Economic security problems in the modern world. Actual problems of the country's economic security
On the topic: Problems of economic security of Russia
Introduction
1. The modern state of development of economic security
1.1 Key trends in economic security issues
1.2. Factor of Globalization of National and Economic Security
2. Applied Aspects of Economic Security
2.1 Methods for determining key issues of economic security: historical aspect
2.2. Globalization as a threat to economic sovereignty of the state
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The study of the problems of economic security of Russia, rightfully, took currently the leading place in the work of Russian research and development and analytical centers. This topic dedicates a significant number of copyright articles, monographs, collective research. In essence, the modern socio-economic situation of Russia is such that, whatever research in this or that sphere is made by Russian economists, they cannot but affect the economic security of the country.
Economic security has various structural levels. We are talking about the economic security of the state, society, enterprises, personality. All these levels form a complicated economic system, which does not steer in airless space, and has a solid base - economic space.
The economic space is the basis of the modern economic system, while possessing relative independence. The economic role of space, its inhomogeneity, fragility and former times was taken into account when analyzing the conditions for the formation of differential land rent, which was expressed in specific value values.
purpose Course work - Determination of the place and role of economic security in the development system modern system Management.
We must not forget that space in a pair over time are fundamental philosophical categories whose nature has not yet been studied thoroughly.
1. The modern state of development of economic security
1.1 Key trends in economic security issues
Increased attention to the problem of economic security of Russia, there are objective processes and phenomena occurring in the national economy and russian society, as well as in the global economy and in international economic relations. The most important processes and phenomena seem to be appropriate to attribute, including the following.
First, the economic experiment of the 90s in Russia its main goal had converted property and control over national natural resources and the material base of social production. In general, it is quite clear that in order to quickly achieve this goal during privatization, the only effective means were chosen by the destruction of the state management system, since it was the state that the state was the main ownership holder for the conditions and means of production.
All this led to the fact that economic reforms were predominantly destructive, not a creative nature. Russia has established a peculiar record of the duration and depth of the economic downturn in peacetime. By the beginning of the new century, the socio-economic problems of Russia acquired such a sharp nature that the change in the internal and external economic policy was not a matter of discussions of economists and political scientists, but the issue of preserving the Russian state on the economic and political map of the world. As is known, the leadership of China, for example, as priorities of reforms, the goals of achieving economic growth due to the preemptive development of the production of long-term goods were chosen. Naturally, it was accompanied by a structural leader of ownership to the extent that this was the basic development goals without the destruction of the national management system.
National interests, state economic security issues and remain defining reforms carried out in China. As a result, the PRC demonstrated a record rates of economic growth, became one of the driving forces and a stabilizing factor in the global economy. All countries of the world, almost without exception, were literally "diluted" by Chinese goods, and the Chinese diaspora abroad ranked strong positions in local business circles not only developing, but also industrialized countries. Unlike many, this country was resulted in unfolding in 1997-1998. World Financial Crisis.
Secondly, as a result of the change of leadership of Russia at the turn of the centuries, the problem of economic security of the state from declarative and conjunctural began to gradually turn into a matter of practical economic policy state. This served as a impetus for new research and develop practical approaches to ensuring national security in various fields, including the security of financial and economic activities.
Thirdly, the process of commencement of relative financial and economic stabilization in Russia, which is currently observed, seems to reflect the completion of a certain transitional stage of deregulation of the National Economy. To a certain extent, the main partition of state ownership has already occurred, and entrepreneurship is more interested in preserving the current situation, in stabilization and consolidation of the achieved. New radical changes and public cataclysms no longer respond to the interests of entrepreneurship, for they can disrupt the normal production process, worsen the sales of products and services, and, most importantly, can threaten a new radical leader of the property.
In the current situation, Russian entrepreneurs are increasingly interested in consolidating their position in the context of the regulated market, while improving the legislative framework of entrepreneurship, the protection of personality, property rights, in other words, in the state of its principle to ensure the economic security of financial and economic activities.
Fourthly, there was a clear disappointment by the results of reforms in the environment of economists and political scientists from among the "reformers", who were standing at the origins of the origin of economic transformations. Thus, not only the majority of the population left "overboard" market reforms remained, but also a significant part of the Russian scientific elite began to critically evaluate the results of the economic experiment in the country. The demand for economic and political "radical liberalism" was extremely high at the stage of the destruction of the existing system government controlled and privatization. However, as in other social shocks that happened in the history of the history, ideologists of radical reforms turned out to be superfluous after the completion of the redistribution of national wealth. Under these conditions, the Russian economic literature increased the critical understanding of the reforms carried out, the role of the state in the economy and issues of ensuring national economic security increased in economics.
Fifth, globalization of the global economy and international production relations poses the preservation of the national-state form of organizing economic systems. Russian entrepreneurship, having received direct access to world markets, in many cases faces not just with individual competitive companies, but with state-monopolistic structures, with which they are unable to confront alone.
The fact that in the process of globalization, the problem of national interests and economic security of the state is exacerbated, such trends are evidenced as exercising in the explicit and hidden forms of state support for national business in world markets; expansion and increase in the number of areas of the national interests of the leading countries of the world, primarily the United States; Active study of the problems of ensuring the safety of national interests by foreign political scientists and economists.
It would be possible to continue to list the objective processes underlying the strengthened recent attention to the problem of Russia's economic security. However, the trends listed above and the research leading by Russian scientists and specialists suggest that the problem itself is not contraded, but quite specifically.
1.2. Factor of Globalization of National and Economic Security
In extensive literature on the entire spectrum of state, national and economic security issues has not yet received due coverage, the globalization factor, which is interpreted mainly as the next stage of the linear development of international division of labor. And in modern economic literature there are reasoning on the comparative costs and comparative advantages of various division of labor between countries. It is assumed that it is still deployed on the basis of the principle of mutual benefit and interdependence and not so long ago, the last word in the theory of international relations was the concept of the interdependence of nations and states in the system of world economy.
However, the experience of world, or, as it was denoted in the literature, the "Asian" crisis of 1997-1998, although this crisis is not regional, and the systemic, evidenced that the flight of capital organized by major financial speculators, bankrupt dynamically developing countries of the Asian region, changed The configuration of the global economy, with a destructive role of global financial capital on the surface.
There are many examples, but one can lead only one - more than the sad fate of Indonesia, who had a hoping of high-tech industries at the XXI century and could really take a worthy place among developed countries. Moretenance capital care in the form of portfolio investment ruined the country, caused the most acute social conflicts and even the section of the territory.
On such examples, you can estimate the whole degree of risk for national economies, which is associated with the globalization factor. With this in mind, the country must be ready for proactive actions in order to ensure its economic security.
At the same time, it is necessary to correctly determine the vector of such actions. Some experts consider a particular destabilizing factor in a similar decline in world prices for exported raw materials, as the main source of foreign exchange earnings in the country. However, economic threats are significantly more for our country, as well as for many others, currently coming from the instability of currency and financial markets. This is no longer interdependence, but dependence within the system of world economy, due to its structural unbalancement.
The factor of globalization violated the relative equilibrium of the system of world economy, the interdependence of its structural elements and components.
The qualitative difference between the global system from the previous traditional model of international economic relations, its structural asymmetry is not only due to hypertrophy of its financial segment, but also its separation from the system due to the exclusive mobility of portfolio investment.
Specialists in connection with this indicate a threat to the country's economic security of suddenly flashing financial epidemics: "Thus, we are talking about the formation of qualitatively new processes that make the situation with a less manageable traditional set of levers. This trend is enhanced by the peculiarities of the behavior of the market operators, the action of which can be provoked by the steps of some major participants (the so-called crowd behavior - Herd Behavior). Hence the threat of dissemination of financial epidemics, often based on subjective market sentiment. It is these circumstances forcing many economists and practitioners (P. Krugman, J. Bhagwati, J.Soros, etc.) to talk about the need to limit the mobility of capital, reduce the destabilizing opportunities "hot" short-term money. "
Following the old scheme, it can be assumed that the mobility of capital is an investment potential for material production, that the competitive mechanism of free overflow of capital is the basis of the modernization of production. So it was until that time, until the financial capital was functionally connected with productive capital.
However, for some time there is another scheme. Despite the short historical term of its implementation, the material has already accumulated to summarize some of the results.
Of course, a new situation requires deep scientific research that are with successful economic practice capable of ensuring the economic security of the country at all its structural levels.
2. Applied Aspects of Economic Security
2.1 Methods of determining key economic security issues
The urgency, complexity and novelty of the economic security and security of its financial component in the context of globalization involves a combination of empirical analysis with the implementation of the scientific potential of the methodology and theory.
Deep structural changes in the system of economic relations in our country were quite naturally given a powerful impetus to the development of specific applied work on the entire spectrum of market relations, their structure and infrastructure. Our scientists, specialists, practitioners had to master both a new economic vocabulary and new approaches to real economic processes.
The issues of methodology and theory were moved to the background and even further, perhaps because of their dubious "Marxist" origin. Generations of young candidates of economic sciences are dealt with the difficulties of banking, but it is believed that the methodology and technique are the same. But if applied economic researchIt may be possible to restrict ourselves to the techniques, then for a qualified definition of the nature of such complex phenomena, as economic security, must be used in the complex and method, and theory.
As a method in this work, an attempt was made to use the universal principles of the system approach.
Economic security issues are already being actively developed in our country, a solid basis has been created for its further theoretical understanding, a number of definitions are proposed. But it seems that work done is predominantly analytical. The subject is studied in parts, and it has come from the private to go to the general, i.e. Synthesize. The result of the synthesis The subject studied is economic security - will appear as a whole, and the whole, as follows from the general theory of systems, there is a interconnected set.
With regard to economic security, this can be represented as interconnected many economic relations within a large system, organized by the principle of the hierarchy, i.e. Sports of some structural elements of the system to others.
The main property of the system is its integrity. This means that the system is not a simple set of its elements, their arithmetic amount. Its high-quality certainty depends on the strength of the interaction, its clutch component parts. If individual elements fall out of the system, it does not decrease, but it is destroyed.
The consequence of the integrity of the system is integitivity. Integability is the basic law of any system - technological, biological, cultural, military, social, economic. The integency of the system in abstract form is expressed in incorruptibility of the parts of the system to their sum, which is more components.
In the economy language, this means that the system through the interaction of its parts creates an additional productive force, which is more productive forces of its parts taken separately.
The positive dynamics of the economic system is characterized by natural and monetary, absolute and relative indicators and indicates its economic security.
Economic security is a dynamic integral integrity of the economic system.
Economic security refers to the category of complex economic categories, in this capacity it reflects the relationships and interdependence of the large economic system. This system can be characterized with varying degrees of abstraction in accordance with the methodological principle of climbing from the abstract to a specific one. Therefore, the proposed definition due to its abstractness is deployed into a number of other, more specific definitions as the necessary approximation to the modern realities of the Russian economy.
Nevertheless, to understand the current situation in the constantly reformed economy (although it's time to stop at least in order to understand what economic system we are) with minimal costs, using the developments of theory, thereby carrying out the transition from the methodological to the conceptual Principles of research.
However, if the universal principles of the system approach developed as a method of studying the science, then modern economic science does not have such universal principles. On the contrary, it disintegrates into various schools, directions that offer contradictory concepts explaining the same economic phenomena and processes are often from opposite positions.
In recent years, an opinion on the crisis of economic theory as a whole has become applied. Both in our country and in the West economic theory It turned out to be insolvent in solving problems of transitional post-socialist economies. For example, inflation forecast for Russia turned out to be understated ten thousand times, privatization did not lead to the emergence of an effective owner. True, claims in this case should be seen by economists of the liberal direction. Famous Western economists of alternative destinations - the late V. Neontyev, K. Eerrow, J.Tobin, and others - critically reacted to the recommendations of experts close to the International Monetary Fund, for which the main thing is to remove the state from the economy, while economists close to institutional The direction believes that during the period of radical structural restructuring of the economy, the regulatory role of the state should not be attenuated, but to increase.
Within this study, there is no possibility to stop on this issue specifically. However, it is incorrectly due to the need to refer to theory.
The reform of the economy of our country was carried out and carried out according to the liberal model, and its failures, at least in the West, explain the opposite: supporters of economic liberalism - the fact that the state continues to interfere in the economy, and their opponents - the fact that the state has eliminated from regulating complex Economic processes, which ultimately led to the threat to the loss of its economic security.
In 2001, a study was published in the United States, carried out under the auspices of the American Independent Research Institute of the World under the eloquent name of the "Tragedy of Russian Reforms", in which the thesis is consistently held that reforms would be effective in economic and social relations if they were carried out otherwise, Democratic, taking into account the interests of the country's population, its economic security.
The liberal reform model was, as already noted, focused on the eradication of state ownership, the creation of a social base of capitalism and has already conceptually created a threat to the country's economic security, since there were no criteria for economic and social efficiency in this model.
The reality of such a threat was not accidentally focused on the attention of politicians, sociologists, economists, and the problem of the economic security of our country came out on the first place.
The crisis state of modern economic theory can be viewed as an incentive to develop new approaches on the basis of the economic knowledge gained over many decades, which cannot be depreciated due to the failure of any school or theory.
