In the modern economic system, classical forms allocate. What is a traditional economic system is: signs and characteristics

The concept of species of economic systems

In modern economic space there is a general globalization of processes. The economy over the past few years has undergone great changes, it led to the fact that there was a new round in the development of world progress. This process is quite complicated for the internal and external economy, which causes serious difficulties in its change. The circumstances suggest that scientific understanding of the development of the global economic system is necessary.

Definition 1.

The economic system is a combination of interrelated economic elements forming a certain integrity, the economic structure of society; The unity of relations that make up about the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic benefits.

The main characteristics of economic systems

Usually allocated the following types of economic systems:

• traditional
• market
• mixed
• command.

The traditional economic system is based on natural production. This system exists for a large amount of time. The main features of the traditional economic system are community, caste, division to class. Production uses hand tools. Generations are peculiar to make the decisions of the past generation. This system is characterized by tradition and low productivity with conservatism in terms of production.

The market economic system is formed from the commodity production system. This system prevails private property and free pricing. The state is given the role of an observer for regulating the economic situation through laws. If "Drying" happens, then they corrects the so-called "invisible market's hand". What, for whom and how to produce the market.

Command Economic System - Opposite market Systemss. Its main characteristic is a centralization in matters: what, as for whom to produce. The demand for goods is assessed on the basis of statistical data and state plan. A distinctive feature of the command economic system is monopolism and a high concentration of production. Private property does not develop, as there are significant barriers to its existence. The main disadvantage of this system is the shortage of high-quality goods, since there are practically competitives, therefore the manufacturer does not improve the requirements for own production. Positive aspects There are resources - human resource and a quick response to any threats from outside.

The mixed economic system is present in almost all countries. This system combines elements of all systems and assumes economic freedom and regulatory role state. The implementation of entrepreneurship in this system is shifted from one economic system to another, being somewhere between the poles (market and command systems). The function of the state is to antitrust, tax and social regulation, which in its kind contributes to the growth of the country's economy and improving the quality of life.

Note 1.

To date, in the economy of world countries there are elements of all economic systems - both market and command and the remains of traditional. The most important industries from the point of view of the state are characterized by elements of the planned economy. Private companies are fully owned by the consumer sector. But on modern stage Until now, there are certain goods that cannot be created without a traditional economic system, for example, folk outfits. Therefore, the elements of this system exist so far in many countries.

Economic system - the established and current set of principles, rules, laws that determine the form and content of the main economic relationsarising in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of an economic product.

The type of economic system characterizes:

ownership form;

ways to distribute limited resources:

ways to regulate the economy.

In real economic reality, neither a purely market, no purely command economy exists, but takes place mixed economy mostly command or mainly market type With different social color.

Mixed economic system - The way of organizing economic life, in which such factors of production as land and capital are mainly in private property, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out both by markets and with significant state participation. The degree of these "mainly" and "with significant participation" may differ, so mixed economic systems can also be classified, for example, allocate Scandinavian, Japanese and other models.

Questions:

1. Set the correspondence between the types of economic systems and their features: to each position given in the first column, select the appropriate position of the second column. Write down the resulting sequence of numbers.

2. The list shows the features of the similarity of the centralized economic system with the traditional, as well as features centralized system from traditional. Select and enlect the sequence numbers of similarities, and then the ordinal numbers feature differences.

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3. List the three characteristic features of the Command-Administrative Economic System.

The correct answer may contain the following items:

control over the production and distribution by the state;

predominance (domination) of state-ownership for the means of production;

centralized pricing;

administrative economy management methods.

4. In any economic system, three main issues of the economy should be solved. Name these issues and provide three examples of the relevant decisions of these issues in a market economy.

The correct answer may contain the following examples:

"What to produce?" - decides taking into account the buying demand;

"How to produce?" - decides taking into account the motive of profitability, i.e. firms choose the most effective method production;

"For whom to produce?" - Decides in accordance with the requirements of buyers.

