Socio-economic situation of the Central Federal District. Population of the Central Federal District

Is the most densely populated part of Russia. The population density is 57.5 people / km 2. Center - Moscow. In terms of area, it occupies about 4% of the territory of the Russian Federation and concentrates 25% of the country's population, of which half is concentrated in Moscow metropolitan region.

It is not by chance that the district was named Central. This name characterizes not only him geographical position in the center of the country, but also a historical function as the nucleus of the Russian state, the center of economic, political, cultural life.

V Central District the largest training centers, research institutes, design organizations, cities of science are located, therefore it is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel, which explains the high level of development of science-intensive industries (Table 1).

Table 1. Geography of engineering industries of the Central federal district

It is a developed industrial and agricultural area.

Ferrous metallurgy uses the natural wealth of the region - the iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. In terms of geological reserves, the KMA field ranks first in the world. The shallow occurrence of ores (from 35 to 500 m) allows them to be mined in open pits. Mining of K ML ores accounts for 40% of the total production of iron ores in the CIS countries.

Lebedinsky mining and processing plant is located in the Belgorod region. It produces a powdery ore concentrate, 2/3 consisting of iron oxide. From here, the concentrate is sent to metallurgical plants in the form of agglomerate or pellets.

OJSC Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant in Lipetsk specializes in iron and steel smelting. It ranks third in Russia in terms of product output after the Cherepovets (Vologda Oblast) and Magnitogorsk (Chelyabinsk Oblast) Combines.

Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant is located in Stary Oskol (Belgorod Region). It produces steel by direct reduction of iron.

The most valuable wealth of the district is soils - chernozems. The humus content in them ranges from 4 to 12%, and the chernozem horizon itself reaches 1 m or more. These are the most fertile soils in Russia, therefore the district belongs to the main agricultural regions of the country. A significant part of its territory is occupied by fields of grain, industrial and fodder crops: rye and wheat, millet and buckwheat, corn, barley, oats, silage grasses, sugar beets, sunflowers. Livestock raising, horticulture and vegetable growing are well developed.

The agro-industrial complex of the district specializes in the production of commercial grain, flour, cereals, granulated sugar, butter, starch, canned fruits and vegetables.

Indicators of the Central Federal District

Administrative-territorial composition: Moscow, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovsk, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions.

Territory - 652.7 thousand km 2. Population - 37.1 million people.

The administrative center is Moscow.

Central federal district unites the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.

The territory of the Okrug belongs to Central Russia with a characteristic non-relative unity of natural, geographic, demographic and economic features development.

Table 2. The share of economic indicators of the Central Federal District in the all-Russian

Branches of specialization of industrial production of the district on the basis of the localization coefficient are highlighted in Table. 3.

The Central Federal District, in accordance with the calculations of the localization coefficient (Table 3), specializes in the following forks of economic activity: manufacturing industries, including the production of food products, including beverages, and tobacco, textile and clothing production, leather production, leather goods and production of footwear, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing activities, chemical production, production of rubber and plastic products, production of other non-metallic mineral products, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, and other industries; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

Table 3. Specialization of industrial production in the Central Federal District

The Central Federal District (CFD) is a metropolitan region leading in terms of population, economic and social development, with a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and highways.

Districts of the Central Federal District

According to natural conditions, location and development of productive forces on the territory of the district, the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions are distinguished.

Central economic region

District composition(13 subjects of the federation) - Moscow, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovskaya, Vladimirskaya, Ryazan, Tula, Oryol, Bryansk, Kaluga, Smolensk, Tver regions.

In terms of the number of subjects of the federation, this is the largest district, it also stands out in terms of population.

The region does not have significant reserves of minerals that could determine the development of its economy. Fuel reserves are presented in the Moscow region brown coal basin, low quality coals, but can be used as coking and power ones. There are insignificant deposits of peat in the territories of the Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl and Moscow regions. Discovered oil and gas fields in the Yaroslavl region, which are not yet developed.