In this regard, a large scientific potential has an institutional theory, the fashion for which he led to significant costs and confusion, since it is difficult to figure out why, for example, there are some of the "new institutionalism" and "neo-indictance".
As it seems to us, modern economic theory cannot be reduced to institutionalism, no matter how they interpreted, it should rely on the synthesis of the actual interpretation of classics, neoclassics and institutionalism. This embodiment of the general economic theory is close to the fact that Academician RAS V.Maevsky calls an evolutionary theory. He writes: "Modern paradox post-industrial society It is that the fundamental economic science in countries who have achieved success in the field of technological progress is still in captivity of the so-called orthodoxia, above all, neoclassical theory. The latter inadequately describes the features of a technologically progressive market economy ... The consequence of such a paradox can be considered the fact that between orthodoxy and modern business In the field of technology, something like the Chinese wall has arisen. "
The author rightly indicates the timeliness of the process of becoming a modern evolutionary theory, which considers economic development as an irreversible process of increasing complexity, diversity and productivity of production due to periodically repeated change of technology, types of products, organizations and institutions (rules of behavior, according to D.Norta).
D.Norta, the Nobel Prize laureate, is the most authoritative representative of the version of institutionalism, which adequately perceives and scientifically interprets a modern economy, which is based on the interaction of market and non-market factors.
I.Kornai, which made significant clarifications in the principles of systemic research under the "system paradigm", seemingly visiting it by incorporating both market and non-market institutions into the system.
It offers a fairly broad understanding of the concept of institutions, which "includes the dominant legal structure of the system under consideration, its moral standards and property rights, the distribution of government centers, incentives interacting with the subjects of society and the information structure."
The modern economic system is a more complex and more controversial interaction of its constituent elements and components than the system of classical market economy of the past. That is why it is advisable to trace the process of occurring historical changes, comparing the past with the present, contacting the classic system paradigm.
As you know, the classic school of English political economy implemented a historical transition from fragmentary economic knowledge to systemic. It was the classics that carried out a breakthrough in theory, submitting a market economy as a large economic system of public division of labor, in which the connection between production and consumption is mediated by exchange and distribution.
A large economic system is economic relations between people in the process of production, exchange, distribution and consumption, which are self-regulated by the "invisible market hand", i.e. Competition. A large system structurally consists of small systems. This means that both the production and exchange, and distribution and consumption have relative independence, their own structure and development logic. We emphasize that this independency is relative, i.e. It should not go beyond the limitations between small systems in accordance with the principles of hierarchy and integrity.
It is advisable to submit a large economic system through the relationship of its enlarged blocks - production and appeals. This is a departure from the scheme under consideration, but it allows you to stop on two interpretations of the nature of the relationship between them, the concept of primacy of production over the appeal and the exchange concept, the decline in the sphere of circulation, a decisive role.
The classical concept of the primate of production over the appeal was opposed in the past and confronts in this exchange concept, considering the sphere of treatment as a system, and production is as a subsystem.
Of course, 200 years ago there were other terms in circulation. The question rested into the nature of wealth and sources of its achievement. The wealth was the central theme and the subject of controversy between mercantics, on the one hand, and physiocrats, and then the classics on the other. Classics, as you know, wealth tied with the production of material goods.
Thus, in industrial capitalism, profit growth was ensured by the expansion and modernization of production, led to an increase in labor productivity, with an increase in the wealth of individual capitalists, the wealth of society increased. Capital needed qualified workers, and this expanded the scope of education, the capital was interested in the development of science and technology, using their achievements in a competitive struggle. The system was integrative, its dynamics is positive. On this real soil, the ideology of liberalism was completely organically formed. The current new economic system was dynamic, its integitivity is no doubt. The relationships and interrelations of production, exchange, distribution and consumption were mediated by the market; The contradictions embedded in the relative separateness of each small system are successfully resolved until the first crisis of overproduction, which occurred in 1825 and was considered first as a temporary failure in the sphere of sales. But in the future it turned out that since 1825 the market system joined the stage of cyclic development ongoing until now.
During the crisis period, the system loses the properties of integitivity, the whole ceases to be more than its parts. In terms of organizational science - Tektology A. Bogdanova Ingression there is a general form of chain communication and an equal organization. Its opposite is disingression or disorganization, the sign of which is "a decrease in the practical amount of the activity itself by the method of their combination. And it becomes conceivably only in this form that some of them becomes resistances for some other parts. " Such a certain part that affects resistance is consumption limited by solvent needs. Resistance in consumption acts constantly and only gradually reaches the critical mass manifested through the crisis.
To the global crisis 1929-1933. The system itself coped with crises, and each lifting point of the economy exceeded the previous one. The system developed on the uplink, although through periodic decals, i.e. She was in relative economic security.
However, the global crisis is 1929-1933, especially destructive in the United States and the "Great Depression" right there, turned out to be irreversible. It was in the full value of this determination of the crisis of the market self-regulation system.
The exit from the crisis was not carried out by the "invisible hand of the market," not through the mechanisms of competition, and the methods of tight state regulation in the framework of the "New Course" of President Roosevelt. Adopted laws "On the restoration of the national industry", "On the regulation of agriculture" and others contradicted the American Constitution, but they answered the needs of US National Security, the central place in which economic security was given.
The history of the mixed economy in the United States and in Europe begins with the "new course" of Roosevelt and in Europe, where economic policy has been influenced by J.Kains's ideas set forth in them in 1936 a monograph "General theory of employment, percentage and money."
Keynesianism was established in the post-war period for three decades. Each government of any developed country put the struggle with unemployment through an increase in the aggregate population demand. Without going into details of its sufficiently argued recommendations to increase total demand in order to stimulate investments at the expense of various social benefits, etc., it can be stated that they are ultimately headed for intrasystems of production and consumption. But for this, the methods of state intervention in the economy, both direct and indirect, through financial and credit tools and leverage were necessary for this.
The terms owned by Keynes, such as the "built-in stabilizer", the "budget multiplier", indicate the introduction of non-market institutions into the system of market relations.
The predecessors of Keynes in a certain sense in this direction were American institutionalists who paid attention to the limitations of neoclassical analysis economic behavior The person who is guided allegedly only the relationship of supply and demand, whereas, in reality, various institutions are influenced by his behavior - family, trade unions, traditions, upbringing, culture, religion. J. Kommons, for example, considered such a market category as a value not as a result of the interaction of supply and demand, but as a product of the legal agreement of "collective institutions".
In the 20s of the 20th century, institutionalists justified the state intervention in the economy goals of curbing the power of the monopolies, in the 30s the main task of the state was considered anti-crisis regulation. In this regard, the structure of a large economic system became complicated by embedding in its subsystem of non-market institutions, or stabilizers. Thus, in direct production, the relationship between labor and capital has lost a purely market nature due to the legislative establishment of minimum wages and the participation of trade unions when concluding collective agreements between employees and their employers.
In the postwar period, state support for business has become carried out through tax breaks, the method of accelerated depreciation, which for the first time began to be applied in the United States in 1942. The other countries began to be used: in 1948 Germany, in I960. France, in 1962 - United Kingdom .
Social payments, including unemployment benefits, should be attributed to the number of built-in stabilizers. Indeed, taxes, at the expense of which unemployment benefits are financed, increase sharply when the level of employment is high. Therefore, the reserve fund grows during the boom and puts pressure on too much expenses, while holding back inflation. On the contrary, during the period of weak employment, the reserve fund is used to pay income, which increases the effective demand, supporting consumption, which leads to a decrease in the rate of falling production, thereby softening the decline.
Other types of benefits are such as charitable payments outside the framework of the social insurance system - in the nature of its automatic anticyclic regulation also belong to the stabilizing type.
Thus, not only the production segment of the economic system falls out of the space of free competition to the extent that state regulation exists. This also applies to the exchange, and to distribution, and to consumption.
One of the conditions of Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization is, as you know, deregulation of agricultural production. However, in the United States, Canada and Europe, favorable climatic conditions do not prevent agricultural subsidies in the amounts of inconsistencies with the costs of this key industry in the point of view of its economic security. In the United States, the number of employees in the system of the Ministry of Agriculture is inferior only to the Pentagon, but does not matter in quantities, but in the diversity of those functions that employees of this Ministry on regulating such an important industry.
The State in the United States uses a powerful tool for stabilizing the economy through the purchase system of goods and services for its needs in order of 2 trillion. US dollars, i.e. He is a permanent participant in exchange relationships. These data do not give a complete picture of the institutional features of the modern economic system, but can serve as the exposure of the myth on the advantages of a free competitive market system, which is not long in nature.
The inclusion in the economic system of non-market institutions is caused by the objective need to ensure its economic security and was achieved by maintaining the integrity of the system, greater or less consistency of its structural elements and components. Periodically arising after the crisis of the 30s. The last century, the decline did not wear a threatening character for economic security, with the exception of world crises of 1974-75. And in 2001, the crisis ongoing currently, which in many signs is systemic.
It can be argued that the crisis of the early 70s. The last century was the prologue of the modern crisis.
In the early 70s of the past century, two events occurred, which put a fingerprint for the next years. This is the collapse of the Golden Standard as a result of the US refusal to exchange the Member States of the IMF paper dollars for gold.
The masses of paper dollars were released into Euroras, then Eurobonds were issued, the emission of which was not taxed, Euro-commercial bills appeared with the terms of payment in Euroovat, etc. It was a primary committee to a separate position of the sphere of treatment in an economic system, which quickly gained proper.
Another important event of the early 70s was the organization of the international cartel manufacturers and exporters of OPEC oil and its decision on a multiple increase in oil prices.
Both of these factors had an impact on the nature of the next cyclical crisis, which was distinguished by a combination of high unemployment with high inflation formally controversial Keynesian combination model low level Unemployment with dosage inflation.
For the classic cycle in the depression phase, a decrease in prices is characterized and on this basis, the resorption of commodity surplus, the crisis in 1974-1975. In this regard, it was not classic, prices were held at a high level not only due to oil prices, but also due to an excess of money in circulation related to the collapse of the Gold Standard.
The accusations of the current situation in the address of Keynesian anticyclic regulation were at least not correct. Keynes recommended paper emission as a government's money reserve, which should be used for investment in the recession period, but with the condition that investments should go to the real sector of the economy, and not for speculative operations in the markets.
The ambiguity of the course for deregulation and liberalization of economic relations has another aspect - the discrepancy between the ideology of economic liberalism and the real practice of state regulation in all economically developed countries with the "market economy".
The deregulation course in the framework of the Reaganomy or Tetcherism was resolutely extended, but was realized with great care. In practice, Keynesian methods of impact on economic cycle, for example, the well-known practice regulatory practice loan percent central Bank USA - Fed, its increase in the period of high conditions and decline during the recession period.
Under state protection and control remained important areas having key value For the economic security of the country, for example, agriculture and energy, not to mention military, space programs.
Only in 1996, the California's legislature decided to abolish state control over the power supply system within its jurisdiction.
It was assumed that energy producers released from state control will enter into noble competition for the consumer, earn market mechanisms and prices will begin to fall, as written in the textbooks "Economics". According to the pricing model of A. Marshall, which formed as a result of the rise in prices due to the exceeding demand over the proposal of surplus profits, which he called "Quasirew" should be invested on the increase in production capacity, as a result, the supply will increase and prices will decrease.
However, in real reality it turned out that the construction of powerful power plants requires billions of dollars of investment, i.e. Long money, whereas electricity deficit during peak hours allows it to sell it at a price, 8-10 times higher than the costs of its production. California has encountered the practice of fans outliers, which made a strong impression on other states that are not hurry to take advantage of the free market economy in the California model.
The investment in the real sector of the economy becomes unattractive in comparison with the fantastic yield of stock exchange speculation and the possibilities of transferring enterprises to countries with low labor costs. This practice is associated with the activities of transnational corporations (TNC), which explodes national economic systems and does not fit into the traditional economic theory of international division of labor. New World Economy, which began to be marked as global, did not receive a decent theoretical interpretation. It is natural, neither in the system of A. Smita, nor in the system of K. Marx, nor in the J.Kains system, who considered international processes as national processes that came out of their borders, and did not give them the special importance they acquired currently.
2.2. Globalization as a threat to economic sovereignty of the state
Indeed, in the past, the external economy did not break off from its national soil, international economic relations had interstate nature and guaranteed the inviolability of sovereignty and ensuring economic security, the principle of mutual benefit acted in international exchange.
Globalization creates a threat and sovereignty of the state and its national security, if it is considered in the aspect of the activities of TNC, for which the territory of the Earth is equal to the economic space for the implementation of free movement of goods and capital.
It is known that the basis of the economic global system is about 500 TNCs, five of them control more than half of the world production of long-term goods, as well as aircraft, electronic equipment for cars, etc.
Supporting the ideology of economic liberalism, speaking for the free movement of capital, goods, services within the global economic space, the TNCs themselves use planning, set prices not as a result of the struggle of supply and demand, but an administrative way. But the most important thing is that in the 1990s of the last century there was a transformation of transnational capital to financial capital with his separation from real capital.
