression in indicative and other plans, target programs;

* state orders and contracts for the supply of certain types of products, performance of work, provision of services;

* State support of programs, orders and contracts;

* Regulatory requirements for quality and certification of technology and products;

* Legal and administrative limitations and prohibitions on the production of certain types of products, etc.;

* Licensing of export and import operations, i.e. Foreign trade operations.

The methods of indirect state regulation of economic processes are based mainly on commodity-money levers, determine the "Rules of the game" in the market economy and affect the economic interests of business entities.

These include:

* Taxation, the level of taxation and the system of tax breaks;

* Price regulation, their levels and ratios;

* Payments for resources, interest rates for credit and credit benefits;

* Customs regulation of exports and imports, exchange rates and currency exchange conditions.

Direct methods of state regulation of the economy are not related to the creation of an additional material incentive go to the danger of financial damage and are based on the power of state power.

The scope of the application of indirect regulation as the market economy develops significantly expands, narrowing the possibilities of direct state intervention in the processes of expanded reproduction.

State regulation of the economy Prediction is a system of scientifically based ideas about certain directions of the country's socio-economic development. Under the transition to market relations, forecasting is very important and becomes the initial stage, the basis of the entire management system. This is due to the fact that in the conditions of the market, the trajectories of development are changing, the alternativeness of its options increases, the intensity of the search for outputs from unwanted, negative situations is enhanced.

A developed system of alternative forecasts allows you to compare, compare the possible options, choose the optimal of them. In addition, in a market economy, the number of subjects, which independently, are on their responsibility, certain decisions are taken (state enterprises and enterprises with foreign investments, cooperatives, farms, local authorities of republics, edges, regions). Each of these subjects it is necessary to foresee changes in market conditions, the possible consequences of their solutions.

State forecasting not only allows you to foresee development prospects, but also provides information to enterprises, companies about the intentions of the state, is a coordinating link for all other forms of regulation. Forecasting makes the market more targeted development.

The program-target approach provides the concentration of resources, the achievement of end results, needs. With it, the most important problems of economic, social and scientific and technical development, which have natural importance and, as a rule, inter-sectoral or interregional nature are solved.

Programming is a sufficiently rigid impact method on reproduction processes and is therefore applied in cases where the use of other methods of regulation cannot bring the required results.

Target programs are developed both for long-term and medium term and are prepared at all levels - from the enterprise to national and international levels. They are characterized by concretely pronounced finite (targeted) results (indicators); include a complete set of tasks, events and relevant resources; Different with a high degree of complexity, have a certain period of implementation. At the same time, the goal of the program should be measurable, it is clearly expressed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the system of events is developed taking into account the achievement of the intermediate and main goals of the program. Possible performers and the deadlines for the implementation of individual events and programs as a whole are also defined.

An important methods of state regulation of the economy include planning. It represents such a form of activity in which the development of tasks on targeted impact on the reproduction process is carried out.

In a market economy, planning cannot take the form of universal coverage of all parties to economic and social activities. However, the market economy does not in any way reject planning, since the plan has nothing but the properly executed management decision.

Being one of the main management functions, planning provides not only targeted, but also dynamic and proportional development of the control object. Planning has its own concretization in the relevant planning indicators and standards.

Economic standards define common for all business entities and differentiated for their groups "Rules of the game" - tax rates, customs duties, exchange rates, etc. They are a regulation tool and allow economic units to identify plans for their activities with regard to regional and federal interests.

Financial and credit methods of regulation include all sectors of Russia's socio-economic life. Socially necessary labor costs and the price of goods are defined as a reflective of the confrontation of two trends: the proposal of goods reflecting the average common costs of its production, and the effective demand for goods as an expression of public necessity and the need for this product. In the formation of a planned price, on the one hand, it is unacceptable to navigate only on the costs of producing the manufacturer of goods, on the other hand, it is impossible to allow the buyer to have ample opportunities to pay for the goods to the funds allocated in the form of subsidies or discounts covered by the state.

Being stable, planned prices must have the necessary elasticity in order to act as a real object of the trade transaction between the supplier and the buyer.

It is advisable to have three types of prices in the transition period: stable prices, at the same time possessing mobility and elasticity within the above-mentioned upper and lower boundaries (these are the prices for major and certain types of goods); limit prices with a rigid upper boundary (mainly on the means of production, power systems and services); Freely folding prices - the prices of the spontaneous market.

An important role in regulation should play a system of direct economic contracts regulating relations. The economic contract must be the main document governing the relationship between the manufacturer and the consumer. The supplier and the buyer enters into contractual relations, guided by the cost standards. The economic organization of any form of ownership has the right to choose a supplier of resources and the buyer of products. Contracts are held in the susceptible period; They are clearly recorded by all conditions of interaction between the parties, the volume of supply of goods and services, their structure, nomenclature, compliance with standards, quality requirements, delivery time, prices and tariffs. Contracts are granted norms of liability for violation of conditions. Prisoners in the susceptible period, they serve as the basis for the development of production plans, distribution and implementation of economic entities.