Mineral raw materials are represented by a few iron ore deposits in the Tula and Oryol regions. The Kosogorsk Metallurgical Combine (XV-XVII centuries) was founded on the use of Tula ores. There are industrial phosphorite deposits in the Bryansk and Moscow regions.

All natural resources are mainly of intraregional importance.

Population. The central region is leading in terms of population density (more than 60 people / km 2), but there are significant differences. The maximum concentration of the population is reached within the Moscow agglomeration (excluding Moscow - 140 people / km 2), while in the Kostroma region the average density is only 13 people / km 2.

The share of the urban population is 83.1%. The largest Moscow agglomeration in Russia was formed in the region. Moscow, as it were, impeded the growth of other cities, so there are few large urban settlements in the region: Yaroslavl (620 thousand people), Ryazan (530 thousand people), Tula (520 thousand people). The main nationality of all subjects is Russians. In some places, there is a compact residence of other peoples: in the Tver region - Karelians, in the Ryazan region - Mordovians and Tatars, in the border regions of Smolensk and Bryansk regions - Belarusians.

Household. The presence of highly qualified labor resources and a large number of research and design institutes have always determined the development of science-intensive and labor-intensive industries in the region, including the military-industrial complex.

Tertiary sector. Moscow is undoubtedly the largest the banking center of the country. The boards of all major banks in Russia are concentrated here, there is a large branch network. All this leads to the fact that this industry is coming to the fore in the region. Income received from financial transactions, are ahead of all other areas of management. An additional resource leading to the strengthening of the role of the Center is the implementation of state functions Moscow. Placement in the city of the Presidential Administration, Government, Federal Assembly entails the concentration of various industries, firms and management structures.

Industry... Mechanical engineering is the main branch of industry in the region. At one time, the automotive industry, machine tool building, instrument making, electrical engineering, electronics, aircraft construction developed here. The first locomotive and carriage building enterprises appeared in the region, then their number increased.

The center of the automotive industry - Moscow - where the ZIL production association, specializing in the production of medium-duty trucks, is located.

The Center contains many factories that produce equipment for various industries (clothing, chemical, energy, building materials, woodworking). The main centers of machine tool building are Moscow, Kolomna, Ryazan. Instrument making is developed in Moscow (factories "Energopribor", "Fizpribor", "Manometer", watch factories), Ryazan, Vladimir, Smolensk. Electrotechnical engineering is well developed in Moscow, it is represented by the factories "Moskabel", "Dynamo" and factories in Yaroslavl, Kaluga and the Vladimir region.

Chemical production is also a branch of specialization. Among the branches of chemistry, operating on their own resources, one should name the production of phosphate fertilizers (Voskresensk and Polpino). Plants for the production of plastics, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic rubber, nitrogen fertilizers (Tula region), and detergents operate on imported oil and gas (there are three refineries in the region). The centers for the production of synthetic rubber are Yaroslavl and Efremov.

Ferrous metallurgy is represented by a full-cycle enterprise in Tula, an iron foundry in Kosaya Gora (Tula region), as well as a number of processing plants in Moscow, Elektrostal, Orel.

The central region is characterized by a powerful printing industry, which is also an industry market specialization... Large printing plants are located in Moscow, supplying all regions of the country with their products.

The textile industry, which once played a leading role in the region, is experiencing a decline in production. It is caused by massive imports of cheaper products from abroad, a shortage of raw materials left outside of Russia, and the disappearance of government orders. All these reasons led to the shutdown of many businesses.

Most of the other industries meet the domestic needs of the Central Economic Region: electric power, food processing, nonferrous metallurgy, and construction.

Agriculture. Climatic conditions in combination with different soils make it possible to grow cereals with a short growing season, fodder crops, and potatoes in the northern regions. In the southern regions, winter wheat ripens, a lot of potatoes are planted on chernozem soils, sugar beets are planted in the very south. Dairy and beef cattle breeding is represented in animal husbandry. There are many poultry and pig factories in the area. The suburban type of economy has developed significantly, combining vegetable growing, potato growing with dairy and meat cattle breeding and pig breeding.