At the system level, this means a gap between the sphere of production and the sphere of treatment, a violation of the balance of communication between production, exchange, distribution and consumption. And this is no longer abstract reasoning, but an objective reality, expressed in numbers. So, if in 1990, 600 billion US dollars were sent to cash speculations daily, then in 1997 - more than 1 trillion. US dollars, which is 29-30 times the cost of goods sold for the day of goods and services.
Out of Finance OT real economy It is the historical reality of the end of the twentieth century.
With an increase in the power of computers in the market valuable papers Secondary securities united by the general concept of "derivatives" began to dominate. These are futures, swaps, options, etc. Not so long ago, these securities were a kind of insurance for a real economy. But then, with the development of the electronic market, the trade of derivatives has become completely autonomous. In the mid-90s of the XX century. T. Ekisher, Commercial Director of Deutsche Bank, defined the situation as follows: "The financial world is emancipated from the real sphere."
Such emancipation was expressed in astronomical sums: at the end of the XX century. The total market of secondary securities is approaching 100 trillion. US dollars, and the annual turnover of financial transactions has reached Polkvadrillion US dollars.
The economist who did not accept the postulates of modern monetarism should ask the question of how such fantastic amounts can be achieved, which is the source of the enrichment of financial speculators, did the old mercantlers be right, who believed that the source of wealth is trade? The answer may be unequivocal: super-profits of financial speculators are the result of the redistribution of material wealth on a global scale. It makes it possible to liberalize national economies, depriving the state of hard financial control, regulation founded Market, preserving national wealth.
The new economic system emerging as a result of the globalization contains a destructive gene, the referring and multiplied value of the asymmetry factor - hypertrophy of the stock market, which is powered by dimensionless credit resources.
Famous historian, Ethnologist L.Gumilev space and time called the parameters of the history of ethnic groups. Space, he gave essentially an economic definition, calling it a "accommodating and nursing landscape." It is extraordinary he interpreted time, emphasizing the convention and linear, and cyclic time.
But the time, like the space, has an economic content, for example, an indicator of hourly labor productivity, cyclicality of a market economy, timing depreciation deductions etc. These indicators at the same time may include an integrative safety indicator of the economic system. It should be explained that logically, at the level of the theory, we can talk about a single integrative indicator of economic security, its positive dynamics. However, economic security is composed of a variety of factors - military, political, economic, social, demographic. Special importance in modern conditions have energy and food security directly related to economic space. And there is nothing new. As we have seen, the economic aspect of space was taken into account earlier in theory, and in practice, but the economic space was not an independent object of scientific research and was not considered as an economic category, as is currently happening.
To put forward the security problem of the economic space on the fore there are quite serious grounds.
Of course, this is directly connected with the globalization, which was already discussed. However, attention to the negative manifestations of globalization constituting the threat of economic security not only for Russia, but also for the world economy should not distract from objective processes underlying the globalization of world space.
The economic space coincides with the territory in a natural closed farm, which exists according to the principles of self-sufficiency, or Avtarkia.
In a market economy, the economic space is determined by the scale of production and the geography of the sale of its product. Its conquest is carried out on the basis of specialization and cooperation. This is the material basis of the activities of the TNC, for which the territory of the Earth is an economic space without national borders in which capital, goods, services are freely moving. Unified and non-prone economic space makes modern communications and, potentially, "Internet".
The economic space has become an aggressive economic, competitive environment that remains unknown for new competitors. Therefore, Russia should all use their intellectual potential, natural resources, part of the surviving production base for relevant support for their national manufacturers and potential exporters.
With the support of state protectionism, soft, hidden, as is done in countries with a developed market economy, domestic entrepreneurs through the inevitable mergers and acquisition processes can proceed to the conquest of economic space, or, more precisely, to its retreat. It will not be superfluous that the Western and the market of S.Vitte insisted on the conduct of active protectionist policies in relation to the young Russian capital.
In the Soviet system, the main role in ensuring economic security at all its structural levels was carried out. In addition to the powerful apparatus of political control, which is borne by the public, the state has no less powerful economic base.
However, without deepening so to the end, it was not fulfilling the question of comparative advantages or vices of various control models, we note something in common: the role of the state in the economy is proportional to the resources that it disposes, be it budget, natural resources, ownership.
The Russian state continues to be exempt from such a burden as industrial enterprises, land, reduces taxes and thereby depriving the possibility of providing a significant impact on economic processes, not to mention economic security and its one of the main threats - the flight of capital from the country. This sick question is not discussed properly, although it is the cause of the state budget.
Landing the economic space of business, the state should not shy away from the fulfillment of modern functions inherent in it - political, economic, social. State regulation of economic processes should be aimed at restoring optimal proportions between production, exchange, distribution and consumption. This goal can be the institutions of property rights, contract law, competitive order, etc., the activation of which is able to reduce the uncertainty factor, reduce the risks and threats of economic security and business and the state.
Conclusion
Summing up some results, it can be stated that the economic security of Russia is closely related to the structure and dynamics of the world economy, which is in a state of potential systemic crisis. Our country can protect their economy from the risks of globalization.
The response to the needs of ensuring economic security can be scientific achievements of the theory of the catastrophe, the subject of which is the study and prevention of risks, conflicts and crises.
The need to appeal to the theory of disasters for many became apparent already at the beginning of the "restructuring" and the answer to it was the publication of the monograph academician V. Marnold "A Catastrophe Theory", in which landmarks were formulated to respond to difficulties and probable unwanted consequences of reforms.
The main thing is to realize the nonlinearity of transient processes to which it is necessary to adapt to managers accustomed to linear thinking.
This can be understood as a call for operational and non-standard solutions and actions to prevent the country's economic security crisis, primarily by the state, but not only by the state, as well as by the institutions - norms, mechanisms, rules of conduct.
List of used literature
1. Abalkin L.I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Economy issues. - 1994. - № 12
2. Arnold V. Catastrophe Theory. - M., 1990.
3. Bogdanov A.A. Textology. Universal Organizational Science, Book 1. - M., 1989. - P. 161.
4. Bogdanov I.A. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: Spaigne, 2005. - P. 28
5. Gumeleev A.A. From Russia to Russia. - M., 1992; Osipov Yu.M. Russia is in relevant time-space // Philosophy of the economy. - 2004. - № 5.
6. Ershov M. Russia and the levers of globalization policies // ME and MO. - 2003. - № 5. - P. 3.
7. Zagashvili V.S. Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardaria, 2004. - P. 114
8. Illarionov A.I. Economic security criteria // Economy issues. - 2004. - № 10
9. Martin G.P., Schumann H. Western Globalization: Attack for prosperity and democracy. - M.: Publishing House "Alpina", 2001. - P. 82.
10. Movsesyan A., Fires S. Transnational capital and national states // ME and MO. - 2004. - № 6. - P. 56-57.
11. Nekipelov A.D. The consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In Sat.: Macroeconomic and financial policies in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Materials of situational analysis. - M.: IMPI RAS "Epicacious", 2004. - P. 77.
12. Orttya R. RAO UES California. - N.G. 01/20/2001.
13. Pankov V. Economic Security // Interlink. - 2002. - № 3
14. Plisetsky A. Economic Security: Currency and Financial Aspects // ME and MO. - 2005. - № 5.
15. Plisetsky D. Economic Security: Currency and Financial Aspects // ME and MO. - 2004. - №5. - P. 28.
16. Puzanov V.I. Intellectual potentials of the United States and Russia: on the way to competition of minds // USA and Canada. - 2003. - № 12.
17. Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 1970. - T. 5; Bogdanov A.A. Textology. Universal organizational science. - M., 1989.
18. Chekmarev V.V. On the theory of economic space // News of St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance. - 2005. - № 3.
19. Economic Security: Production - Finance - Banks / under. ed. VC. Senchagova. - M.: Finstatinform, 2004
20. Reddaway P. & Glinsky D. The Tragedy of Russia's Reforms. Market Bolshevism Against Democracy. - Wash.: United States Institutes of Peace, 2001.
See: Illarionov A.I. Economic security criteria // Economy issues. - 2004. - № 10; Economic Security: Production - Finance - Banks / under. ed. VC. Senchagova. - M.: Finstatinform, 2004; Bogdanov I.A. Economic security of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: Pyranov, 2005. - P. 28; Abalkin L.I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Economy issues. - 1994. - № 12; Pankov V. Economic Security // Interlink. - 2002. - № 3; Zagashvili V.S. Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardaria, 2004. - P. 114; Plisetsky A. Economic Security: Currency and Financial Aspects // ME and MO. - 2005. - № 5.
For example, Nekipelov A.D., analyzing the process of globalization and the financial sphere, notes: "... there was a modern currency and financial system, characterized by the highest degree of capitalization of capital under the continuing national-state form of monetary systems." Nekpelov A.D. The consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In Sat.: Macroeconomic and financial policies in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Materials of situational analysis. - M.: IMPI RAS "Epicacious", 2004. - P. 77.
See: Plisetsky D. Economic Security: Currency and Financial Aspects // ME and MO. - 2004. - №5. - P. 28.
See: Ershov M. Russia and the levers of globalization policy // ME and MO. - 2003. - № 5. - P. 3.
See: Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 1970. - T. 5; Bogdanov A.A. Textology. Universal organizational science. - M., 1989.
See: Chekmarev V.V. On the theory of economic space // News of St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance. - 2005. - № 3.
See: Arnold V. Theory of the catastrophe. - M., 1990.
See: Puzanov V.I. Intellectual potentials of the United States and Russia: on the way to competition of minds // USA and Canada. - 2003. - № 12.
COURSE WORK
in the course "Economics"
on the topic "Economic security of the Russian Federation"
Introduction
1. Economic safety as a type of state-security
2. Problems of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation
2.1 Ways to integrate Russia in world economy
2.2 Types of threats to the economic security of Russia
3. PASSIVES OF ECONOMIC SAFETY RF
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
The second half of the 90-hodiesXXX. It is marked by the revival of the public structures of the public to the problems of the country's national security. The formation of a formational-oriented market economy led to the need for development and approval of basic concepts in the national security system.
Contemporary formation of the legal and economic foundations of the Russian state can not take into account the interests of national security. Etcharge acquires particular sharpness in the face of increasing globalization and in connection with the active inclusion of the world's political and economic processes. Energy economic aspects of the country's national security aspects of a spectacular part of the state economic security system. The most economically developed country than large economic resources It has (or controls), the higher its degree of protection against possible threats.
The urgent stage of economic security is a guarantee of independence, it determines the possibility of conducting independent economic policies and creates a condition for stability and achieve success in the conditions of the globalization of the world economy.
In the periods of 1996 to 2005, scientific research was carried out and a number of scientific stakeholders were published, collective monographs on this issue of Senchagova V.K., Oleinikovay.A., Grunina O., Guseva G., and others. In many universities, the country was introduced into the schoolprocess and are taught Special national security courses and its aspects. The relevance of the issues of economic consumption problems has been reflected in the work of All-Russian and international scientific and practical conferences.
The work of Russia's economic security issues related to its activities by the system of international economic relations are considered.
1. Economic safety as a type of state-security
Signs state are:
· Availability of specialized agencies and institutions that carry out the functions of state power;
· Law enshrining a certain system of rules authorized by the state;
· The definite system on which the state jurisdiction is distributed and on which its population.
Life The ideas of the people, the states are deployed in various fields, and in each of them there is an effect of adverse factors, dangers and threats that violate the normal life of a person, society and the state. The following species (spheres) of its activities are distinguished in the larger: economic, social, political, military, environmental, legal, technological, cultural, intellectual, information, demographic, psychological, many others.
State offset its interests, its territory, its population from external and internalugus.
The intensity of the state can be formulated as the possibility of such development, which will create (or creates) the risk of existence, its political and economic independence.
There are existing types of state security:
· Geopolitical consumption;
Geopolitical consumption is guaranteed by constitutional, legislative and security and security of government interests.
· Political consumption;
Everyrangess is interested in the presence of a stable internal political institution, in the creation of a domestic climate that promotes the corporate development of all spheres of the Company's and personality. Political security is a state of protection of the country's geopolitical life. Comestic security is determined by the type of state. The essence of political security is determined by the possibility of conducting an independent foreign external policy and solve the issues of the state device.
· Military safety;
Military-safety is the ability to protect sovereignty, territoriality and population of the country from internal and external threats. Military safety includes the following spheres: state borders, armed forces, deterrence, military education, military science and military industry.
· Economical consumption.
Compact economic security are increasingly becoming the subject of studies of the representatives of various sciences. Scientists offer their own definitions, determine the essential signs of this complex public phenomenon, revealing social relations between related concepts and phenomena. However, there are still many "dark spots." There is still no unity of opinions among the research problems to determine the basic concepts, which creates practitioners in the application of economic consumption legislation. Therefore, it is necessary to start with the development of a conceptual apparatus.
The legal detection of the concept of "economic security" can be found in the federal sacrifice of October 13, 1995. №157-FZ "On state regulation of extension trade activities." In accordance with Article 2 of these law economic security, the state of the economy ensures the sufficient level of social, political and defense and progressive development of the Russian Federation, the invulnerability and independence of economic interests in relation to possible external and internal immugrosis and impacts. Consequently, the state of the economy is the main characteristic security.