5. Get acquainted with the statement of a scientist-economist V. Leontiev. "A system of free entrepreneurship can be compared with a gigantic computer that can solve its own problems automatically. But everyone who dealt with big computers knows that sometimes they fail and cannot act unattended. " Name the type of economic system, which V. Leontiev says. List two economic problems that this system is capable of solving independently, and two economic problems that require state intervention.

The type of economic system that Leontiev says is a market economy.

Economic problemswhich this system is capable of solving independently:

Creating conditions for the effective allocation of resources in the economy (in accordance with the volume and structure of needs).

Providing freedom of choice for the consumer and manufacturer.

Limiting the possibilities of monopolies.

Creating stimuli to work.

Economic problems that this system cannot solve independently:

Ensuring the production of public goods (benefits that cannot be given to a separate person so that at the same time not to be provided to all other members of society).

Providing all people sufficient for their life income.

Regulation of external (side) effects.

The state can correct the situation associated with the underproduction / consumption of products as a result of the impact of external (side) effects using for this tax tools, Subsidies and regulatory measures.

David Ricardo (1772-1823) - English economist, specialist political economy.

Worked on London stock Exchange, engaged in business. Member of the House of Commons of the English Parliament from one of the ballots of Ireland (1819). Founder of the first political economy club in England (1821).

He worked with the ideas of A. Smith, speaking both as a follower and as an opponent.

He opposed the state intervention in the economy, spoke for free trade, follower of economic liberalism. The state, in his opinion, should not prevent free entrepreneurship and pricing, its economic function - taxation, but low and sat for citizens.

Follower of labor theory of value. It was noted that the price of goods depends on the amount and quality of labor, as well as its rarity. Labor is taken as the basis of the value of the goods, but other factors are not excluded, including random. The cost of goods is also not related directly to wages They produced it, because in addition, in addition to costs, profit is laid.

Divided natural I. market value Labor: means for keeping yourself and family and fee taking into account the real ratio of supply and demand. Supporter of quantitative money theory.

Adhered to the principle of specialization in production.

The best tax is a smaller tax.

Water and air are extremely useful, they are directly necessary for existence, however, under normal conditions, it is impossible to get anything in exchange. On the contrary, gold, although its utility in comparison with air or water is very small, exchanges for a large number of other goods.

Thus, the usefulness is not a measure of exchange value, although it is absolutely significant for this latter. If the subject is not suitable for anything, in other words, if he does not serve as our needs, it will be deprived of exchange cost, no matter how rare it is, or what would be the amount of labor needed to receive it.

Lecture:

Main economic issues

What to produce? It means to decide which in what quantity and what quality economic benefits (goods and services) need to be created.

How to produce? It means to decide which resources, technologies will be used in the production of certain economic benefits.

For whom to produce? It means to determine which categories of people (market segment) will be designed produced benefits, for example, toys for children, cosmetics for women.

Economic system - This is a set of principles and rules of economic relations arising in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods.

Scientists allocate traditional, planned (team), market and mixed economic systems. Consider their characteristic features.

Traditional economic system

Signs:

• solving questions that, as for whom it is based on traditions (continuity);
• the basis of the economy is agriculture;
• community ownership;
• universal manual labor and primitive production technologies, deterrent labor productivity growth;
• natural economy, production is aimed at satisfying own needs, not for sale;
• low turnover, respectively low level commodity-money relations;
• the closeness of society, the existence of caste or class division that does not allow people to move from one social group to another, as a result of which socio-economic progress is constrained.

The traditional economic system has its advantages and disadvantages. The benefits are continuity, simplicity of production organization, minor environmental pollution. The shortcomings are the low level of income, the shortage of widespread consumption goods, restriction of economic growth.

Planned (team) Economic system is one of the signs of totalitarian political regime. This type dominated during the USSR, but operates in modern statesah, for example, in North Korea, in Cuba.