Transport characterized by a huge scale of transportation of goods and passengers. Historically, a radial-ring transport network has developed in focus with Moscow. 11 electrified railways linking the Central Region with all parts of the country. Several federal highways pass through Moscow. Moscow is the largest aviation hub in the country. Oil and gas pipelines run through the Central District.

The Moscow river port can receive cargo going through a system of canals from five seas.

The Central Economic Region is a major tourist region of the country.

Currently, the most important factors in the development of the region are:

• an increase in the role of the financial and credit sphere (banks), the rapid formation of small and medium-sized businesses during the transition to a market economy;
• structural restructuring in the economy, which preserves traditional production on the basis of military-industrial complex enterprises.

Central Black Earth Economic Region

District composition(five subjects of the federation) - Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov regions.

Conditions for the development of the economy. The region's specialization is associated with its own iron ore resources (KM A ore is the first in the country). There are phosphorite deposits in the Kursk region.

Nonmetallic minerals are represented by molding sands, deposits of cement raw materials, chalk and limestone (Belgorod region).

Soils in the north are podzolic and gray podzolic in the rest - fertile chernozems.

Limitations are determined by the shortage of water and the lack of energy capacity. Naturally, the territory is favorable for the cultivation of many agricultural crops.

Population. The coefficient of natural population decline is slightly lower than the indicators of the Central region and reaches 6-8 ° / 00. The population density is relatively high - 46 people / km 2. At the same time, there is almost no differentiation across the territory. The region is one of the few that can be called mono-national. The share of Russians ranges from 92% in the Belgorod region to 98% in the Tambov region.

Household. Ferrous metallurgy. Located in the region, the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) is the largest iron ore basin in the country (the ore contains up to 60% iron). The Kursk-Orlovsky region (Mikhailovskoye deposit) and the Starooskolsky region (Lebedinskoye and Stoilenskoye deposits) are distinguished. Enriched ore is largely sent outside the region, as well as to local enterprises in Lipetsk and Stary Oskol (a plant for the direct reduction of iron from ores has been built). Other industries include mechanical engineering (machine tool industry - Voronezh, Lipetsk, tractor engineering - Lipetsk, agricultural engineering - Voronezh, Tambov, Michurinsk, Kursk; heavy engineering and aircraft construction). Chemistry: production of synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, dyes in Tambov, detergents in Shebekin.

Agro-industrial complex. Sugar beet (first in the country), sunflower (third in the country), cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruit and berry crops are cultivated in the region. Dairy and beef cattle breeding and pig breeding predominate in animal husbandry. In terms of meat production per capita, the region ranks first in the country (about 55 kg), in milk production - in second place after the Volga-Vyatka region. Almost all products are processed within the region. There are flour mills, milk canned feed, sugar and starch factories, factories for the production of vegetable and animal oil. The country's largest Alekseevsky ether complex began to produce the famous brand of sunflower oil "Sloboda".

Further development of the region is associated with the increase in agricultural production and the development of iron ore deposits in the KMA.

The structure includes 18 territorial entities. And for this reason, it is the largest in terms of their number. There are no republics in the Central Federal District, only regions and the only one which is the capital of our country, Moscow. By the way, it is not only the largest city in the entire district, but also its administrative center. However, first things first.

Peculiarities

Before considering the composition of the Central Federal District, it is worth noting the features that distinguish it.

So, the Central Federal District was formed on May 13, 2000. He has no outlet to any sea and, accordingly, the ocean. But nevertheless, this is the largest district in terms of population and the number of territorial entities, as already mentioned above. A little more than 39 million people live in the Central Federal District. This is approximately 26.7% of the total number of citizens of the Russian Federation. The density, by the way, is ~ 60.14 people per km².

The Central Federal District includes two large economic regions, which include 310 cities. These are the Central Black Earth and Central regions. The area occupied by them is 650 205 km². This is approximately 3.8% of the entire territory of Russia. But, despite such small dimensions, the Central Federal District is the basic macro-region of the entire country.

Capital

As mentioned above, Moscow is part of the Central Federal District. It occupies the smallest area when compared with other subjects of the Central Federal District - only 2,511 km². But, despite this, on average 10 times more people live in Moscow than in other areas of the district. There are 12,330,126 people in the capital, according to the latest statistics.