Changing the parameters of economic conditions, but not going beyond the objective of the laws of trade production, the state can create that more favorable, then less favorable conditions for the production and sale of certain products and raw materials and thereby regulate volumes, approaching production to parameters and requirements Unified State Plan for Economic Development.

The method of regulating the economy is also a state order. It is based on procurement for federal and regional state needs. Regulatory importance is licensed, on the basis of which it is allowed to carry out a certain type of activity during the prescribed period.

Standardization establishes norms, rules, characteristics to protect the interests of consumers and the state. At the same time, the Special Organ - the State Standard of Russia monitors and supervises compliance with state standards, establishes general technical rules for conducting work on standardization.

When regulating the placement and development of productive forces, a regulatory method is applied, expressing scientifically based need for products and services in the regions of the country.

The balance sheet allows you to correctly choose the relationship between the economy. This method plays a major role in justifying the placement of individual business objects, in the development of a system of rational intra-omnone and interdistrict bonds, when determining the required volume of export and import. Balances make it possible to assess the feasibility of new construction, the power of these new objects.

The balance sheet applies when evaluating resources, financial support.

The modeling method is used in regulating the territorial proportions, placement of industries and industries, resettlement systems.

Direct impact on socio-economic processes in the conditions of the formation of market relations and especially for the effective implementation of market economic reforms are provided by legal, managerial regulators.

A further improvement of the regulatory system should affect the management reform aimed at strengthening the vertical of power and expressed in the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the formation of seven federal districts in which the subjects of the Federation are included. These are the federal districts - North-West with the center in St. Petersburg, the central - with the center in Moscow, the Volga region - with the center in Nizhny Novgorod, Uralsky - with the center in Yekaterinburg, South - with the center in Rostov-Na- Don, Siberian - with the center in Novosibirsk and Far Eastern - with the center in Khabarovsk. Plenipotentiary representatives in federal districts are designed to coordinate the work of federal power structures in the territories entrusted to them. This measure is expected to ensure better control over the work of the regions by the president and strengthen its relationship with the regions.

Territorial governments have all the completeness of state power in the subordinate territory, are independent participants in foreign economic relations, they provide issues of use and disposal by natural resources, regulate relations between the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation and local budgets, ensure guarantees of the financial independence of local self-government, minimal social standards, etc. .

Chapter 2. State regulation of the economy in Russia

2.1 State regulation of the economy in Russia

The question of the possibility and forms of state influence on economic processes has always been one of the most complex and discussion in economic science and practice. Recently, the range of ratings and approaches in this area has expanded, and under the influence of the concepts of globalization of the world economy, it is often expressed by the view that government functions in the economy should inevitably narrow. This position was actually imposed on Western experts to the countries of the Socialist Zone at the start of market reforms.

It was this approach that was the most rational and "solely right" and Russian initiators of market transformations in the early 1990s. It was based on an axiom of allegedly "incompatibility" of market modernization with state-owned economies. In Russia, this turned out to be the rapid care of the state from the economy.

Do I replace the institutions of the market's function in the economy? An objective analysis of world practice shows that the so-called "denationalization" process of the economy in none of the highly developed countries of the world has not led to the "care" of the state from the economy. Moreover, the actual materials on the scope of the participation of various states in the regulation of economic processes of their countries have shown that on average, precisely highly developed countries, i.e., countries with long-standing orientation for market mechanisms are characterized by the highest expenditures for state administration. The sustainability of the use of public resources on social and management objectives in various countries is evidenced by Table 2.1. It shows that in Russia the level of government spending is significantly lower than in any of the developed countries.

Table 2.1 Consolidated budget costs regarding GDP volume but a number of countries in the world (in %)

Country	2000	2002	2003	2004

Kazakhstan

Argentina
Great Britain
Germany

Finland



Australia

Despite the fact that at the end of the XX century. The level of costs of state needs was significantly lower than the level characteristic of most developed countries (accounting for about 27-29% of GDP), in the official designs of the government of those years, the tasks of further decline in the relevant state budget expenditures with bringing them to 22- 23% of GDP, i.e., below the plank characteristic of the average for underdeveloped countries. This was the actual removal of the state from the functions of economic management and society. Today, experts and politicians are growing belief in the need to move to a more workable system of government. And this is due to the urgent adjustments in the content and orientation of the economic course.

Under the influence of time requirements, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation in the formation of a program of socio-economic development for 2007-2009. For the first time at the official level, recognized the urgent need to "change the model of economic development in the direction of strengthening factors of innovative growth, intensifying energy saving, a significant increase in investment activity." With such a statement of the task, you can agree if adequate actions will be set relating to the modernization of the public administration system.

Although adopted on July 20, 1995, the Federal Law "On State Forecasting and Programs of the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation" (? 115-FZ) undoubtedly contributed to the correction of purely liberal approaches to the state functions in the economy, he was still half and did not respond to many Upholstered questions. In particular, there are no provisions on strategic and indicative planning, on the need for scientific support of forecast work, etc. The lack of strategic planning means in fact almost a complete disappearance of the responsibility of specific state bodies and specific persons for the development and implementation of the social and economic development strategy Countries leads to major errors and read.