Signs:

• solution of the main economic issues Belongs centralized state bodywhich provides policy planning;
• the basis of the economy is agriculture and foreign trade;
• the means of production are owned by the state, and in private ownership there may be only property intended for housekeeping;
• the emergence of public division of labor;
• administrative price regulation;
• monopolization of the market.

Market economic system

Market economy implies freedom business activitieswhich is guaranteed by the state. The basis of the relationship between manufacturers and consumers is an individual interest and its own benefit.

Signs:

• solving questions that, as for whom to produce owner, manufacturer, consumer;
• the basis of the economy is the sector of services;
• recognized the diversity of ownership forms, but private;
• deepening public division of labor;
• trade relations are widely developed;
• pricing is free and regulated by the laws of the market;
• competition;
• the production is widely implemented by HTR.

The main advantage of the market economy is the competition necessary for the manufacturers to seek high-quality products, and consumers had a wide selection of a certain product or service (range). Another advantage is the interest of manufacturers in using resources efficiently and satisfy the maximum needs of people at minimal costs. This system and disadvantages have. This inequality of income of the population, a significant social gap between poor and rich, unemployment, periodic economic crises. There is an acute problem of negative external (side) effects. For example, the activity of the pulp and paper plant causes water pollution (waste in water); An increase in the use of cars leads to air pollution. The state is forced to intervene in solving such problems, eliminating market imperfection.

This type of economic system combines signs of team and market systems with the predominance of the latter. Therefore, one of the important signs of a mixed economy is multisecture, when the role of both the state and individuals is significantly significant. But there may be in this system and the features of the traditional economy. For example, the manufacture of perfume in France is traditional. The role of state B. mixed economy Great and lies in:

• preventing a monopoly on the production of economic goods (with the exception of strategically important goods, for example, military equipment and weapons, space equipment);
• preventing the deficit of goods and services;
• stabilization of prices;
• ensuring employment of the working-age population and to assist disabled citizens (for example, disabled, pensioners);
• the production of public goods (for example, health and education);
• protection against unscrupulous market participants;
• in the fight against the negative external effects of production.

Essence and types of economic system

Definition 1.

The economic system is an ordered system of socio-economic and organizational ties of producers and consumers of goods (services).

Economic systems differ from each other:

1. System of socio-economic relations;
2. Organizational and legal forms of management;
3. Economic mechanism;
4. The system of incentives and motivation of participants;
5. Economic relations of enterprises and organizations.

The most common is the separation of economic systems on:

• Traditional
• Command
• Market
• Mixed.

Signs of the traditional economic system

Definition 2.

The traditional economy is an economic system that does not use the achievements of scientific and technological progress, since it takes effect with traditions.

The traditional system is characterized by:

1. backward technologies
2. wide distribution of manual labor,
3. multi-storey economy.

Note 1.

The economic problems of this society are solved through customs and traditions.

The main signs of the traditional economy can be called:

1. private property of production, personal work of the owners;
2. extremely primitive technology, which refers to the primary processing of natural resources;
3. community management, natural exchange;
4. the predominance of manual labor.

States that operate within the framework of the traditional economy are inherent in multipleness, which is the presence of various forms of management, which are based on various forms of ownership:

1. Communal ownership (Natural Community Farming),
2. Small Private property (peasant and craft small-handed production).

Command Economy: Essence and Basic Signs

Definition 3.

The command economy is an economic system in which material resources Basically belong to the state, while all economic activity Direct and coordinated by centralized management, planning and control.

When operating a team (planned) economy, the main economic decisions in the form of a plan of socio-economic development takes a centralized body.

Note 2.

The balance of the housekeeping in this system is achieved by executing plans.

Team planning economy existed in the form of a tough model. This model was characteristic of the former Soviet Union, as well as for many countries of Asia and Eastern Europe.

This type of economic system is based on state owned For all types of economic resources, the system of private property is almost completely excluded.

All areas of the economy are planned, while the execution of plans is required for all business entities. When operating a command economy, management of all enterprises from unified Center. For this reason, direct manufacturers cannot make economic decisions themselves lose the opportunity independent choice Suppliers of raw materials (equipment), sales of products.