What can you tell about Moscow? After all, this is the capital, and that says it all. Still, it should be noted that the city is the largest financial center on a national scale and one of the world's largest business megacities. And perhaps it will not be superfluous to say that it is Moscow that is in first place among all cities on our planet in terms of the number of dollar billionaires living on its territory. There are 79 of them here. In any case, as of 2011.

And of course, Moscow is the largest transport hub in Russia. During the year, the volume of passenger traffic is about 11.5 billion people.

Moscow region

This is the next most populous subject of the Central Federal District after the capital. The area of ​​the region is approximately 44.4 thousand km². About 7.32 million people live in this territory.

In terms of GRP, the Moscow Region is in third place among all Russian regions. It's not bad developed region, which is facilitated, by the way, by the neighborhood with the capital. On the one hand, this fact plays a positive role. But on the other hand, the capital takes over the labor resources of the region. It's just that many people living in the MO work in the metropolis. And for this reason, their taxes go to the Moscow budget.

Industry is well developed in this region. In particular, metalworking and mechanical engineering. It produces rocket and space technology, nuclear and thermal power equipment, mainline diesel locomotives, electric trains, buses, carriages, excavators and much more.

Other regions and their importance

The Central Federal Region also includes the Lipetsk Region - a region located on a territory that has been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic (40-12 thousand years ago). So scientists say. 85% of the region's territory is covered with black earth, and 300 mineral deposits have also been discovered here. The Leningrad Region is the leader in the Russian Federation in terms of reserves of carbonate raw materials.

Talking about the composition of the federal districts, one cannot fail to note the Ivanovo region, which is part of the Central Federal District. After all, 32.8% of the total Russian volume of light industry products is produced on its territory (indicator No. 1).

The Oryol region is also included in the Central Federal District. It is distinguished by its economy, which has a pronounced agrarian-industrial character.

The Tula region is also included in the Central Federal District. This is one of the most socially disadvantaged regions. Low fertility, increased mortality, a large number of accidents, poor ecology, and more than 420 thousand people (and in total there are ~ 1,500,000 citizens living in TO) are pensioners. But the food industry is well developed here. The most striking example is the Yasnaya Polyana confectionery factory, which produces gingerbreads known throughout Russia.

Features of larger areas

Few of the federal districts can boast of such a variety of territorial entities as the Central Federal District. Not all areas have been listed above.

There is also Belgorodskaya. It is special in that about 40% of the iron ore reserves of the Russian Federation are concentrated on its territory. A good ecological situation is observed in the Kaluga region. Sod-podzolic soils occupy 75.6% of its territory. 45.2% of the space is occupied by forests, and the total timber stock, therefore, is 267.7 million m³.

In the Vladimir region, the ecological situation is bad, but mechanical engineering is well developed. Due to this area, about 40% of the industrial product is created.

The Kursk and Tambov regions are also part of the Central Federal District (CFD). The main activity of the first is in the extraction and processing of ore, as well as in mechanical engineering. The industry of the Tambov region is recognized as one of the leading sectors of the regional economy.

The Bryansk region is known for its highly developed railway transport and radio electronics. And also timber processing. The Yaroslavl Region, which also largely determines the important position of the Central Federal District, is one of the most industrially developed regions. About 300 local businesses have state significance... In addition, this area is known for its good mineral resources (thin band clays, quartz sand, peat, gravel, etc. are widespread here).

Finally

As you can see, the Central Federal District is quite solid in economic terms. The composition of the areas, as well as their features, is useful to know. But the last 5 regions have not yet been mentioned. But they are also important.

The Ryazan region, for example, is known for the fact that on its area there are 103.5 thousand hectares of the most important natural areas. And protected, respectively. In the Smolensk region, dairy and meat cattle breeding is well developed. Agricultural land occupies about 1 750 000 hectares!