The administrative reform conducted in the country, which significantly changed the structure and nature of the functioning of state bodies, according to the plan is quite progressive, since it is based on the ideas and experiences proven in recent world practices. However, this reform will raise and often brings negative results for the reason that there is no present responsible leadership.

The structure of state bodies, which implied the implementation of certain functions in the field of economy, as a result of the reforms of public administration has become even more confusing. The level of bureaucratization in the development and passage of management decisions is selected. The corruption of officials beat all records of history. If in 2003-2004 Corruption processes in the activities of the state office, judging by sociological research, was disturbed by approximately 30% of citizens, then in 2004 already 40%, and in 2006 more than 50%.

Of all the ministries, directly or indirectly closed on solving problems related to economic development, the most significant and on the name and scale is the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (MARP). It is here that economic designs are developed and presented to the Government of the Russian Federation - the concepts and programs of socio-economic development, major forecast studies, national projects, federal target programs, etc. It is the MERE that looks reprehensible both before the "tops" and the public for the implementation Economic designers. But this ministry just "looks" to the responsible and active. In fact, the "coefficient of manageability" of the national economy from certain actions or inaction of the MERE (as the "Economic Staff") is the value that even in principle is hardly possible at least to approximately determine.

...

Tasks and objectives of state regulation

Regulation is intended to ensure the effective functioning of the economic system of the state, which is the interaction of all areas, primarily financial, legal and social. In this regard, there is a theoretical aspect and practical embodiment. The first refers to forecasting and drawing up action models. Practice provides for specific measures of legislative, executive and controlling nature aimed at regulation.

The main goal of state regulation is to improve the welfare of society as a whole, which implies the well-being of each of its member. Objectives of state regulation, it is customary to structure on economic, social and political. At the same time, the main components are:

stable economic development and growth;
public employment policy;
maintaining the stability of national currency and pricing;
social protection of the population;
foreign economic activity.

The fulfillment of the first 4 directions and their relationship ensure equilibrium in the macroeconomic sphere. In the conditions of the process of globalization, the results of their integrated interaction are directly influenced by the foreign economic sphere of state activities. At a certain historical stage of the development of society, the sequence of achieving goals may vary.

It should be noted that state regulation methods are divided into direct and indirect. Direct envisages are administrative and legal events, and their impact is that economic entities are approved on the basis of state regulations, and cannot be fully guided by a free economic choice. They are an element of a mixed economy and demonstrated high efficiency, especially in those countries where it is not developed.

Indirect methods, as a rule, are of economic nature and create prerequisites for self-selection of economic relations in favor of achieving general economic purposes. The competent interaction of the methods of each other ensures the solution of the main task - to increase the welfare of society.

Functions and tools of state regulation

As for the functions of the state, the most important is the creation of the necessary legislative base, ensuring the legal basis for the functioning of a market economy. An important function of the state is the activation of innovative and business activities, stimulating investment policy.

In modern market economy, the state acts as a guarantor in the sphere of social protection of the population. The tool for this is the function of the redistribution of income in favor of less protected populations. Social policy to significantly is not inferior to a tool as the management of the economy's public sector, since it prevents the growth of social tensions in society and contributes to the achievement of social security. As for the use of state ownership, it acts as a basic element for the implementation of long-term tasks, especially in those areas that require significant investments.

In ensuring the normal functioning of any modern economic system, an important role belongs to the state. The state throughout the history of its existence along with the tasks of maintaining the procedure, legality, organization of national defense, performed certain functions in the field of economics.

State regulation is a form of economic management, which is an impact, the impact of state bodies on economic processes. It is applied under conditions when the control object is not directly subordinated to the control subject, i.e. Once the state body.

At the beginning of the twentieth century The economic role of the state has become so significant that the first half of the last century entered the story as the era of "state-monopoly capitalism" (MMC). This experience pushed to the idea of \u200b\u200b"state socialism" - an attempt to use the economic power of the state for the accelerated socialist transformation of society. However, this led to the emergence of an "administrative and command economy" with all its advantages and minuses.

The modern economy of Russia has all the opportunities to be "socio-market", the most satisfying the growing needs of a person. However, this requires regulation, because The market economy is very imperfect. The role of the regulatory center can only be fulfilled by the state - an institution representing all society and with the right of non-economic intervention in economic relations. The task is to find the optimal measure and the most effective forms of state regulation of the economy, which, without destroying its market nature, at the same time ensured the market economy maximum efficiency.

The inevitability of state regulation of the market economy constantly gives birth to a temptation of a policy decision of many economic problems. However, most often the result of such an administrative decision turns into only the visibility of overcoming crisis economic situations, although in some areas the priority of state impact is necessary and effective.