In turn, society as a consumer is limited when choosing the proposed products.

Results of the functioning of this system:

1. Lack of competition
2. Reduction of product quality growth,
3. Decline in labor productivity,
4. Brake inhibition of innovation.

The dominance of command methods in the states of the former socialist republics leads to a well-established shortage of goods and services. According to the Hungarian economist, Ya. Kornai This economy is called the economies of deficiency.

Economic systems of modern states, as well as those that lined up in different countries Historically, presented in three basic models - traditional, team, as well as market. Each of the noted systems of economic management is characterized by specific features. Consider the features of the traditional economy as historically the earliest. What are its most remarkable characteristics?

Essence of the economic system

What is an economic system? There are quite a lot of approaches to the definition of this concept. According to one of the versions, under the economic system, it is necessary to understand the combination of laws, norms, traditions, values \u200b\u200band institutions, through which society solves the tasks associated with economic management, and also answers questions about what to produce, how and for whom.

Regarding classification - there is a traditional economic system, team and market. We study the specifics of each of them in more detail.

Features of the traditional system

The traditional economic system is characteristic, if we talk about the current period, for the state underdeveloped in the economic plan. It is based on conservative standards and installations related to the economy management methods, an understanding of the laws of supply and demand and interaction of economic activities. If we talk about the history of human development, the traditional economic system was characteristic of early referred periods, when the basis of economic systems of states and societies was handicrafts, agriculture, elementary forms of trade.

Apart from conservative plants at the level of rules and norms, it has quite slowly introducing new technologies. The first factor is the strong role of traditions - predetermines the reluctance of citizens to master new production, modernize the economic structure of society. The second is the slow introduction of new technologies - it becomes the reason that even if people wishes, bring something new to the economy of actual opportunities for this a bit.

Social inequality in traditional systems

The traditional economic system is characterized by an authoritarian, mainly, the principle of distribution of public goods. The main resources receive a certain elite. If we talk about tribal relationships - the leader or group are. The standard of living of most of the subjects of the society is low, since economic resources are concentrated in the hands of the ruling top. However, practical value This may not have, since conservative installations at the level of ideology may predetermine the lack of people's interest in any excesses, social protection, entrepreneurship. Therefore, the traditional type of economic system in some cases is characterized by very high resistance. There are not many factors under the influence of which in farms of this type can occur. The mechanisms of revolutionary changes from the inside, as a rule, are not formed by the conservative ideology.

The probability of appearing external actors interested in the fact that in one or another state with the traditional economy there is a transformation of the economic model is small. First, large players in the international business arena do not always wish the emergence of competitors. Secondly, it can be more profitable to interact with the traditional economy - as a rule, placing production there, albeit simple technologically, most often much cheaper than in developed countries.

Social characteristics of the traditional economy

The most important aspect that is useful to consider in the study of such a phenomenon as the traditional economic system is the characteristic of this model in a social context. The first thing that is worth saying is the basis of the management of community work. The release of goods is carried out by joint efforts. Revenue from their implementation is distributed among people who participated in the creation of relevant products. Sale of goods is carried out, as a rule, with the most minimal rates due to great competition, as well as a relatively small purchasing power Citizens who acquire them. In some cases, the local economy economies may include service industries - for example, reinforced with repairs.

Labor productivity in traditional communities is not the highest. Above, we noted that social benefits can be concentrated largely in the hands of the ruling elites. At the same time, in many cases, states build institutions social protection Citizens, since revenues that bring local farms can be extremely low, which creates a threat to political instability.

Sectoral structure of traditional economies

The main industry in traditional economies - agriculture. In order to organize production, we need, firstly, investments in the necessary infrastructure, secondly, the desire of people to do something else, which can differ significantly from traditional activities, it is possible to develop new knowledge, skills, competence. The communities of the considered type may be absent in the required value of both.