Therefore, it can be said that national economic consumption is a state of protection of the main national economic interests from the internal and external threats.
Implementing that such concepts as "conditions", "factors", "ratio" characterize economic security from different points of view. So, the condition of the medium (environment) in which economic consumption is proceeded (implemented). There are economic, geopolitical, environmental, legal other conditions. The factor is the cause of the driving force of economic security. The ratio of economic interests is understood as their mutual relationship, the location relative to each other.
Economical consumption is characterized by the level of development of the productive forces of iconomic relations aimed at implementing the needs of personality, society, states, the presence of mineral resources, developed infrastructure, qualified labor and training system, as well as characteristics in the system of world economic relations.
ObjectsEconomic security are:
· Country's EconomicSystem: manufacturers and sellers of products, works and services;
· Country natural services - Agricultural land, forests, rivers, lakes, seas, shelves, minerals.
Subjectacomic security is:
· Functional IOTRAVLY ministries and departments;
· Tax and customs and maintenance;
· Banks, stock exchanges, funds and insurance companies;
· Manufacturers of products, works and services;
· Society to protect consumers.
In Russia, doctrineaeconomic security approved and introduced by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 291996. No. 608 "State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Penitracy (Basic Provisions)". In pursuance of the provisions of this Decree 27, 1996. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1569 "On the priorities on the implementation of the State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Penitia (basic provisions)" was adopted. These documents identified the goal of the objective of the economic security strategy, the characteristic of the threats of the economic security of Russia is given, the criteria and parameters of the state of the economies that meet the requirements of economic security are described, the mechanisms of economic policy measures aimed at ensuring economic security. As noted in the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation, "In international relations, it is consistent with the desire of industrialized countries, large foreign corporations to use the situation in the Russian Federation and States parties to the Commonwealth of Independent states in their economic and political interests ... Without collaborate safety, it is almost impossible to solve any of the tasks. facing the country, both in the domestic and international state. " The aforementioned Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation for the Russian Federation (Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Security Council of the RFF Dr.) is responsible for the development of quantitative and qualitative parameters of criteria for economic security, monitoring and prediction of infacts that determine the emergence of threats to economic security, leasing research to identify trends and threat development opportunities Iloisk optimal ways to overcome them. At the same time, the economic consumption system should identify situations in which the actual orpreneursive parameters of economic development go beyond the limits of the thresholds, develop measures to overcome them (i.e., to exit the country from zoosnesity), to conduct an examination of adopted regulatory acts, state decisions on financial and financial economic issues from the position of economic security of Russia.
To understand the threats to the threats to the economic safety of Russia, we consider the structure of the contemporary community.
Some scientists are a divide community into two parts: privileged hinting rich developed states (Kuwait, Arab Emirates, Singapore and some others) with a population of about 1 MLRD. Man (Goldenmallard) and other unprivileged countries whose population by 2000 exceeded 5 billion people. In 1994, a 70% of the global social product was 1 billion of the world's rich, and the remaining 4.6 billion. Man - 30%.
Other discovered countries in three groups: the countries of the Golden Billion, new industrial substances who have consolidated on the periphery of the developed world (China, India, most of the Asian Tigers, part of Latin America, formerly socialist, most of the oil-producing states), and finally the third A group of tactful "falling" states (a significant part of the countries of American Country and Asia, as well as the former USSR).
The feature of the division of countries is that the competition between these group states is almost impossible, the "vertical" movement is superfrmed, while competition inside each group is becoming increasingly tough.
The place of Russia, the general economic indicators can be determined on the lower border of the second group of states. The reality of the threat of consolidation at this border and the possible amplification of positions is based on the structural regression of the economy of economy as the main trend of the past decade.
2. Problems of Economic Security of the Russian Federation
2.1 Ways to integrate Russia to world economic
It is possible to the estimates of the well-known American economist Toro in the fact that "today Russia is halfway between the market and planned economy, and none of them works."
The cost of reforming - the fall in Russia's share in the global GDP to 2.4% and the 3rd place transition, which occupied by Russia as part of the USSR (after the United States and Japan, attended it with Germany) on 15-E.The 1.3%, t. e. Approximately halved the proportion of Russia's share of Russia is the world exports compared with the supplementary period.
As a result of the Namic Markets of the Native Civil Consumer Products, the share of Russian membership is 1%. For comparison: US share is 36% , Japan is 30% of these markets. Especially dangerous lag in such industries, kakinformatics, electronics, the relationship, which was still in the past decades, in the current, due to the existing gap between the civil and military-industrialsectors of the economy.
General economic weakening of Russia Many Western experts explaining the efficiency of economic reforms and excessive discovery of the economy of foreign economic enterprise. Others emphasize that not "liberalism, but established the economy of looting". Evaluations of French economists are particularly critical. Professor Brande writes: "In Russia, everything was sold in Russia, which could be sold, the result in the absence of funds for investment huge sums of chasing on individual accounts of Swiss and Cypriot banks. The Industrial Potential of the country was almost destroyed, and the volume of industrial produced by 10% per year. "
Russian economics currently remains largely reformed, transitional, not completed transformation into any particular state. It is the elements of old and new systems in itself. If the Russian economy can be considered quite a market in the proportion of non-state-state actors, then in terms of the effectiveness of their activities and the level of competitiveness - no. The trouser, more than half of Russian firms are generally fictitious and often connected by illegal activities.
There is an ineffective structure of social production - predominantly energy and commodity industries and a low share weight of products and modern high-tech, high-tech industries. Financial and credit is low and the banking system, in particular, that restricted production. Internal parameters are largely defined: Russia in world markets remains supplier of raw materials and the importer of ready-to-product, including various types of modern equipment and food.
Partiesia in international economic relations is still insignificant. Russia in the population of the world - 2.5%, in world natural resources - 30%, in world exports - 1.74% (and in world exports of high-tech goods - 0.7%), in the world import - 0.73%. Consequently, Russia is poorly involved in global roles, which is connected both with the legacy of the past and the weaknesses of the herenal position.
In addition, the value of the global market for the Russian economy is huge. So, in 2002, exports amounted to $ 133.7 billion, and imports - $ 57.4 billion.
The flow of economic security of Russia characterizes Table 1.1:
Table 1.1.
Current Economic Safety Power Plants
No. p / p
Indicators
Threshold
Actual condition
The ratio of the actual and threshold
Evaluation
Volume volume
in general, from average
on "seven"
per capita
from average
on "seven"
per capita
from medium-level
DANGER 2.
Share in industrial
production
processing
industry
70% 50% 0.71 DANGER 3
Share in machine
production
mechanical Engineering
20% 15% 0.75 DANGER 4
The volume of investment in%
25% 13% 0.6 DANGER 5
Expenses for scientific
studies in% to GDP
2% 0.5% 0.25 DANGER 6
The share of new types of products in volume
produced products
6% 2.6% 0.43 DANGER 7
Share among the population
people having income
below subsistence
minimum (2004)
7% 20% 0.29 DANGER 8
Duration
lifestyle of the population
70 years 64 years 0.91 DANGER 9
Gap between income
high-yield groups
population
and 10% most
low-voltage groups
8 times 12.9 0,62 DANGER 10
Crime level
(The number of crimes
per 100 thousand population)
5 thousand 6 thousand 0.83 dangerous 11
Unemployment rate
by ILO Methodology
7% 9.2% 0.76 DANGER 12
Inflation rate per year
20% 6% 1.25 DANGER 13
Volume internal debt in %
to GDP for comparable
period of time
30% 33% 0.9 DANGER 14
Current need B.
service I.
repayment
internal debt in%
to tax
budget receipts
25%\u003e 100% 0.25 DANGER 15
Volume of external debt
25% 31% 0.8 DANGER 16
Share of external
borrowing B.
deficit coating
budget (2004)
30% 45% 0.66 DANGER 17
Budget deficit
in% to GDP (2004)
5% 4.2% 1,2 dangerous 18
Foreign volume
cash currency
to the volume of cash rubles
25% 100% 0.25 DANGER 19
Foreign volume
currencies relative to
ruble mass
in national currency
10% 50% 0.2 DANGER 20
Money mass (m2)
in percentage of GDP
50% 12% 0.24 DANGER 21
The share of imports
internal consumption of everything
including
food
Differentiation
subjects
Federation in the subsistence minimum
1.5 times 5 times 0.3 DANGER
It should be noted that in the last few years in the development of Russian economies there were positive trends, who are ahead of some global processes. For example, the growth rate of the world gross product in 2002 was 2.8%, B2003. - 2.5%, and the growth rate of Russian GDP amounted to 4.1% and 7.3%, respectively.
Standing in the past two years and the growth of production and GDP predictable in Russia can only be able to use as a steady tendency only if they can be used to use for the growth of domestic favorable production (the devaluation of the ruble, the growth of world oil prices) and other factors, which, unfortunately, can have a reversible.
However, the laptops of the economic policy of the country can not be not seen that the free-to-sufficiency of Russian manufacturers for foreign markets is limited to far non-liberal measures: the practice of doublestandards, as well as special concessions and requirements for intra-national and foreign economic policies, is widely used, external debt pressure.
In essentially, having a weakened and unbalanced economy, an individual situation must fit, which is peculiar to at least three main difficult problems:
· Decolition;
· Global economic processes, especially in the field of finance;
· Counterpressional management of many countries methods and forms of globalization.
Russia has world markets, both competitive advantages and weaknesses. Koncounette advantages include:
a) high availability of mineral resources - 13% of world widely explored oil reserves, 36% of natural gas, 12% of coal are concentrated in Russia;
b) a significant amount of accumulated basic production assets and funds of universal equipment, which reduces the capital intensity of the technological modelization of a number of industries (although there is a large part of them a large period of service and wear);
c) cheapest strength in combination with a fairly high level of its qualifications;
d) the availability of advanced technologies in a number of industries, especially in the military-industrial complex and others.
You should note that these advantages over time lose the nature of those-product resources are exhausted, the equipment and new technologies are obsolete, the qualified workforce agrees and emigrates.
At the same time, many Russian competitive advantages are limited to the strategic places of Russia, which can be attributed to:
a) the weakness system for supporting the competitiveness of Russian exports;
b) a sharp-mainateration of foreign economic relations to the West and the strengthening of the deformations of the exposed sphere (strengthening the raw orientation of Russian exports, the landscape markets of sales);
c) blocking market entry, where Russia has competitive advantages;
d) competitive technologies used in the military-industrial complex are focused on the production of small serials at a weak level of controlling material costs;
e) the appendix of domestic demand for high-tech products, which destroys and without a cool competitive environment for the "run-in" of goods and technologies preceding their improvement to the foreign market.
However, for modern Russia Characteristically increasing interaction with the humor market. Russia's share in the global GDP after the 1998 crisis has a constant trend towards growth. This causes both an increase in threats related to the foreign economic recruiter.
2.2 Types of threats to the economic security of Russia
In the specially, there is no unity of opinions among scientists on the issue of the list of solpimed economic security. Different researchers in different ways are the composition of internal and external threats. It should be noted that it is often described by the above-order, without taking into account the changed political, socio-economical conditions. Sometimes there is an union of internal and external threats to monomic security, current and strategic.
The main threat of economic security of Russia is manifested in those sectors in which the economic relations with international actors. Consider the most important languages.
1. Commercial market.
According to forecasts, the specialist of the future in international trade will be the leading rates of growing exportable products, the proportion of the market of raw materials and income from it due to resource-saving technologies is reduced.
In this area, the fundamentals for Russia are:
· The irrational structure of exports and imports and the possibility of its conservation, share machine-in-law products in Russian exports - less than 5%, (high-tech - about 1%), and in imports - more than a third;
· Discriminated meters and, above all, anti-dumping sanctions of other countries and blocks, in paragraphasia in 2001. 99 anti-dumping and other procedures in 24 countries (with respect to ferrous metals, metal rolling, nitrogen fertilizers, textiles), which annually bring damages in the amount of $ 3.5 billion;
· Illegal export of natural resources from Russia;
· Illegal (smuggling) import of goods to Russia;
· Chronic non-payment for the supplied fuel and energy resources to the CIS countries;
· Dependency of the Russian economy (size of GDP, inflation, budget revenues, trade funds, etc.) from world oil prices;
· Respisely burealation foreign tradewhich can lead to an increase in the revolving-free natural resources and the ruin of most domestic manufacturers, increase unemployment.
2. Financial and credits.
Among the threats are the following:
· The weakness of the banking sector (its total capital is only 4% of GDP) with the threatening of the domestic and emergence of foreign entities and regulators (both private companies and international organizations) This sector and the economy of the whole in their own interests. In 2001, the capital and assets of the Russian banking system were 10 and 80 billion dollars, while these indicators of the Provement Western Bank were equal, respectively, 30-40 and 700-800 billion;
· The growth of influence of financial processes, the fluctuations in the conjuncture, including the negative chakery, on the financial sphere and the economy as a whole, which demonstrates crisis 1998;
· Capital leakage, which was expelled to the economy, having lost its investment, and the budget has lost $ 18 billion. Russia, which is experiencing a huge need for investment, in the global capital market, as it is paradoxically, is a large-scale equivalent of capital (especially illegal).