The general strategy of state regulation of the market economy is based on the following principles:

preference should be given to market forms of the organization of the economy. In practice, this means that the state should finance only those socially significant industries that do not attract a private business due to low profitability;
state entrepreneurship must not compete, but to help the development of private business. Ignoring this principle can lead to artificial dominance of state-owned enterprises over private;
state financial, credit and tax policy should contribute to economic growth and social stability;
state regulation acquires a special significance during crises, as well as for processes in the field of interstate economic relations (import-export operations, international specialization of production, currency relations).

The state in a market economy is forced to act as an economic agent, but it has some features: the state belongs to the regulatory role in social relations, it is characterized by an atrocity origin of income and has an imperative status, that is, its requirements are mandatory for all other economic agents.

State regulation pursues three goals:

minimizing the inevitable negative effects of market processes;
the creation of legal, financial and social prerequisites for the effective functioning of the market economy;
ensuring the social protection of those groups of market society, the position of which in a particular economic situation becomes the most vulnerable.

Skillful state regulation allows you to eliminate those failures that cannot be filled using exclusively market mechanism. But it is important to emphasize that not all problems end when the state compensates for the market failures. The state can also be wrong.

Forms and methods of state regulation

The main forms and methods of state intervention in the economy:

administrative methods of state regulation are carried out through the expansion of state ownership of material resources, management of state-owned enterprises and lawmaking. Administrative methods of state regulation are effective in such basic areas as:
direct state control over the monopoly markets;
administrative regulation of the markets of inelastic demands, which are attributed to the monopoly of the state, with the use of price planning, the introduction of rigid excise tax rates;
ensuring economic safety of production;
development of standards necessary for the implementation of all types of industrial and economic activity and control over their implementation;
economic methods are carried out through various macroeconomic policies (for example, forecasting, social programs, etc.). They are divided into methods of monetary and fiscal policy.

In turn, the most important elements of monetary policy are:

operations on the open market, that is, the purchase and sale of government securities;
accounting percentage (discount) policy, that is, the regulation of the amount of interest rate, according to which commercial banks borrow money from the Central Bank;
regulation of a mandatory bank reservation rate, that is, the increase in the share of assets of commercial banks, which should be at the disposal of the Central Bank.
Two main varieties of monetary policy are known:
soft (stimulating), in which the central bank buys government securities, reduces the refinancing rate and the norm of the mandatory bank reserve, thereby stimulating the economy through the growth of money supply;
hard (stabilizing), in which the Central Bank sells government securities, increasing the interest rate and the norm of the banking reserve, thereby restraining inflation through the change in the money supply and stabilizing the economy.

If earlier, many economists denied the opportunity and the need for state regulation (intervention) of the economy, motivating this by the fact that the market itself potentially contains the necessary mechanisms of self-regulation, currently more and more researchers are no longer so optimistic about the "self-regulatory" market opportunities. At the beginning of the XXI century. In the context of the global economic crisis, states were forced to adopt a number of legislative measures aimed at supporting the banking sector of the economy, vital production, regulation of pricing for socially significant goods and services, social programs and so on.

The problem of state intervention in the economy is the main for any state, regardless of whether the market is the economy or distribution. In the distribution economy, everything is easier: the state takes on all rights and obligations for the production and distribution of goods and services. That is, there is no talk about regulation: the state is simply some kind of adjusting. In this case, we are talking about the substitution of the whole variety of ownership forms and ways to answer the question "What, how and for whom to produce?" One single form of ownership is state, and the answer to the main economic issue is strict centralization and distribution. However, such a system actually showed its ineffectiveness. The market path of development remains. But in the market economy, the state has to constantly adjust the depth of influence. Before the state does not cost such tasks as direct production and distribution of resources, goods and services. But it does not have the right to freely dispose of resources, capital and produced goods, as is done in the distribution economy. In my opinion, the state should constantly balance, then increasing, then reducing the degree of intervention. The market system is, first of all, flexibility and dynamism in decision-making, both from consumers and from manufacturers. State policy is simply not entitled to lag behind changes in the market system, otherwise it will turn from an effective stabilizer and a regulator to a bureaucratic superstructure that slows down the development of the economy.

Currently, most economists, and lawyers, are united that when considering the ratio of the market and the state, the use of both economic (market) tools and state-legal regulation in ensuring the stable development of the economy is necessary.

The solution to the problem of "how many states" should "be present" in the economy depends on the set of factors. State-legal regulation of the economy - the value of the variable and at various time periods it may vary. So, at present, in crisis conditions, the need to support the most important sectors of the economy, ensuring approved social programs determine more active state-legal regulation of economic relations. It is important to take into account that the economy is a rather complicated phenomenon that has its own structure. In separate sectors of the economy, groups of industries, the state may play a large or smaller role. This circumstance cannot be ignored when solving the problem of ensuring effective state-legal regulation of the economy.

In legal literature, there are fairly allocate several legal regimes of the economy.

The first of them, which can be conventionally indicated as an active regulation regulation mode, should cover areas, especially important from the point of view of economic security: the production and transportation of oil and teftepps, gas, power supply, communication, innovative technologies, the formation of the prevolution, etc.