The agricultural industry is also usually not characterized by innovation. It is often due to a warm climate, in which the need for a significant modernization of growing technologies and the collection of fruits may be absent. In addition, direct buyers of relevant products may be not interested in improving agricultural work. The fact is that, due to the warm climate and other positive conditions for growing fruits, agricultural producers can be delivered from the need to use chemical fertilizers, genetically modify the products, use substances that accelerate the growth of vegetables and fruits. Buyers, therefore, begin to get used to the fact that agricultural products coming from one or another market will be completely environmentally friendly. They can lose interest in the acquisition of fruits that are grown when involving innovative approaches.

As for the production sectors of the traditional economy, most often these are small handicraft workshops. The technology of release of goods in them is also quite conservative. And it may also be due to the wishes of potential buyers of goods. Many of them prefer to acquire products manufactured by masters of the appropriate profile - dishes, interior items, furniture - which are made manually and when using natural materials.

So, the main signs of the traditional economic system: community-based economy, the predominance of agricultural products in the structure of manufactured goods, the presence of conservative standards in public behavior, limited access to new technologies. The corresponding business management model, in general, allows free trade, and this makes it possible to provide a preimbal standard of living for themselves and their family. In some cases, it becomes significant social role states.

Command Economic System

Having studied the characteristic features of the traditional economic system, we also investigate the specifics of the team model of the national economy. The main sign is the minimum intensity of free market relations. Key management economic processes Carries out the state. If we talk about early historical periods - feudal or slaveman. Although it should be noted that even in the relevant historical stages of human development, free trade rarely had restrictions. If we consider the positive features of the traditional economic system, then it is possible to distinguish the unpopularity of the prohibitions for the purchase and sale of goods by citizens. therefore practical examples Building a team economic model at the state level, before it appeared in the USSR, China, the countries of the Warsaw Agreement, North Korea, Albania, Cuba, find it difficult in history.

In most states, the economy of the appropriate type was fully or partially transformed into the market. Regarding the estimates of this fact in the expert community are the most active discussions. There are specialists who are confident that the command economic system was not established in the world due to low efficiency. Others, seeking, in particular, attention to China's experience, suggest that the corresponding model in many aspects is superior to any other, especially if we talk about the social orientation of the national economy. The refusal of states from the command economy was thus dictated by political reasons rather.

A characteristic feature of the traditional economic system is inequality in society. With a command economic model, it is not so pronounced. Therefore, in many states, the relevant economy management system was of great popularity, and in many modern countries - China, in Cuba, to a large extent in Belarus - works so far.

Command Principles of Economy Management

As we noted above, the sign of the traditional economic system is the presence of conservative standards for which the management is carried out. economic processes. How does the state solve the corresponding tasks when building a command model?

Key subject of economics in this case Speakers a certain political institution. His task is to form economic development plans, as well as to ensure their implementation. The corresponding political institution determines:

• what are the likely needs of people and society in certain resources;
• how many products of this or that type should issue specific enterprises;
• what technologies should be used when producing goods;
• how products will be distributed.

The state also solves issues with optimal placement of industries, supply and sales channels. With the command economic system, the power is established salaries, surcharges, desirable profitability indicators.

In some cases, the principles of self-regulation may be implemented in the economic systems of states. As a rule, this is expressed in permission to engage in entrepreneurial activities to some categories of citizens, provided that the corresponding activity will be mainly related to the satisfaction of personal needs, and not by the desire to get as much profits as possible. In this sense, traditional and command economic systems may have some similarity. In the first case, the basis of social production becomes just those farms that operate at the local level - private workshops, small shops, individual release of goods. In the case of the command economy, the allowed forms of entrepreneurial activity will most likely be the same.

Market economy

So, we investigated that such a team and traditional economic system. The characteristic of the second predetermines its pronounced incompleteness from the first. Mainly because the subjects of society and management with it have the right to relatively freely conduct economic activity. In this sense, the signs of the traditional economic system make it closer to the market, for which, first of all, the practically unlimited freedom of participation of citizens in the relationship of purchase and sale is characteristic. The level of state involvement in regulation of these processes is minimal.