· Increasing the installation of foreign investment has a number of negative consequences. Firstly, itifically contributes to the consolidation of the raw material export-oriented modeling system, since half of all the volume of investments. Industriality is investments in fuel and energy and commodity industries. The second, currently there is not so much the threat of outflow of the capital of a srocery, how much threat Its essential tributaries to the market, which, due to visibility, can create serious problems, as for the sustainability of the market itself, for the resistance of the ruble.
· Inflexible ventricular debt. Payments for external debt of Russia reach up to $ 17 billion annually. Russia's accession to the Paris club cost her losses 110 billion dollars, which should have other countries from the total debt in 160 billion dollars. Today, this figure is $ 10 billion. Russia received significant revenues of allocations for oil prices in world markets and increased gold reserves. The solemn guide also announced a full and timely (and even early) to pay external debt, although it was possible to negotiate its restructuring. Use these funds to invest.
3. Currency market.
Major threats:
· Binding rubbing ruble to the US dollar. Russia actually credits the United States by the fact that there are about 100 billion cash dollars. Moreover, Russiaifactically strengthens the dollar rate, since the gold and foreign exchange reserves are stored in dollars. In the event of a decline in the dollar, the financial crisis expects Russia;
· Helding the underestimation of the cost of the ruble to the dollar several times, which is ensured, conjunctory benefits, but strategic loss. Low Course Rubble finds inflation costs, excessive export of raw materials and capital outflows. The fluorescence of exports, high due to the incredible course of the ruble - bringing a competitive benefit, not enhanced investment growth in the economy. Cheap national currency facilitates buying by foreign companies of Russian talls.
4. The labor market.
While the development is limited to the process of immigration, Russia is already experiencing a real explanation from Asia, primarily from China. Moreover, illegal immigration of the coming once exceeds legitimate. This threat leads to exacerbation in Russian labor, increasing demand for jobs and reducing the price of labor (salary). In addition, immigrants cost employers cheaper, because Not exist social guarantees.
The threats of economic consumption of Russia can also be attributed:
Table 1.2.
Threats of economic consumption of Russia
Treats of threats
Evaluation
Corruption in power bodies 7.49 decay of production in high-tech industries 7.43 Sharp crime growth 6.31 Destruction of domestic scientific schools 5,60 failure to comply with the state of protection of business entities 5.32
The relationship between Russia is ambiguous and may be intensified by the international entities of economic relations and can be created by new opportunities for Russia and carry certain threats of efferent. Consider this relationship, firstly, with international economic organizations and countries, and, secondly, with the subjects of the international industry.
The importance of grip has access to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Tasks, solvents can ensure Russia's participation in the WTO:
· For sake of self-trimming as an equal member,
· Supported for examples of exporters,
· Stimulating developing new sectors,
· Restriction of consumer monopolies.
However, the WTO requires the harsh burealation of the Russian economy, including its discovery for foreign supersubjects. Among the requirements:
· Liberalization of foreign labor force on the Russian labor market;
· Liberalization of foreign firms (primarily financial, trade, construction, tourist, etc.) to the market of services;
· Reducing the statutory duties to the level of lower than in the United States and the EU;
· Complete liberalization export and cancellation of non-tariff its regulation;
· Alignment and world energy prices, liberalization of current modes
· Provide seineresident of the National Tax Regime;
· Refusal to subsidy producers at the federal and regional levels, etc.
The degreasing accomplishments of the WTO can lead to an increase in energy prices in Russia (and, it means everything), an uncontrolled increase in the export of raw materials and decrees from it due to the decline in world prices, a sharp increase in imports of the importation of domestic manufacturers of most goods and services, and, therefore, The growth of unemployment, a massive influx of foreign labor (Asian), not spoiled by social guarantees and therefore the cheaper. The payment of export duties will lead to an increase in energy prices and then on bezing and services.
RUSSIAN PRODUCTAGE NOT CONSUCTIVE THE WTO Rules in the field of permitted state forms of support for the economy. In the case of joining the WTO and the transition of the international rules (since the Constitution has been established by priority international norms), manufacturing industry, services and agriculture in Russia will practically disappear.
In addition, the entry of the WEE organization in itself does not guarantee economic growth. For example, although Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Georgia joined the WTO, but they remained the larger GDP indicators among the 14 countries adopted in the last 5 years.
A special sphere is the presentation of major subjects of international business in Russia, primarily -Trans national corporations (TNCs).
International Business (Alice of Large Corporations) is an increased danger to the Russian Economics, because:
· Differs in the activity of encrypticness;
· His activity is hidden, in contrast to the State Institutions or International Organizations;
· Guided by exceptions of profits;
· Carries out industrial espionage, doubling our firms have not learned to defend themselves.
TNCs strive to submit to the interests of the National Economy industry, which have competitive property.
TNCs strive for the consolidated orientation of the Russian economy, and in promising industries to prepare their leadership. It is beneficial to them the economic crisis in the country - oniishevly is bought by unprofitable enterprises-competitors. Despite the well-known information of all international rating agencies on the risk of investments, the Economic Economy, the share of foreign persons in the capital of leading Russian companies is constantly growing.
The penetration of subject-industrialized business in Russia goes through investments in the capital of Russian estate entities (companies, banks), loans to Russian firms, imported goods, the provision of various services (banking, insurance, financial), etc.
A number of large TNCs already actively in the real sector of the Russian economy - "General Motors", "Ford", "Fiat", "Renault", "Shell", "McDonalds", "Canon", "Nestle", "Proctor & Gamble", " Cocacol "," Siemens ", Erickson", etc.
A special type of threats is associated with the digestion of oligarchs in Russia and the possible oligarchic modernization.
It should be borne in mind that the estricarchic groups made a significant contribution to the integration of our country in the world economy; They provide today the main part of domestic investments. Oil companies have provided a significant decrease in the cost-wide oil, thereby reducing the dependence of the country's economy from the global conjuncture. Volgarchic groups today are largely initiated by the initiators of the further liberalization of the domestic economy.
At the same time, the role-band groups, in the opinion of some authors, is anti-national. The subjects of the Russian economy of the oligarchs act, mainly in the scorpore investors. Oligarchic property on the territory of RussiaOfood on foreign legal entities, mainly offshore companies. The family of most oligarchs constantly live outside of Russia and MotherGarhs do not associate personal and family strategic interests with Russia as a saneopolitical and ethnocultural essence, which creates, including the continuation of large-scale capital export for Limits of Russia.
Serious danger is a high degree of criminalization of the economy. The "shadow" component of the Russian economy reached critical quantities - if the share of the illegal-sector in Western GDP is officially estimated at 5-10%, then Russia is a kidden 25%.
Among the general trends of Russian-corneous crime, the following can be allocated:
· The domesticCriminal has emerged far beyond the limits of Russian territory, establishing contacts, both with criminal structures, and quite legitimate the actual economics of various states;
· The scale of illegal export operations with energy carriers, specialty of oil, other strategic raw materials and materials, and not only domestic organizations, but also their foreign partners are involved in the actions that damage the Russian interests;
· In the sphere of Russia, the activity and influence of "ethnic" crimes, which have connections with the diaspora in the near and far abroad (activities of activities are export-import operations with raw materials and deficitations of everyday demand, counterfeit, crimes in the Russian-rolling-diamond complex. Using "shuttle" the way to commit crimes, hiding behind the language barrier, differences in culture, they are difficult vulnerable to the law enforcement forces of any country);
· The positions of criminal formations in the field of drug business are consistent, there is growing eggs and interaction with similar structures abroad;
· Threatening addresses acquire the smuggling of weapons and ammunition, explosives of jews, their leakage from military facilities and manufacturers, from districted conflicts (at the same time modern weapons of the Western production flow rate enters the conflict points of Russia);
· The most strengthening of the material and technical and financial base of criminal structures, the growth of the professionalism of their participants by expanding international applications.
Russia is also very strongly in the process of transnationalization of crime. One of the bright examples the scandal associated with the money laundering of the "Russian Mafia" and their transferred to "Bank of New York" by the firms controlled by criminal leaders. US Tolkos 1998 to March 1999 through this bank passed $ 4.2 billion.
Consequently, the international economic relations in the context of globalization is ruling, having a weak economy with an inefficient structure, a sharply relevant between the internal and external market in aggressive political self-essential international actors.
3. Ways to enhance the economic safety of the Russian Federation
The position in the sphere economic security of Russia is heavy, but not hopeless.
Rashid IsmailovSpecialist Rovement, who wrote a number of work on economic security issues believes that in order to weaken the external threats to the economic security of the country, it is necessary to strengthen the state control over the operation of natural resources, the restoration of geological exploration and the advance of the growth of the explored fuel and raw materials in The implementation of broad upgrading production and primary processing and commodity resources, transition to resource-saving technologies. Etoprosvolit in the future to achieve the relative and absolute reduction in the internal consciences of natural resources, increase the share of export currency revenue directed to investment purposes.
To weaken import dependence, financial support is needed by the state of domesticity producers, capable of producing goods that are in demand today. It is also necessary to apply a more flexible system of customs duties, identify the sectors of the economy that need customs protection, introduce a moderate monopoly on the importation of drugs, tobacco products, alcohol, grain and for export of oil and petroleum products, non-ferrous metals, etc.
Lykshin S. Isvinarenko A. Notes that market economy (Especially in such a country, somehow) is unthinkable without elements of centralized leadership. Where it is urgent, it is necessary to actively implement the methods of state planning of the IRUBODERS OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE COUNTRY.
In this regard, it is possible to allocate the main directions of state-legal regulation of the Economics in general and business activities in particular. This employs: state ownership and entrepreneurship, the use and methods of government planning and rationing (norms, regulations, quotas, system of state, regional and municipal orders); state regulation national market Russia, state regulation of international economic relations
Incorremic Program of Russia, it is necessary to make the main emphasis on the development (samplers of powerful state support and protectionism) of the system-forming industry of the national economy, such as mechanical engineering, metallurgical industry, fuel and energy, chemical forest complexes, light industry. The names of these sectors should be purposefully and systematically implementing and influencing capital.
From the standpoint of security important problem - Renal income of Russia. The per allocating rental income will allow, on the one hand, to eliminate (or, smoothly, to reduce), the gap in the property situation of Russian citizens - in the poor and very rich. On the other hand, the specified redistribution is a multiple reduce the number of domestic billionaires, assigning a meaningful part of the rental income.
In order to secure economic security, the leadership of the country must be carried out with a greater and consistent foreign policy.
Borisovav.D. Notes that for any country, it is possible to achieve the state of the national and incl. Economic security, if not satisfied the needs of the population in food as one of the core of society.
It is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of "food security" and "Food safety". Food security is the ability of the state to provide all members of the Society for food in size, rational, environmentally friendly and safe nutrition in order to strengthen the nation and preservation of its gene pool, increasing the life expectancy, improving the quality of life, strengthening the labor activity of the population not only by the help of self-sufficiency, but also with active use The advantage of the international division of labor. Food Safety Explanability of the country to provide food products its current and extremely consumer purposes of the country's population as a whole and each individual person discussed in accordance with scientifically-based norms at the expense of its own traces.
As a criterion of food security, the level of supply of imported food from total volume consumption in the country is used. In the Russian Federation, the threshold value should not exceed 25%. The analysis of the specified level generates the strategic dependence of the federation-importing products.
It is noteworthy that in developed countries, for example, in the United States in the 70s. The law of the capital security of the country, aimed at ensuring stable supply supply due to the support of domestic agriculture and the preservation of its natural resources, as well as ensuring high-speed food products, maintaining their high-conventional capacity in the domestic and foreign markets.
Priority for the provisions of Russia's food security should be recognized:
· Formation of the embedding of a single food complex and achieve the optimal level of food production in the amount, assortment and quality sufficient disadvantage of the population in nutrition in accordance with the applicable and reasonable norms.
· Developmental options for the structure of food import (tropical orubpic crops).
· Determination of the country's population in nutrition and providing the population to environmentally friendly goods, determining the health and lifespan of the population, the genophobe of the nation.
· Ensuring economic accessibility to the main nutritional set, which means the supply of solvency of demand in the main social groups of the population or elimination of hunger and malnutrition. State policy per allocating income, employment expansion and increase consumption-based food products, price regulation for agricultural products.
· Creating an identification of food reserves that can be used in extreme situations.
· Charged, prediction and elimination of food security threats, definition of threshold values.
· Strengthened regulation of interregional supplies of food and rawlydl more complete support for food regions. For example, 23 regions are grown by grain in excess, and 50 regions feel a disadvantage in it, the state has no effective levers of regulating the Russian-wide market, which allows one regions to establish a monopolized price, adruga import import grain, because Taking into account transport costs, the domestic escape becomes uncompetitive.
· Active support for the development of integration and cooperation, allowing to reduce transaction supports, optimize commodity and financial flows and improvative enterprises.
· Developed infrastructure: organization of regional wholesale markets and credit institutions, which will allow efficient inside - and interregional exchange.