The second mode implies moderate government regulation of the economy, which is limited to the determination of the necessary parameters of the activities of entrepreneurial structures (approval of technical regulations, rules, etc.), but not affecting, as a rule, freedom of contract in various economic spheres.

The third legal regime is minimal - may refer to such types of commercial activities as the organization of tourism, entertainment activities, passenger transport, etc., where opportunities for state regulation are minimal.

Many lawyers pay attention to the importance and necessity of state-legal regulation of the economy. So, V. S. Yakushev, speaking of the management of economic processes by the state, rightly notes: "Our country begins to abandon the idea that the market economy is alleged self-developing phenomenon that does not allow government regulation. Now the need to participate in the state in the management of the economy becomes generally accepted. Moreover, it is recognized by the idea of \u200b\u200bstrengthening the influence of the state to all life processes: the state is intended to take responsibility for the state of not only the economy, but also of all parties to society. The current constitution obliges him to this. "

In this regard, it is also necessary to pay attention to international legal documents regarding government regulation of the economy. The state not only has the right to implement state regulation of the economy, but is also obliged to do that, which is enshrined in the Charter of the Economic Rights and the responsibilities of the states adopted on December 12, 1974 at the plenary session of the 29th session of the UN General Assembly. In accordance with Art. 7 Charter "Every State is the main responsibility for promoting the economic, social and cultural development of its people. To this end, each state has the right and is responsible for choosing the goals and means of development, full mobilization and use of its resources, the implementation of progressive economic and social reforms, as well as ensuring the full participation of their people in the process and development benefits. All states are obliged, individually and together, cooperate in order to eliminate obstacles that prevent such mobilization and use. "

What is the state regulation of the economy? The current legislation does not give the definition of this category and does not disclose its signs. Only in several laws dedicated to state regulation of individual industries and subproduces of the National Economy attempts to formulate the definition of such a complex economic and legal phenomenon as government regulation. For example, in the Federal Law of July 14, 1997, state regulation is defined as the "economic impact of the state for the production, processing and sale of agricultural products, raw materials, including fish and seafood, as well as production and technical Service and logistical support of agro-industrial production. "

In most regulatory legal acts, the concept of state regulation is not disclosed at all.

In economic and legal literature, a number of authors have made attempts to formulate the definition of the category of state regulation. In most cases, the latter is revealed through the category "Activities". So, V. P. Oreshin determines the state regulation of the economy as the activities of government bodies on the impact on the public reproduction process in order to achieve socially useful results. From an economic point of view, the above definition seems quite fair as focusing on processes related to the streamlining of the economy in order to achieve socially useful results.

State intervention in the economy pursues certain functions. As a rule, it adjusts those "imperfections", which are inherent in the market mechanism and with which he himself is either not able to cope, or this decision is inefficient. The state takes responsibility for creating equal conditions for rivalry of entrepreneurs, for effective competition, for limiting the power of the monopolies. It also takes care of the production of a sufficient number of public goods and services, since the market mechanism is not able to properly satisfy the collective needs of people. The participation of the state in economic life is also dictated by the fact that the market does not provide a socially fair income distribution. The state should take care of the disabled, poor, old men. He also owns the scope of fundamental scientific developments. This is necessary because for entrepreneurs it is very risky, extremely expensive and, as a rule, does not bring quick income. Since the market does not guarantee the right to work, the state has to regulate the labor market, take measures to reduce unemployment.

In general, the state implements the political and socio-economic principles of this community of citizens. It actively participates in the formation of macroeconomic market processes.

The role of the state in a market economy is manifested through the following major functions:

a) Creating a legal framework for economic decisions. The state develops and adopts laws regulating entrepreneurial activities, determines the rights and obligations of citizens;

b) stabilization of the economy. The government uses fiscal and credit and monetary policy to overcome the decline in production, to smooth inflation, reducing unemployment, maintain a stable price level and national currency;

c) Socio-oriented resource allocation. The state organizes the production of goods and services that the private sector does not involve. It creates conditions for the development of agriculture, communications, transport, determines the cost of defense, on science, forms programs for the development of education, health care, etc.;

d) ensuring social protection and social guarantee. The state guarantees the minimum wages, old-age pensions, disability, unemployment benefits, various types of care for poor, etc.

The antitrust activities of the state is one of the most important areas of state intervention applications. Regulation is developing in two directions. In those few markets, where conditions impede the effective functioning of the industry in competition, that is, in the so-called natural monopolies, the state creates public regulatory authorities to control their economic behavior. In most other markets, where the monopoly was not needed, public control adopted the form of antimonopoly legislation. Next, the features of the regulation of natural monopolies will be considered.

The natural monopoly exists in cases where one firm can provide the entire market, having lower costs per unit of production achieved due to scale. This is characteristic of public enterprises, where large-scale activities are needed to achieve low prices.

To ensure acceptable behavior of such monopolies, two options can be used: state ownership and government regulation.