Voronezh region is the absolute leader in the whole country in terms of employment. Kostromskaya is known for the presence of the largest enterprises in the Russian Federation specializing in the production of lifting and oil and gas equipment. And finally, the Tver region, the last one. Construction and trade are well developed on its territory.

What conclusion can be drawn? Unambiguous. All areas that make up the Central Federal District are special and valuable in their own way. And thanks to each of them, the Central Federal District is the most highly developed in Russia.

1. Population size.

The Central Federal District is the largest in Russia in terms of population - 37,121,812 people. (26.16% of the RF), including: urban - 29,994,175 people, rural - 7,127,637 people (as of January 1, 2012).

2. National composition:

Russians - 34 million 703 thousand 066 people. (91.32%)

Ukrainians - 756 thousand 087 people. (1.99%)

Persons who did not indicate their nationality - 736 thousand 020 people. (1.93%)

Tatars - 288 thousand 216 people. (0.77%)

Armenians - 249 thousand 220 people (0.66%)

Belarusians - 186 thousand 326 people. (0.49%)

Azerbaijanis - 161 thousand 859 people. (0.43%)

Jews - 103 thousand 710 people. (0.27%)

Georgians - 80 thousand 651 people. (0.21%)

Moldovans - 67 thousand 811 people. (0.18%)

Mordva - 67 thousand 497 people. (0.18%)

Tajiks - 46 thousand 738 people. (0.12%)

Chuvash - 46 thousand 101 people (0.12%)

Roma - 45 thousand 858 people. (0.12%)

Uzbeks - 38 thousand 676 people. (0.1%)

Germans - 33 thousand 190 people. (0.09%)

Chechens - 28 thousand 861 people. (0.08%)

Ossetians - 17 thousand 655 people. (0.05%)

Persons of other nationalities - 17 thousand 270 people. (0.05%)

Koreans - 16 thousand 720 people. (0.04%)

The number of men was 65.6 million as of January 1, 2010, and 76.3 million of women.

Sex ratio for last year has not changed: by the beginning of 2010, there were 1162 women per 1000 men.

The numerical excess of women over men in the population is observed from the age of 29 and increases with age. This unfavorable ratio has developed due to the continuing high level of premature mortality in men.

In the Novgorod, Ivanovo, Tula, Yaroslavl, Tver, Vladimir, Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod regions, St. Petersburg, there are 1246-1221 women per 1000 men. Only in the Kamchatka Territory and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug there are fewer women: there are 986-949 women per 1000 men.

According to international criteria, a population is considered old if the proportion of people aged 65 and over in the entire population exceeds 7%.

Currently, almost every eighth Russian, i.e. 12.9% of the country's residents are aged 65 or over.

The process of demographic aging of the population is much more characteristic of women. In the structure of the population of the above-mentioned ages, women make up more than two-thirds (68.7%).

The average age of the country's residents is 38.9 years (in 2009 - 38.8 years), men are 36.2 years (36.1), women - 41.2 years (41.1)

The average age of the population over 40 years old is noted in 28 regions Russian Federation, the highest it is in the regions of the European part of Russia: in Tula, Ryazan, Tambov, Voronezh, Pskov, Tver, Penza, years. Petersburg and Moscow - 42.2 - 41.1 years.

The number of children and adolescents under 16 years of age is 7.9 million people, or 25.6% less than those over working age. The preponderance of older people takes place in 62 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the largest: in Tula region and St. Petersburg - 2 times, Ryazan and Voronezh regions - 1.9 times, Tambov, Leningrad, Ivanovo, Penza, Pskov, Yaroslavl regions, Moscow - 1.8 times.

The number of the population aged 0-15 years has been decreasing for 18 years (1990-2007). In 2008, due to an increase in the number of births, the number of births in this age group increased slightly - by 44 thousand, or 0.2%, in 2009 - by 313 thousand, or 1.4%.

The lowest share of children aged 0-15 years in the total population is observed in Moscow and Saint Petersburg - 13.0-12.9% (in Russia as a whole - 16.1%).

Most low level unemployment that meets the ILO criteria is noted in the Central Federal District.

Table 1 Population density in the Central Economic Region of the Russian Federation

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Central Federal District(CFD) is a federal district in the west. Formed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000.