Conclusion
1. Economic safety is a state of protection of the economy from the internal external threats. The goal of economic security is to ensure the country's economic development in the interests of the satisfaction and economic needs of citizens with the optimal labor costs of the reasonable use of natural resources.
2. Threats in sphereeconomics are integrated. This means that economic consumption is exposed to various factors; And not only in the pure form of economic. It has significant influence-polytic, social, environmental and other factors.
3. Among the main threat of economic security of the Russian Federation, consider: an increase in the property indices of the population and the increase in poverty, deforming the structure of the Russian economy, an increase in the unevenness of the social and economic development of the regions, criminalization and oligarchization of public activities.
4. To combat the threats of economic security of Russia, a strategy of economic consumption must be developed, it is necessary to monitor and evaluate both internal and externalugresses that can have a destabilizing effect on the economy.
5. The national idea of \u200b\u200bRussia should be in the attempts of Russia to return the status status. Previously, we built developed socialism, then communism. Now, for the revival of the nation, the awakening of her spiritual, moral, I needed a new one: Russia is a strong and prosperous state.
Literature
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2. BELOZERS I.P. Economic safety of Russia // Materials of the conference "Reforms in Russia - history and modernity."
3. Borisov V.D. Actual problems of the economic security of Russia at the present stage. // Questions of the economy. 2002-№2.
4. Zotov N. Gusakov. Modern problems national security. // National security. 2001 - №8-9.
5. Ilyin M. S., Tikhonov. G. Financial and Industrial Integration and Corporate Structures: Worldwide Realities of Russia. M., 2002.
6. Ismailov R. Economic Safety of Russia: Theory and Practice. St. Petersburg, 1999.
7. Ismailov R. Economic Safety of Russia. // Business and Security. 2004-№2.
8. Kolosov A.V. Economic Security. - M.: Finstatinform CJSC, 1999.
9. Lykshin S., Svinarenko A. Development of the Russian economy and its restructuring as a guarantee economical security // Economy issues. 2004.-№ 12. P. 117-118.
10. Milyukov P. I. Vospomnia. Tom the second (1859-1917). M., 1990.
11. Pechenev V.Vladimir Putin is the last chance of Russia? M., 2001.
12. Pomorro A.A. Heltsin - the tragedy of Russia. M., 1999.
13. The management of Russia: concepts, objectives, mechanisms / hands. Avt.kol. D. S. Lvov, A. G. Porschnev. M.: CJSC "Publishing House" Economics ", 2002.
14. Tsyganov S.I., Manina A.Ya. Foreign investment In Russia: problems of national economic security: monograph. Ekaterinburg: Publishing House of Urgua, 2000.
15. Yarochkin V.I.Sekuritology - Science of life safety. M, 1999.
Federal State Educational Budgetary Institution
Higher professional education
"Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation"
(Financial University)
Department "Microeconomics"
Discipline "Microeconomics"
Course work on the topic:
"Problems of economic security in the modern economy"
Performed: student of the OIS1-1 group
Chan Ngok Long
Checked: d. E. n., prof. Vafina N.Kh.
Moscow 2013
Introduction
Bibliography
Attachment 1
Appendix 2.
Introduction
Any activity in the economic environment is associated with the danger that makes a threat to the stable functioning of economic structures. That is why throughout the entire period of economic formation an increase in security in the field of economic activity has always been and remains one of the leading motives of human activity. As economic systems develop the influence of various factors threatening the existence of these systems, led to qualitative changes, as a result of which their security grew.
One of the important conditions for the sustainable development of economic entities during market transformations, the formation of high results of production and economic activity is an effective system for ensuring and continuously improving their economic security. The state of macroeconomic security of the country depends largely on how security problems are solved at the level of a separate company, where in fact, the strategic goals and objectives of the state economic policy are embodied.
The change in the economy under the influence of market mechanisms allocated a system of economic security of economic entities into a special object of management.
In the conditions of a market economy, which is characterized by the rapid flow of processes and their high variability, both for individual enterprises and for large economic systems in principle, the ability to accumulate the "strategic reserve" of competitiveness, allowing to sustainably undergo changes in the conjuncture.
The security status of the firm, as is well known, affect both internal and external factors. In the context of globalization, it constantly changes, remains unstable and risky. We assume the courage to argue that it is now sustainable, the safe development of the company is an equally complex and important problem than the solution of the same task on the macro level.
The new situation led to the need to evaluate and investigate, seemingly known problems. For example, the decline in production in the whole country, change economic functions The states that have already ceased to be the main investor and the consumer of products, forced to see much wider on the problem of ensuring the economic security of the company at various stages and levels of its production activities, as well as the basic principles, directions and stages of the implementation of security measures.
Special relevance in the new conditions acquires little frequent risk problems. In general, the ability to manage risks depends not only to the position in the company itself, but also often the well-being of customers (depositors), who trusted her funds. In turn, qualified management is impossible without an understanding of the nature of risks, the ability to qualify them, assess the ratio of individual components, and correctly plan their actions.
economic security national Russia
§ 1. Economic Security Characteristics
1.1 Concept, Properties and Functions of Economic Security
The concept of "safety" is inextricably linked with such concepts as "stability", "development", "vulnerability" and "handling".
Developmentis one of the components of the system of economic security. If the system does not develop, does not acquire a novelty, then it dramatically decreases the possibility of survival, resistance and adaptability to internal and external destructive factors characterizing the danger, and conditions affecting its stability.
Sustainability and securitythese are the most important characteristics of any system, including aimed at functioning and the development of economic, commercial or business activities. Stability reflects the stability and reliability of the structures and elements of the system.
Vulnerabilitysystems - an indicator characterizing the degree of exposure to external and internal hazards, i.e. The degree of its insecurity. In a broader concept: "Vulnerability can be considered as the property of any material object of nature, technology or society lose the ability to perform natural or specified functions as a result of negative impacts of dangers of certain origin and intensity."
Controllabilitythe system is a comprehensive characteristic of its ability to respond to a targeted effect, taking into account the anticipation on the changing characteristics of the external and internal environment.
Economic safety in a broad sense of the word is a multi-level structure that includes international economic security; Economic security of a separate state, region, firms; Personal economic security. These components are closely related to each other, forming a certain subordinated system. It is important to see that the substance, the core of this system is the security of the state. If at this level the problem of economic security is solved properly, then at the level of a separate business entity, let's say the company, the same thing is observed. Conversely, if the state does not fulfill this function, then the company has difficulty.
The category of economic security is interpreted in different ways in the scientific literature. For example, according to V. Tambovtseva, "under the economic security of a system of a system, it is necessary to understand the combination of the properties of the state of its production subsystem, which ensures the possibility of achieving the objectives of the entire system." By L.I. Abalkin "Economic Security is a state of an economic system that allows it to develop dynamically, effectively and solve social tasks and in which the state has the opportunity to develop and implement an independent economic policy.
1.2 Essence and types of economic security
The most important component of economic security is the recognition of the special national-state interests and goals of Russia. These interests exist both within the boundaries of the country and internship: state sovereignty; Russia's international situation, its place in the global division of labor, in specialization and cooperation of production, in world trade, in international financial and banking systems, in the most important markets for goods and services; self-preservation, self-defense.
As a knowledge system, economic security combines the following subsystems:
· legislative and legal documents that form the legal region of economic law;
· Economy;
·business;
· commercial activity;
· entrepreneurship;
· banking activities;
· market currency and securities, etc.
Danger is the likelihood of deviating the stable characteristics of the economic system, threatening it with reliable and safe operation under the influence of destructive factors internal or external environment.
Reliable security in the field of economic activity can be achieved at the expense:
Ø strategies for the formation of the main tasks of achieving the goal;
Ø tactics to achieve intended goals;
Ø allocating the field of knowledge, the study of which is necessary to achieve the goal, the development of means of the knowledge and principles used to make decisions;
Ø development and formation of practical and theoretical (scientific) problems of economic security.
1.3 Economic Safety and its place in the National Security System
In the conditions of the transitive economy, the national interests of the state are aimed at creating the conditions for the stable development of society. Ensuring such conditions should guarantee the presence of a multi-level security system, including economic. As previously was considered, economic security includes various levels: state, regional, sectoral, firm, household and personality.
The economic security of the household is the ability of a subject to self-recognition under conditions of internal and external threats, as well as protection against the impact of unpredictable and difficult projected factors.
In the transitive economy of Russia, it becomes more important than ever to provide households to fully participate in economic processes, streamline and maintain their own sources and income volumes. In addition, households should be able to protect their own choice, feel the support of the state. Creating safe living conditions of households in transformation economic environment Habitat filled with threats and hazards is a natural process.
Economic security is a kind of service provided by the state with the help of funds created by all society. The state does not always provide full protection against possible dangers, threats. Because the economic interests of the state will initially be in contradiction with the economic interests of firms and households.
§ 2. The impact of economic security problems in the economy in developed countries
Currently, the US prevention and counteraction programs implemented in the cooperation of law enforcement agencies with public and private security agencies and detective bureaus are widely distributed in the United States. This form of joint activities of the police and non-governmental organizations is quite effective.
According to experts, the costs of American firms when concluding contracts with special services that provide security services, reach $ 6 billion another $ 11 billion is spent on the protection of interior facilities in order to reduce the costs of insurance companies.
The need to reduce commercial risks and increase entrepreneurial security prompts many firms, in addition to cooperation with independent security enterprises, create their own security services. Public special services are usually attracted to this, in particular the FBI and CIA.
For the UK, as well as for the United States, the desire of entrepreneurs to minimize the unwanted publicity of the unlawful activities of those subordinate to them.
According to experts, ensuring the safety of only computer information in banks, you can allocate up to 18 species of illegal operations, which special attention is paid today, as they are difficult to detect the traditional methods. These types of suppression of computer crimes include:
· fighting fraud in the field of electronic translation of deposits;
· detection of fraud with the provision of deposits;
· ensuring the preservation of deposits.
2.1 Formation of the foundations of economic security in banking activities
Economic aspects of the safety of economic entities within the framework of the activity approach are usually not dominant. The actualization of economic aspects is usually carried out by the category of economic security, which suggests, first of all, ensuring the possibility of the implementation of the Bank's economic goals: maximizing the profits and minimizing activity costs.
In addition to these, many other approaches are known to determine the concept of economic security of economic entities. Let's analyze some of them.
Regulatory approach.
Banking security is a system of economic norms and tools to protect banks and the interests of their clients. Modern economic theory and practice have developed many economic characteristics of banks, for example:
· the quality of assets (the structure of the Bank's credit and investment portfolio);
· profitability, the functioning of the bank, which allows to judge the effectiveness of the Bank's work;
· liquidity and solvency characterizing the financial stability of the Bank;
· patron growth of bank, etc.
However, the regulatory approach to the economic security of the Bank of the Bank is very narrow, since in it the security issues are only reduced to the standards and regulations that should be respected by banks in the process of activity, and guarantees that protect customers from incapacitated credit institutions. This approach establishes general rules and rules of banking, but does not take into account the many individual factors and environmental impacts on a specific bank.
Institutional approach.
The above analysis of various approaches shows that the bank's economic security is not a one-dimensional concept. First of all, in the considered definitions, it is not possible to allocate an object of security explicitly. In addition, real economic security is subject to many objective and subjective factors and circumstances. In particular, it is largely determined by the state of the institutions of power, which guarantee the protection of economic interests of the economic entity. The more stable elements of the economic system, the ratio of production and financial and banking capital, the balance of property and state regulation structure, investment support, the development of institutional infrastructure, etc., the safer system.
Therefore, it seems that economic security is a certain, measured by scientifically based quantitative and qualitative criteria, the state of the economic entity of the economic entity, necessary and sufficient for:
ü implementation of the target function (activity and economic components);
ü independent, sustainable and progressive development;
ü preserving stability with external and internal economic, political, social, natural and technogenic destabilizing effects.
Thus, the analysis of the concept of banking security allows us to draw the following conclusions:
.the object of economic security of the bank is the state of its economy;
2.the state of the bank's economy in terms of security is determined by the security of personnel, information and property.
2.2 Economic security of the company (enterprise). Types and sources of threats
Economic security of the enterprise -this is a system that provides competitive advantages of the enterprise through the effective use of resources (material, labor, financial, investment) based on the study of comprehensive information generated in the comprehensive accounting and information system.
One of the most important characteristic traits of entrepreneurship is a commercial risk. This puts entrepreneurship to the conditions when he must take into account the sources and factors of commercial risk, the dangers and threat of economic security of entrepreneurial activities. Under the risk factor in business means the reason for the driving force capable of generating security or damage, damage.
Sources of danger are the conditions and factors that make in themselves and under certain conditions themselves either of various aggregates detect hostile intentions, malicious properties, destructive nature.
So, depending on the possibility of their forecasting, anticipate, or predictable, dangers or threats and unforeseen should be distinguished.
TO foresides These include those, as a rule, arise under certain conditions, they are known from the experience of economic activities, and are identified and summarized by economic science.