For natural monopolies, "fair" income is usually installed, that is, the price equal to medium gross costs. However, this entails the lack of an enterprise incentive to reduce costs.

Thus, the purpose of sectoral regulation is to protect society from the market power of natural monopolies by regulating prices and quality of service. But it is necessary to use direct regulation only where it does not lead to a decrease in production efficiency. Regulation should not be applied in cases where competition can ensure the best provision of society by products.

The state has an impact on the market mechanism through its expenses, taxation, regulation and public entrepreneurship.

Government spending is considered one of the important elements of macroeconomic policies. They affect the distribution of both income and resources. Government spending consist of public procurement and transfer payments. Public procures are, as a rule, the acquisition of public goods (the cost of defense, construction and content of schools, roads, scientific centers, etc.). Transfer payments are payments that redistributing tax revenues received from all taxpayers defined by the population in the form of unemployment benefits, payments in connection with disabilities, etc. It should be noted that public procures contribute to the national income and directly use resources, while transfers do not use resources and are not related to production. Government procures lead to the redistribution of resources from private to public consumption of goods. They enable citizens to use public goods. Transfer payments have a different meaning: they change the structure of the production of individual consumption goods. Amounts taken in the form of taxes in some segments of the population are paid to others. However, those who are intended transfers are spending these money to other products than and the change in the consumption structure is achieved.

Taking into account the above, the following conclusions can be drawn. First, the definition of the category of state regulation of the economy can be approached from various positions, in particular, from the economic and legal parties, allocating, naturally, various (economic or legal) features (features) as the main attributes of the formulated definition.

Secondly, speaking of state regulation of the economy in a legal sense, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the establishment of "general rules of conduct" for participants in economic relations, but also on their implementation in order to achieve certain results.

Taking into account this, you can formulate the following definition of the phenomenon under consideration. State regulation of the economy is the activities of the state in the person of its competent authorities aimed at establishing, changing, supplementing legislative and other mandatory legal establishments (norms, rules, requirements, etc.), designed to streamline economic relations in order to ensure an organic combination publicly -Other and private and private interests in society.

The essence and features of state-legal regulation of the economy are most fully revealed through the ratio of its "related" categories, in particular, such as public administration.

The concept of public administration is one of the management developed in science, as well as in administrative law. The basic category "Management" is usually defined as an element, the function of organized systems of various nature (biological, social, technical), ensuring the preservation of their specific structure, maintaining the mode of activity, etc. Social management as an impact on society in order to streamline, high-quality conservation , further improvement and development is an indispensable immanent (inherent inherent) property of any society. As for state administration, it is definitely part of social management.

In legal literature, state administration is defined as a targeted ordering effect of the state on the public vital activity of people in the interests of the implementation of government functions, based on its imperative strength and carried out in legal form.

Yu. A. Tikhomirov suits the study of the category of public administration from two positions. As the author believes, public administration in a broad sense is the sphere of organizing and administrative activities of state bodies. State administration in a narrow sense - the activities of the executive authorities, the actual control apparatus.

According to S. N. Bratanovsky between state administration and state regulation, there are no fundamental differences in the intended purpose, since regulation is an indispensable element of state-managerial activities, one of its functions. Managing, the state regulates, and regulating - manages. The scientist believes, with a certain part of the convention, it can be argued that public administration traditionally binds to the presence of subordinate subjects (at least de facto) objects, and regulation - with impact predominantly on irrelevant objects.

Obviously, the modern market system is unthinkable without state intervention. However, there is a face behind which the deformations of market processes occur, the efficiency of production. Then sooner or later the question arises about the denationalization of the economy, getting rid of it from excessive state activity. There are important restrictions for regulation. For example, any actions of the state destroying the market mechanism (total policy planning, comprehensive administrative control over prices, etc.) are unacceptable. This does not mean that the state removes responsibility for uncontrolled price increases and should refuse planning. The market system does not exclude planning at the level of enterprises, regions and even the national economy; True, in the latter case, it is usually "soft", limited to terms, scales and other parameters, and protruding in the form of national targeted programs. It should also be noted that the market is largely a self-adjusting system, and therefore it should be influenced by indirect, economic methods. However, in some cases, the use of administrative methods is not only permissible, but also necessary. It is impossible to mention only economic or only administrative measures. On the one hand, administration elements carries any economic regulator. For example, the monetary appeal will feel the impact of such a well-known economic method, as the rate on the loans of the Central Bank no earlier than the administrative decision will be made. On the other hand, in each administrative regulator there is something economic in the sense that it indirectly affects the behavior of the participants in the economic process. Speaking, let's say, to direct price control, the state creates a special economic regime for manufacturers, forces them to revise production programs, to look for new sources of financing investments, etc.

Among the methods of state regulation, there are no completely unsuitable and absolutely ineffective. Everyone needs, and the only question is to determine for everyone those situations where its use is most appropriate. Economic losses begin when the authorities go beyond the boundaries of reasonable, giving an excessive preference to either economic or administrative methods.