The market economic system involves in the country of developed social institutions, first of all the participation of citizens in political management. The present-state development model requires the security of private property. Traditional, team, market economic systems are negligent in terms of the mechanism of distribution of public goods. In the first case, the main resources as we noted above are concentrated in the hands of ruling circles. With command system, they are distributed by the state.

Distribution of public goods in a market economy

The market economy suggests that public goods will be distributed in society, based on self-regulating demand and supply mechanisms. The best public benefits should, thus, acquire citizens who have the necessary capital. In turn, no one forbids other people to invest their work, establish their business, develop as economic Subject And acquire the same status - a person with capital. While, for example, characteristic feature The traditional economic system is an extremely difficult mechanism for promoting citizens of social status. Despite the fact that the relevant model of economic development does not prohibit market relationsIn practice, the possibility of developing a person's own business or the capitalization of its labor is greatly complicated by a shortage of access to technologies, the underdevelopment of the legal framework, often and disapproval of entrepreneurial activities from the surrounding.

Combinedness of economic systems

The most important moment to pay attention to: the types of economic system (traditional, team, market) considered by us, firstly, mutually combined, and secondly, if we talk about the current stage of the development of humanity, they are practically not found in pure formAt least at the level of the national economy of the state. Even in developed countries, there may be communities in which business communications may have signs of a traditional economy. For example - in Russia, as well as in many countries of Western Europe, a significant percentage of GDP provides agriculture. In terms of technology this industry It may be referred to as segments developing in the framework of the traditional economic model.

Command principles of economic management are preserved in many states - China, North Korea, in Cuba, to a large extent - in Russia, if we talk about state enterpriseswhich are leaders in many industries. Thus, in practice, in most countries of the world, the actual mixed economy model has been formed. She can combine signs of each of those considered by us.

What depends on the prevalence in the states of certain elements, which mostly characterize the types of economic systems considered by us? Traditional, team, market, mixed models are usually established by virtue of social factors, the historical specifics of the country's development, the influence of other states, geopolitical position. It is difficult to allocate a set of criteria to which states in all cases can focus when choosing optimal economy management models.

There are approaches in which the compatibility of the economic system of the country with market, teams or traditional principles should be determined based on the civilizational affiliation of the state. There are many countries formally independent with their own language and culture, but if you follow similar points of view forming a single civilization. In this case, even with notable differences in political priorities, it makes sense to practice similar approaches to the economy. Even if such theories are not considered as guidelines, it is possible to trace that in many states close to culture, there are very similar principles for building economic relations. For example, the economic successes of Asian states - Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore - many researchers are associated primarily with a developed culture of discipline and hard work in the national environment. If the appropriate basis was not, Western investors who are often attributed to a decisive role in the economic successes of these countries, probably would not be invested in the development of new high-tech industries in the territories, not too infrastructurely developed and not significant natural resources.

The noted discipline of Asian peoples, as researchers believe, is bound primarily with a huge role of conservative installations in socialization, education, perception of the world, in communications with other people, which have developed in the respective societies. Similar characteristic - distinctive trait Traditional economic system. However, in the case of national farms of the noted Asian states, we are talking about a successful combination of conservative approaches and full-fledged market mechanisms.

Thus, there are several forms of management in the global market. This economy is traditional, market, team and mixed economic systems. At the heart of the first - small-handed production, retail, Individual entrepreneurial activity with minor turns. Under the command economy, a leading role in economic management belongs to the state, in some cases individual forms of private business are permitted, allowing citizens to satisfy personal needs.

For market model Management of economic processes is carried out with minimal state intervention. Commercial communications are implemented on the basis of the laws of supply and demand. However, in its pure form, if we talk about the national economy with a separate country, the traditional, command or market economy is practically not observed. There may be a kind of basic business management model, but in most cases it will include elements of other systems.