Unforeseen There are suddenly, unexpectedly. They are associated, as a rule, with unpredictable actions of competitors, partners, a change in the legal field, deformation of the socio-economic or political situation, force majeure (accidents, natural disasters), etc.
Depending on the source of the danger and the threat of economic security, the enterprise is divided into objective and subjective. Objectivearise without participation and besides the will of the enterprise or its employees, they are independent of decisions taken, Action Manager. Subjectiveit is generated by intentional or unintentional actions of people, various organs and organizations, including state and international enterprises-competitors. Therefore, their prevention is largely due to the impact on the subjects of economic relations.
The threat is considered as changes in the internal or external environment of the subject, which lead to unwanted changes in the subject of security. Threat can be considered as a directional impact of danger, i.e. Characterized by the reference of the factor and the likelihood of its manifestation. The threat of economic activity is characterized by any impact leading to a change in the stable functioning of the economic system in the present period and its sustainable development in the future. In the economic practice of ensuring the protection and safety of firms and enterprises, it is vital, since without scientifically based technologies to ensure the security of economic units cannot be confident in the prospects for further development.
Safety, competitiveness and stability - three interrelated vector of evolution of firms, so the inconsistency of any of them remains to systemic issues and initiates crises.
2.3 Economic Firm Protection Mechanisms
Any firm functions and develops in conditions of uncertainty, in a competitive external environment that produces numerous threats. Extreme processes cause sharp, shock changes of endogenous conditions and resources of the company, provoking protective reactions from its part. It is obvious the need to form an effective economic mechanism for the protection of the company, but before - the development of the theoretical foundations of this kind of strategic design.
The economic mechanism of protection of the firm is defined as a way of converting the state of hazard in protecting, due to effective control of the entry of resources and the production of products, combining endogenous factors and mobilizing reserves, monitoring and filtering threats, reflections and deviations. The function of this mechanism is with a minimum of costs with a maximum of a useful effect to ensure a continuous expansion of the reproduction of the system of countering extreme impacts to maintain the company's homeostasis in the triune coordinate system of its competitive, sustainable and safe development.
Fig. one.System Protection Firm
Protection is the security premise and the basis of the competitiveness and sustainability of the company's development. But since the company is a complex economic system, then the system should be the mechanism of its protection against threats. The functional system of this mechanism is covered by all actions, operations, production cycles and business processes of the company.
The system of the considered mechanism is expressed by the logic of the relationship of its key elements (blocks) - goals, subjects, objects, tools, means, methods, indicators, correction methods.
The system of purposes, the implementation of which serves this mechanism, is differentiated and forms two levels. The top is presented by the General (main) target, and the lower - complex of private purposes distributed in certain areas, timing, objects, methods for implementing protective measures.
General Goal Ensuring the protection of the company from extreme effects Wednesday - with a minimum of costs to create a permanent mechanism to counter external threats and ensure the stability of the company's dynamics.
Private goals Protection of the company can be divided into the following blocks:
· in directions - diagnosis and monitoring of threats, their blocking and liquidation, informing and briefing personnel, etc.;
· by timing - short-term, seasonal, medium-term (1-2 years), long-term (3-5 years);
· objects - suppliers, wholesalers, intermediaries, consumers, etc.
The main subject The security of the firm can be made by a specialized protective unit, attracted on a contract basis an external organization, a mobile working group with protection functions, etc.
Protection objects are the firm as a whole and its competitive status, and focal areas of security - personnel, technology, materials and raw materials, institutional structure, organizational schemes, information, goods, financial flows.
§ 3. Impact of economic security problems in Russia
3.1 Difficulties in solving economic security in Russia
The problem of ensuring the safety of Russia in the field of economy is complicated by a combination of large internal problems related to the difficulties of developing a market economy, due to the global financial and economic crisis, with no less large problems of an external plan associated with the contradictions of the globalization process against the background of the same global crisis.
Modern market economy makes it possible to economic entities independently identify options for organizing production and the possibility of selling products, ways to develop its economic interests, choose business partners. This in turn requires them responsibility for the results of activities and causes the need to solve the problems of safety and sustainable development of the enterprise.
The development of society and ensuring the welfare of its members significantly depends on the safety of their activities. The most important component of this security is the economic security that can be viewed as a sustainable state of the national economy.
At the present stage, the development of the Russian economy is characterized by many transient processes when crises and critical situations are an integral characteristics of the functioning of economic systems of all levels. Therefore, ensuring economic security becomes one of the strategic state problems. At the same time, in the process of reforming, our economy has largely lost the ability to implement expanded production. Many enterprises, becoming independent business entities, have been experiencing financial and economic difficulties due to low competitive products, low quality services and the ineffective form of management organization.
The formation and development of market mechanisms in the Russian economy, a change in the forms and methods of state regulation of enterprises, the increased influence of the external environment, the emergence of competition and the need to adapt enterprises to the conditions folding in the external environment led to the emergence of numerous problems in ensuring the economic security of enterprises.
Under these conditions for enterprises, the economic entities are becoming an urgent problem of increasing economic security.
The economic security of economic entities is in close dependence, primarily from the state of the country's economy. This external economic environment defines the framework in which business entities are building their activities, and suggests the mechanisms that they can use to ensure the economic efficiency of their activities and achieve a certain level of economic security.
Thus, economic safety is inseparable associated with the economic efficiency of the functioning of economic entities and with preventing threats aimed at reducing this efficiency.
3.2 Perspective directions and methods for solutions of economic security
Ensuring the economic security and sustainable development of corporations involves the achievement of the optimal balance between their risks and profitability. In turn, building a system for ensuring economic security of corporate entities is sent not to eliminate risk factors, but to the creation of a mechanism capable of ensuring efficient maintenance of economic activities in conditions of uncertainty.
The main direction of improving the economic security system is to create and ensure the safety of all blocks, its components: property, personnel, information and financial.
In the system of ensuring the economic security of economic entities, an important place is owned by means of protection. Their composition should comply with the modern stage of the development of the economy and based on new, progressive technologies, which must be based on specific rules (standards) of business protection.
Based on the results of the analysis of the current system adopted by Russian business entities as a security measures, as well as, taking into account foreign practice in this field of activity, developed the system of corporate protection of the economic security of economic entities in a market economy.
The system includes the following major protection directions:
v. governmental support;
v. prevention of external threats;
v. internal security;
v. organization of competitive intelligence;
v. using modern technologies ensuring economic security in economics and finance.
State Protection and Support of Economic Subjectsin ensuring their safety occupies a central place. It is government agencies that must develop laws governing entrepreneurial activities in a timely manner protecting their interests and property.
The main elements of the enterprise economic security system include: Protection of commercial secrets and confidential information; computer security; internal safety; safety of buildings and structures; physical safety; technical safety; Communication security; Safety of economic and contractual activities; safety of transportation of goods and individuals, etc.
The main objectives of the economic security system of any commercial structure include:
ü protection of the legal rights and interests of the enterprise and its employees;
ü collection, analysis, data assessment and prediction of the development of the situation;
ü study of partners, customers, competitors, candidates for the work of the enterprise;
ü ensuring the safety of material values \u200b\u200band information constituting the commercial secret of the enterprise;
ü control over the effectiveness of the functioning of the enterprise security system, the improvement of its elements.
ü Threats, risks, protection and safety of the firm can be considered on five interrelated levels of its structure: three main (Nano - employees, mini-units and micro - firm as a whole as a subject of interaction with the environment) and two intermediate (professional groups of workers and functional subsystems) . At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the multi-layer of the external environment of the company.
Conclusion
The problem of ensuring the economic security of enterprises requires a solution that concerns all enterprises and business entities leading their activities in market conditions. In order to ensure security in the economic sphere, it is necessary to ensure that there is an internal and external influence that violates the normal functioning of the enterprise.
To fully ensure economic security, the company needs to do the following:
· reveal paradox and contradictions in legislation to minimize taxes and fees;
· develop mechanisms and take action against criminal groups with the possible involvement of power structures;
· reveal the level of professionalism of partners, the psychology of their behavior;
· develop and implement mechanisms to counter dishonest competitors, prevent informal tax audits.
The economic security management of the enterprise involves the detection of hazardous threats, the definition of the structure and functions of divisions, which ensures the prevention of these threats and the creation of a system of forecasting, operational planning of economic security issues.
The system of assessment and analysis of economic security includes a combination of consecutive, interconnected blocks, stages of activities, systematized and adapted methods for these tasks, methods, models that give the opportunity to identify, evaluate and reduce the impact of economic risk to an acceptable level with minimal costs of corporate resources. .
The economic security of the enterprise is proposed to be viewed as a measure of harmonization in time and the space of economic interests of the enterprise with the interests of the entities of the external environment, which are existing outside the enterprise. Such an understanding of the economic security of the enterprise does not contradict the attempts already taken to determine this concept, since the same as all these attempts, it comes from recognition significant, if not to say more - defining the influence of the external environment on the activities of the enterprise. The fundamental difference of the proposed understanding of the economic security of the enterprise is to recognize the impossibility of fully protecting the activities of the enterprise from the negative impact of the external environment due to the fact that the enterprise operates in this external environment and its activities are impossible, as well as the recognition of the positive impact of external.
Economic security of the enterprise, its independence and non-risk prevention in the zone of critical risk can be provided if the most important strategic areas of business security will be determined, a clear logical scheme of timely detection and elimination of possible hazards and threats, reducing the effects of economic risk. It is necessary to hold a number of preparatory activities to create a reliable firm security system. From this work, it largely depends on what decisions will be adopted in this area how security authorities will be formed which financial, material and human resources will be allocated, and ultimately - business security efficiency.
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Attachment 1
Maximum critical values \u200b\u200bof state safety indicators
No. p / p Economic sphere1 Pump slot internal product (GDP) per capita from the average level of 100% socio-political, economic and military upset from the developed and medium-breeding states2DOL in industrial production: machining industry of engineering 70% 20% de-industrialization of the country, the collapse of the military-industrial complex3 investment % to GDP25% Cutting production4Don of new types of products in the volume of production of products6% of the loss of high technologies, marketing markets and a decrease in the defense industry in% of GDP5% Inflation Enhance8 Pump foreign currency in cash to the amount of cash national currency25% undermining confidence in national currency, financial dependence on the 9th mass in% to GDP50% lack of working capital, decline in the production of imports in domestic consumption: total food 30% 25% economic, socio-political and military dependence of the country, The threat of hunger11 Differentiation of the subjects of the state in the subsistence minimum of 1.5 times the time of military conflicts between the subjects of the state of the fall of the industrial production of industrial production30-40% of the economy de-industrialization13Doli in the export of manufacturing products40% colonial-raw material structure of the economy14Dol in the export of high-tech products 10-15% technological advice of the economy15Don to GDP2% Destruction of Intelligent Potential
Appendix 2.
External and domestic threats to the enterprise's economic security.
External threats to the threat of representatives of the authorities and management in commercial activities or inaction (including intentional and unintelligent) employees of the enterprise, contrary to the interests of its commercial activities, the investigation of the company's economic damage to the use of criminal structures to influence a competitors or loss of information resources ( Including information constituting commercial secrets and / or confidential information) the lack of laws that fully counteract the unfair competition of its business image into a business circle in the country of favorable conditions for scientific and technical research of problems in relationships with real and potential partners ( Up to the loss of important contracts) the lack of detailed and objective information on business entities and their financial position conflict Situation by representatives of the criminal environment, competitors, controlling and law enforcement agencies, production injuries or death of IT.d. Lack of culture of affairs in the entrepreneurial environment
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Simultaneously with the emergence and development of farms (or economic systems), problems associated with the threats of their integrity, existence and development appeared. Threats of loss of property and deterioration of relations in the process of implementing both production and exchange accompanied entrepreneurs throughout the path of economic development. Actually, the entrepreneurial activity itself generates threats, as its implementation is associated with risks.
Economists, in particular R. Cantillon, in the XVIII century. Point to the relationship of entrepreneurship and risk: the entrepreneur may be the person who can not only anticipate the risk, but also, using it, receive additional income. The risk is due to uncertainty not so much the results of entrepreneurial activity as the conditions of the management of the economy. The entrepreneur is forced to risk due to uncertainty, unpredictability of events, in which economic activity proceeds. Under uncertaintyit is understood as the infertion or inaccuracy of information on economic conditions, including new scientific and technical discoveries, innovative solutions, the impossibility of accurate prediction of their changes, the unpredictability of the behavior of market participants, including competitors, partners, etc.
The main causes of uncertainty are:
- 1) limited information on conditions of activity;
- 2) the probable nature of events that affect the decisions made, processes and conditions of activity (market condition and product demand, price dynamics, etc.);
- 3) differences and inconsistency of the interests of market participants, which can lead to conflict situations and illegal actions.
The main goal of economic activities to create products (goods, works, services) is profit. The main source of profit is not so much activity that occurs within the framework of the well-known conditions, how many innovative activities to create a new product, the demand for which is unknown, the application of new technologies, the result of which is also likely to be like. Therefore, the main characteristics of entrepreneurial activity include profitability and risks.