We must not forget that the economic regulators themselves should be used maximum carefully, without weakening and without replacing market incentives. If the state ignores this requirement, launches regulators without thinking how their action will affect the mechanism of the market, this very market begins to malfunctions. After all, monetary or tax policy on the strength of its impact on the economy is comparable to centralized planning.

1. For more information, see: Zankovsky S. S. Entrepreneurial (economic) right in the 21st century: continuity and development // State at the turn of centuries. Environmental and natural resource law, labor law, entrepreneurial law. M., 2007.

2. Yakushev V.S. Civil Code of the Russian Federation and civil law // Civil notes. Inter-University Collection of Scientific Labor. M., 2001.

3. Existing international law. M., 1997. T. 3.

4. Federal Law of July 14, 1997. № 100-ФЗ (as amended from 23.12.2003) "On state regulation of agro-industrial production" // SZ.Rf.-1997.-№ 29.-Art.3501.

5. Oreshin V.P. State regulation of the national economy. M., 1999.

6. Komarov K. B. State Administration: funds in the economic sphere: Author. diss. Cand. jurid science Yekaterinburg, 2000.

7. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Management based management. M., 2007.

8. Bratonovsky S. N. The role and limits of state regulation of the organization and activities of consumer cooperation in the context of the transition to market relations // State and Law. 2001. No. 8.

9. V. Papava, "The Role of the State in the Modern Economic System", issues of economics, No. 11, 1993.

10. S. Holland, "Planning and Mixed Economics", Economy Questions, No. 1, 1993.

11. Wincel Y. State regulation and design of corporate structures. // Russian Economic Journal. - 1997. - №1.

12. Dudkin V. American and Western European approaches to indicative planning: Is synthesis possible on Russian soil possible? // Russian Economic Journal. - 1997. - №10.

In modern conditions, under state-state regulation of the economy, the market in the market is a system of modeling measures of a legislative, executive and controlling nature carried out by eligible government agencies and public organizations in order to stabilize and adapt to the existing socio-economic system to changing conditions.

State regulation of the economy is an integral part of the reproduction process. Specific directions, forms, the scale of state regulation of the economy are determined by the nature and acuteness of economic and social problems in a particular country in a specific period.

Objects of state regulation of the economy are areas, industries, regions, as well as situations, phenomena and conditions of the socio-economic life of the country where difficulties may arise, problems that are not automatically allowed, or allowed in a long-term future, and the removal of these problems is necessary for The normal functioning of the economy and maintaining social stability.

Objects of state regulation of the economy vary depending on the level of solved tasks: firms, regions, industries, sectors of the economy, economy as a whole (economic cycle, money circulation, prices), global (social relations, ecology), proper (relationships with other countries).

The initial purpose of state regulation of the economy is to ensure the welfare of society, economic and social stability, strengthening the existing structure within the country, adapting it to changing conditions. With a mixed economy, state regulation of the economy should ensure the effective functioning of the national economy in areas that cannot be solved with the help of a market mechanism.

From this general goal, the tree of mediating specific goals or directions of state economic policy is distributed, without the implementation of which the general goal cannot be achieved. These specific goals are inextricably linked with the objects of state regulation of the economy, which they are directed, as well as each other, although they are unequal importance and scales. One goal can not be delivered and achieved regardless of others. So, the goal is to ensure employment - aims to object - employment, but it is associated with the creation of conditions for the accumulation of capital, sectoral, industry and territorial structures of the economy, preparation and retraining of personnel.

Specific goals can serve as mediating to achieve others, higher for this current point of purpose. They partially overlap each other, some of them may be more important and subordinate to themselves others depending on the actual economic situation, from the priorities chosen by the government. Any of goals can contribute or prevent the achievement of another purpose.

The position of individual goals or directions of state economic regulation in the tree of goals is unstable. It is constantly changing depending on the economic situation, economic tasks advocated to the fore. In the conditions of the crisis, the primary purpose becomes exit from it, i.e. Reviving conjuncture. All other goals retreat and obey the primary. In the conditions of a long deficit of the balance of payments, the growth of external debt, reducing currency reserves to the fore, the primary goal is to improve the balance of payments and its subordinates - attracting capital to the country, increasing the competitiveness of national goods in world markets.

The goals of state regulation of the economy depend on many circumstances: the degree of overall development of the economy, its structure (modern and desired in the future), the measures of inclusion in the international division of labor. The classic set of goals of the bourgeois state is economic growth, full employment, economic efficiency, stable price level, economic freedom, fair distribution of income, economic security, trade balance.

State regulation of the economy should be linked to the regulation of other parties to life (politics, culture). In addition, the state is obliged to ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens, protection against mafia and corruption, compliance with legality.

The main border of state regulation of the economy is the possible misconception of its goals with the private interests of capital owners in the conditions of relative freedom of adoption of economic solutions.

The economic basis of state regulation of the economy is part of the gross domestic product, redistributed through the state budget and extrabudgetary funds, and state ownership. This basis determines the form of state intervention in the economy - direct and indirect intervention. Direct state intervention in the economy is an expansion of state ownership of material resources, lawmaking, management of manufacturing enterprises. Indirect state intervention in the economy - management of economics through various measures of economic policy.

Both of these forms are closely connected with each other, but this connection in a market and centralized economy varies significantly. Countries with a market economy, which began to form two to three centuries ago, are constantly looking for the optimal combination of state regulation and the functioning of the naturally established market mechanism. Countries with a current centralized economic system are trying to revive with the help of the state (as it can paradoxically sounds) that the most powerful life-giving private interest, without which there can be no market. The main problem at the same time is not to kill this life-quality interest in the arms of the state.

Types of state regulation - centrally managed planned economic economics, extreme economic liberalism (no limited private entrepreneurship), Keynesian state regulation model, mixed management (Great neoclassical synthesis), intermediate forms (Japanese, Swedish models).

The state performs its functions by applying various tools to which the market system places certain requirements.

First, any actions of the state taking market ties are excluded.

Secondly, affect the market as a self-passing system can be mainly in economic methods. If the state relies exclusively on administrative methods, it is able to destroy the market mechanism. At the same time, this does not mean that in a developed market household administrative methods do not have the right to exist, in some cases their application is not only permissible, but also necessary.

Thirdly, economic regulators should not weaken or replace market incentives, they should be applied on the principle of "not bothering the market".

Fourth, the state, applying economic regulators should constantly monitor their positive and negative effects that are responsible for the long-term consequences of their decisions.

Fifth, it is necessary to take into account national specifics, which significantly affects the economic activity of the regions and economic entities.

Although the global economic practice knows a lot of combinations of various methods of regulation, their internal structure, as a rule, remains unchanged. Some methods (both economic and administrative) are carried out in the economy the role of the supporting structure, is aimed at achieving the goals set, while others act as shock absorbers, are intended to quenit about negative effects, inevitably accompanying state regulation of the market economy.

Achieving the objectives of economic policy and the implementation of its main areas are provided by various tools (administrative and economic) state regulation of the economy.

Administrative tools are based on the power of state power and include prohibition measures, permits and coercion. Thus, the prohibition and permission measures can take the form of issuance of licenses for the occupation of a particular activity. When the authorities are interested, for example, in the termination of new industrial construction in the historic center of the city, they simply stop issuing licenses for new industrial construction instead of charging fines and increasing taxes. On the contrary, the permit for conducting a particular activity creates new areas of capital application, expands economic activity. The measures of coercion belongs that state bodies of developed countries oblige entrepreneurs to comply with certain conditions for labor protection, to establish treatment facilities, organize the production training of young people.

Economic and administrative methods are interrelated. Thus, any economic regulator carries administration elements, because it is controlled by this or that public service. In turn, in each administrative regulator there is something economic in the sense that it indirectly affects the behavior of the business entities. Speaking to direct control over prices, the state creates a special economic regime for manufacturers, forces them to revise production programs, to look for new sources of financing of investment, etc. It is necessary to adapt and consumers - change the structure of current demand, as well as the ratio between its volume and sum of savings.

At the same time, economic and administrative methods are opposite. Economic methods do not narrow the freedom of choice for entities that retain the right to free acceptance of the market decision. When, let's say, the state uses a percentage rate for regulating the economy for its debt obligations, the cash revenue owner sees a sign that the accuracy of private accommodation (bank deposits, the purchase of securities of private corporations, the acquisition of real estate, etc. ) Another one was added. And then it all depends on the ability of the state to attract the owner of the savings to their side to achieve the goals of regulation.

On the contrary, administrative techniques significantly limit the freedom of economic selection, and sometimes reduce it to zero. This happens there, where administration goes beyond the economically reasonable boundaries, acquires the totality, reincines the administrative and command system. Then the control becomes comprehensive, covering the entire economic process - production and its structure, costs, prices, product quality, wages, profit and its distribution, etc.

At the same time, administrative measures, suppressing individual economic freedom, are fully justified if they are used in cases where the maximum freedom of some subjects turns into severe losses for other subjects and market economy as a whole. There are areas where the use of administrative methods is effectively and does not contradict the market mechanism.

First, the rigid state control of the monopoly markets.

Secondly, the regulation of external effects and their environmental consequences. In this area, economic regulators are insufficient and ineffective, since if the lake is destroyed or the forest, then no financial sanctions will be resurrected. Administrative measures are needed: the conservation of a part of national resources, excluding their commercial operation, the allocation of environmental zones, in which certain types of production activities are invalid, direct prohibition of the use of environmentally harmful technologies.

Thirdly, the development of environmental standards that guarantee the population is environmentally friendly life, national standards and others, as well as control over their observance.

Fourth, the definition and maintenance of the minimum permissible parameters of the well-being of the population - a guaranteed minimum of wages, unemployment benefits, etc.

Fifth, the protection of national interests in the system of world economy, such as export licensing or government control over the import of capital.

Features of state regulation of the Russian economy. Features of state regulation of the economy in Russia state regulation of the Russian Federation

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