With the development of market relations, technologies and methods of business organization and threats: some disappeared, others appeared or modified, but the tasks of ensuring economic security were always relevant. However, only the Great Depression of the late 20-30s. The last century has become the starting point that has determined economic security as an independent activity and subject of research. It is the need for an operational response to the threats of a different scale and character that demanded the creation of an adequate mechanism in the form of economic security. Economic security for half a century took only a niche of entrepreneurship. On the state, the national level it rose only in the 70s. XX century In the USA and Western Europe. In the Soviet Union, the main subject area of \u200b\u200beconomic security was foreign economic activity and economic crime.
Currently, economic security is considered on the entire vertical of economic systems: from the level of the entrepreneur to the level of the national economy. Depending on the level of the vertical, there are many economic security definitions (Table 1.2).
Definitions of economic security
|
Level of economic |
Definition |
A source |
|
|
National |
The ability of the national economy to ensure the welfare of the nation and the stability of the domestic market, regardless of the action of external factors |
V.V. Rubanov |
Safety - slogans, theory and political practice [Text] // Raz. - 1991. -№ 17.-s. 31-41 |
|
National |
Such a state of the national economy, which is characterized by its stability, immunity to the effects of internal and external factors, violating the normal functioning of the process of public reproduction, undermining the life-improved standard of living and thereby causing increased social tensions in society, as well as the threat to the existence of the state |
V.S. Penkov |
Economic security: world-economic and internal aspect [Text] // Foreign Economic Communications. - 1992. - Vol. 8. - P. 5-18 |
|
National |
The system of protecting the vital interests of Russia. Protection facilities can be the national economy of the country as a whole, individual regions, individual spheres and industries, legal entities and individuals as business entities |
V.A. Savin |
Some aspects of the economic security of Russia [Text] // International Business of Russia. - 1995. - № 9. - P. 14-16 |
Continuation of table. 7.2
|
Level of economic |
Definition |
A source |
|
|
National, regional, local |
The state of the economic system, which allows it to develop dynamically, effectively and solve social tasks and in which the state has the opportunity to produce and implement an independent economic policy |
L.I. Abalkin |
Economic security of Russia [Text] // Socio-political magazine. -1997. - № 5. - |
|
National, regional, local |
The combination of the properties of the state of the production subsystem, ensuring the possibility of achieving the objectives of the entire system |
V.L. Tambovtsev |
Economic Safety of Economic Systems: Structure, Problems [Text] // Bulletin of Moscow State University. - Ser. 6. Economy. - 1995. - № 3. - P. 3 |
|
National, regional, local |
The set of qualitative characteristics (properties) of the state and direction of the development of an object that ensure its integrity, controllability, stability of the essential characteristics, the safety of various potentials (resources) of the object, as well as its rating in the surrounding world when it occurs both domestic and external challenges or threats to an economic nature, as well as when exposed to adverse economic factors. |
A.A. Odintsov |
Economic and Information Security of Entrepreneurship [Text]. - M.: Academy, 2008. - P. 32 |
|
Level of economic |
Definition |
A source |
|
|
National |
Material base of national security, guaranteeing sustainable, stable development of the country, its independence |
O.A. Georgian HELL. Makarov, L.A. Mikhailov, A.L. Mikhailov A.S. Scaridov |
Economic security [Text]. - M.: Drop. - |
|
National |
Such a state of the economy and institutions of government, which ensures guaranteed protection of national interests, the social orientation of politics, sufficient defense potential, even under adverse conditions of the development of internal and external processes |
VC. Senchaghov |
Economic Security: Financial Production Banks [Text]. - M.: Fin-Statinform, 1998. - P. 25 |
|
Local |
The state of the economic entity in which through methods and means of countering the negative impact of dangers and threats, nevertheless, its economic and other stability is ensured, as well as progressive development |
P.A. Gerasimov |
Economic security of economic entities [Text]. - M.: Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, 2006. - P. 7 |
Despite the many definitions, only two approaches to the disclosure of economic safety are possible: meaningful and functional.
For meaningful approach Under economic safety is understood as such a state of the economic system, in which the dangers and realized threats will not lead to the catastrophic risks of the destruction of the system. In this case, economic security is considered as an integral characteristics of the economic system, under which any economic entity is understood or their many. Depending on the level of the system, the objectives of its operation differ. The goal is a system-forming: if it does not reach, the economic system will cease its existence, collapses. The main objective of the economic system at the level of the economic entity is to produce a product in demand by the external environment. However, the needs are constantly changing; Consequently, business entities must constantly develop, offer other products or the same products, but with new qualities.
Development requires relevant resources, primarily financial, therefore, the goal of the functioning of economic entities in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is discussed - excess of income over costs. In the event that the revenues from the sale of the product will only cover the cost of producing this product, the economic entity will not be able to acquire additional resources for its development, including business expansion. Changing the needs of consumers is the threat to the realizability of the product and, therefore, leads to the termination of the activities of the economic entity, its destruction. Therefore, development is the fundamental property of the economic system and, accordingly, the condition of economic security. Lack of development, stability sharply reduces the possibility of survival, resistance and adaptation to new calls to the external environment, which indicates the degradation of the economic system and its destruction.
The economic entity supports communication with the external environment not only through the process of supplying products, but also through the requests of the resources necessary for its activities, which predetermines the condition of threats through the procurement system.
The stability and stability of the economic system are the properties that reflect its ability to confront challenges and continue to function in the changed conditions. The stability of the economic system reflects its ability to maintain equilibrium, to successfully adapt to changing economic conditions, overcome crisis phenomena. The stability of the economic system ensures its elements, their structure (ratio, balance) and the relationship between them. Violation of relationships, the structure of the elements may lead to a violation of stability.
The integrity of the system is characterized by the presence of all the necessary elements, their structure and relationships. Changing economic conditions leads to a change in the composition, structure and interconnection of elements. But this structural state should be adequate to the objectives of the functioning and existence of the system and contribute to solving the tasks of converting resources into the product. The integrity disorder reflects the destruction of individual elements, or a structural imbalance, or a breaking of relationships in a structural state, adequate to current purposes and system tasks. Violation of the system integrity will lead to the impossibility of producing a product and, therefore, to achieve the main goal.
To assess the state of the economic system at the level of the economic entity, it is necessary necessary to have the following properties: integrity, stability and ability to develop.
The main goal of the national economy is to meet the social and economic needs of citizens, the preservation of the environment in the rational use of raw materials. Under the economic security of the country means such a state of its economic system, in which the dangers and realized threats will not lead to its destruction and loss of economic independence. In this case, environmental, man-made, military, social, economic, etc. can be attributed to hazards. Economic addiction can also manifest itself in various forms: loss of sovereigntality in solving issues on further economic development, its forms and methods, financial and resource dependence, etc. In this case, we can talk about a violation of the integrity of the system, which is characterized by the absence of individual elements and the imbalance of their structure. The imbalance of the structure of the country's economic complex is manifested in the difference between the levels of development of individual territories and regions, as well as individual industries.
The stability of the economic system at the state level is similar to the stability of the economic system at the level of the economic entity and means the possibility of achieving the goals in violation of the external and internal conditions of its existence, for example, in emergency situations: earthquakes, floods, droughts, accidents at facilities, etc.
The ability of the economic system at the state level is closely related to its integrity, independence and state of lower-level economic systems, which indicates the integral nature of their relationships. Economic security at the national level can only be ensured by the joint actions of each individual and the combined efforts of all citizens, business entities and all branches of state power at all levels.
However, the objective presence of contradictions in the interests of citizens, business entities and state bodies should be noted. For example, an employee of the organization is interested in the maximum wage, and the employer (economic entity) is in resource saving, including financial. The economic entity for the implementation of the goal of profit is interested in minimizing taxes, and the state to replenish the budget for social needs is to maximize tax rates.
If we consider economic security at the state level in a broad sense - as ensuring the protection of its external and internal economic interests and interests of all subjects of economic relations, the coordination of these interests is one of the objectives of the state economic policy and the economic security strategy at the state level. The external interests of the state are concentrated in two main areas: independence in international relations and economic expansion from other states.
Thus, under economic safety, with a meaningful approach, such a state of the economic system of various levels is understood, determined by the set of conditions and factors of its functioning, which ensures its independence, stability, stability and development ability.
For functional approach Under economic safety is a system that controls the dangers and threats, preventing or minimizing risks in order to preserve the vital properties of the economic system: integrity, stability, sustainability, independence and development ability.
A functional approach to the disclosure of economic security, in contrast to the meaningful, implies the existence of an independent security system, the purpose of which is to maintain and maintain the vital properties of the economic system - integrity, the ability to self-development and stability.
The main functions of economic security are:
- determining the composition of the internal and external threats to the security of the economic system;
- Determination of high-quality indicators and quantitative indicators of the state of the economic system under which it can be recognized in economically safe;
- Development and application of tools and ways to ensure economic security by a citizen, an economic entity, region or state.
At the heart of Russia's increased attention to the problem of economic security of Russia, there are objective processes and phenomena occurring in the national economy and in Russian society, as well as in the global economy and in international economic relations. The most important processes and phenomena seem to be appropriate to attribute, including the following.
First, the economic experiment of the 90s in Russia its main goal had converted property and control over national natural resources and the material base of social production. In general, it is quite clear that in order to quickly achieve this goal during privatization, the only effective means were chosen by the destruction of the state management system, since it was the state that the state was the main ownership holder for the conditions and means of production.
All this led to the fact that economic reforms were predominantly destructive, not a creative nature. Russia has established a peculiar record of the duration and depth of the economic downturn in peacetime. By the beginning of the new century, the socio-economic problems of Russia acquired such a sharp nature that the change in the internal and external economic policy was not a matter of discussions of economists and political scientists, but the issue of preserving the Russian state on the economic and political map of the world. As is known, the leadership of China, for example, as priorities of reforms, the goals of achieving economic growth due to the preemptive development of the production of long-term goods were chosen. Naturally, it was accompanied by a structural leader of ownership to the extent that this was the basic development goals without the destruction of the national management system.
National interests, state economic security issues and remain defining reforms carried out in China. As a result, the PRC demonstrated a record rates of economic growth, became one of the driving forces and a stabilizing factor in the global economy. All countries of the world, almost without exception, were literally "diluted" by Chinese goods, and the Chinese diaspora abroad ranked strong positions in local business circles not only developing, but also industrialized countries. Unlike many, this country was resulted in unfolding in 1997-1998. World Financial Crisis.
Secondly, as a result of the change of leadership of Russia at the turn of the centuries, the problem of economic security of the state from declarative and conjunctural began to gradually turn into a matter of practical economic policy state. This served as a impetus for new research and develop practical approaches to ensuring national security in various fields, including the security of financial and economic activities.
Thirdly, the process of commencement of relative financial and economic stabilization in Russia, which is currently observed, seems to reflect the completion of a certain transitional stage of deregulation of the National Economy. To a certain extent, the main partition of state ownership has already occurred, and entrepreneurship is more interested in preserving the current situation, in stabilization and consolidation of the achieved. New radical changes and public cataclysms no longer respond to the interests of entrepreneurship, for they can disrupt the normal production process, worsen the sales of products and services, and, most importantly, can threaten a new radical leader of the property.
In the current situation, Russian entrepreneurs are increasingly interested in consolidating their position in the context of the regulated market, while improving the legislative framework of entrepreneurship, the protection of personality, property rights, in other words, in the state of its principle to ensure the economic security of financial and economic activities.
Fourthly, there was a clear disappointment by the results of reforms in the environment of economists and political scientists from among the "reformers", who were standing at the origins of the origin of economic transformations. Thus, not only the majority of the population left "overboard" market reforms remained, but also a significant part of the Russian scientific elite began to critically evaluate the results of the economic experiment in the country. The demand for economic and political "radical liberalism" was extremely high at the destruction phase of the existing system of government and privatization. However, as in other social shocks that happened in the history of the history, ideologists of radical reforms turned out to be superfluous after the completion of the redistribution of national wealth. Under these conditions, the Russian economic literature increased the critical understanding of the reforms carried out, the role of the state in the economy and issues of ensuring national economic security increased in economics.
Fifth, the globalization of the global economy and international production relations is subject to the preservation of the national-state form of organizing economic systems for example, Nekipelov A.D., analyzing the process of globalization and the financial sector, notes: "... there is a modern curly and financial system characterized by the highest The degree of internationalization of capital under the continuing national-state form of monetary systems. " Nekpelov A.D. The consequences of globalization in the financial sector. In Sat.: Macroeconomic and financial policies in crisis situations: world experience and Russian reality. Russian entrepreneurship, having received direct access to world markets, in many cases faces not just with individual competitive companies, but with state-monopolistic structures, with which they are unable to confront alone.
The fact that in the process of globalization, the problem of national interests and economic security of the state is exacerbated, such trends are evidenced as exercising in the explicit and hidden forms of state support for national business in world markets; expansion and increase in the number of areas of the national interests of the leading countries of the world, primarily the United States; Active study of the problems of ensuring the safety of national interests by foreign political scientists and economists.
It would be possible to continue to list the objective processes underlying the strengthened recent attention to the problem of Russia's economic security. However, the trends listed above and the research leading by Russian scientists and specialists suggest that the problem itself is not contraded, but quite specifically.