The district does not have republics among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - only regions and a city of federal significance, the capital of Russia, which is the administrative center and the largest city of the district, are represented in it.

The Central Federal District has no outlet to the world ocean or any sea. It is the largest among the federal districts in terms of the number of subjects and population.

Geography

The territory of the Okrug is 650 205 km², that is, 3.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation, which is more - the largest state entirely located in Europe.

Located on the East European Plain; there are Valdai, Smolensk-Moscow and Central Russian uplands, Meshcherskaya and Oksko-Don lowlands. The highest point is 347 meters (Top of Valdai).

External borders: in the west with, in the south-west with. Internal borders: in the south with the South, in the east with the Volga Federal District, in the north with the Northwestern Federal Districts.

The largest rivers (tributaries in brackets): Volga (Oka), Don (Voronezh), Dnieper (Desna, Seim), Western Dvina. There is no exit to the sea.

Natural zones (from north to south): mixed forest, deciduous forest, forest-steppe, steppe.

Climate: Moderate continental, the average January temperature is from −7 to −14 ° C, in July - from +16 to + 22 ° C.

Natural resources: iron ore (Kursk Magnetic Anomaly) - reserves of 40 billion tons (60% of Russian), phosphorites (25%), bauxite (15%), brown coal - extraction of 1.5 million tons, cement raw materials (25% ), granite (open pit mining, 2 quarries in the Bogucharsky and Pavlovsky districts of the Voronezh region), ocher, peat, forest, chernozem, water resources.

The length of railways is 17,291 km (19.9% ​​of Russian), of roads with a hard surface - 117,926 km (22.3%).

From a historical, economic and natural-climatic point of view, it is divided into two sub-regions - the Non-Black Earth Region and the Black Earth Region. In weather forecasts, the district is often abbreviated as the Center of Russia or Central Russia.

District composition

General Map

Cities with population:

Localities of the Central Federal District

Population

The Central Federal District has the highest population density in Russia - 60.56 people / km² (2019). The district is the largest in Russia in terms of population - 39,378,059 people (2019) (26.83% of the Russian Federation). The share of the urban population is 82.06%. Also in the Central Federal District the largest share of the Russian population (89.06% in 2010). This is the only federal district where there are no national entity federation. It consists mainly of small but densely populated areas, about half of the population lives in and.

National composition

National composition, according to the 2010 census: Total - 38 427 539 people.

1. Russians - 34 240 603 (89.10%)
2. Ukrainians - 514 919 (1.34%)
3. Armenians - 270,996 (0.71%)
4. Tatars - 265 913 (0.69%)
5. Azerbaijanis - 132 312 (0.34%)
6. Belarusians - 128 742 (0.34%)
7. Uzbeks - 90 652 (0.24%)
8. Jews - 69,409 (0.18%)
9. Moldovans - 65 645 (0.17%)
10. Georgians - 63,612 (0.17%)
11. Tajiks - 62,785 (0.16%)
12. Mordva - 51,826 (0.13%)
13. Roma - 49,535 (0.13%)
14. Chuvash - 40,157 (0.10%)
15. Kyrgyz - 29,269 (0.08%)
16. Chechens - 25,734 (0.07%)
17. Germans - 25,219 (0.07%)
18. Koreans - 21,779 (0.06%)
19. Ossetians - 19,203 (0.05%)
20. Lezgins - 17 843 (0.05%)
21. Kazakhs - 17,608 (0.05%)
22. Turks - 15 322 (0.04%)
23. Bashkirs - 15,249 (0.04%)
24. Yezidis - 13 727 (0.04%)
25. Avars - 12,887 (0.03%)
26. Dargins - 10,095 (0.03%)
27. Persons who did not indicate nationality - 1 million 944 thousand 531 people. (5.06%)
28. Persons of other nationalities - 2 million 260 thousand 631 people. (5.88%)

According to the 2002 census, the population of the Central Federal District is 38 million 651 thousand. National composition:

1. Russians - 34 million 703 thousand 066 people. (91.32%)
2. Ukrainians - 756 thousand 087 people. (1.99%)
3. Persons who did not indicate their nationality - 736 thousand 020 people. (1.93%)
4. Tatars - 288 thousand 216 people. (0.77%)
5. Armenians - 249 thousand 220 people (0.66%)
6. Belarusians - 186 thousand 326 people. (0.49%)
7. Azerbaijanis - 161 thousand 859 people. (0.43%)
8. Jews - 103 thousand 710 people. (0.27%)
9. Georgians - 80 thousand 651 people. (0.21%)
10. Moldovans - 67 thousand 811 people (0.18%)
11. Mordva - 67 thousand 497 people. (0.18%)
12. Tajiks - 46 thousand 738 people. (0.12%)
13. Chuvash - 46 thousand 101 people (0.12%)
14. Roma - 45 thousand 858 people. (0.12%)
15. Uzbeks - 38 thousand 676 people. (0.1%)
16. Germans - 33 thousand 190 people. (0.09%)
17. Chechens - 28 thousand 861 people. (0.08%)
18. Ossetians - 17 thousand 655 people. (0.05%)
19. Persons of other nationalities - 17 thousand 270 people. (0.05%)
20. Koreans - 16 thousand 720 people. (0.04%)

Languages

According to the ethno-linguistic composition, the following groups and families prevail:

1. Indo-European family - 35,525,282 people. (92.45%)
   1. Slavic group - 34 903 814 (90.83%)
   2. Armenian group - 271 281 (0.71%)
   3. Iranian group - 105,149 (0.27%)
   4. Romance group - 70,074 (0.18%)
   5. Indo-European Jews - 69,409 (0.18%)
   6. Indo-Aryan group - 52 105 (0.14%)
2. Altai family - 646 955 (1.68%)
   1. Turkic group - 636 673 (1.66%)
   2. Mongolian group - 9974 (0.02%)
3. North Caucasian family - 113 329 (0.29%)
4. Ural family - 84 798 (0.22%)
   1. Finno-Ugric group - 84 667 (0.22%)
5. Kartvelian family - 63 629 (0.17%)
6. Koreans - 21,779 (0.06%)
7. Semitic-Hamite family - 7977 (0.02%)

Big cities

GRP and the economy of the Central Federal District

The total GRP of the Central Federal District in 2017 amounted to 26 trillion 164 billion rubles. During this period, the share of Moscow and the Moscow region accounted for 74.63% or 3/4 of the district's GRP, 6 regions of the Central Chernozem region - 11.66% of the GRP, the remaining 10 regions of the Central Federal District - 13.71% of the district's GRP.

(* The GRP of Moscow is not real, due to the fact that the largest enterprises from other constituent entities of the Russian Federation are registered in Moscow, which give Moscow an increase in GRP, and not the region where the products themselves are produced, the real GRP of Moscow is currently not possible to calculate.)

Plenipotentiaries of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District

• Poltavchenko, Georgy Sergeevich (May 18, 2000 / March 26, 2004 / May 14, 2008 - August 31, 2011)
• Govorun, Oleg Markovich (September 6, 2011 - May 21, 2012)
• Beglov, Alexander Dmitrievich (23 May 2012 - 25 December 2017)
• Gordeev, Alexey Vasilievich (December 25, 2017 - May 18, 2018)
• Shchegolev Igor Olegovich (from June 26, 2018, No. 367)

Sources of

• Central Federal District // Chepalyga A.L., Chepalyga G.I. Regions of Russia: Handbook. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Dashkov and K °, 2004 .-- 100 p. - S. 26-39. ISBN 5-94798-490-3

Links

• Public Council of the Central Federal District
• Legislation of the Central Federal District

see also

• Central economic region
• Central Black Earth Economic Region

Notes (edit)

1. Information on the availability and distribution of land in the Russian Federation as of 01.01.2017 (in the context of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) // Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography (Rosreestr)
2. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (Russian)... Date of treatment July 31, 2019.
3. Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016 (Russian)(xls). Rosstat.
4. Gross regional product per capita for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. MS Excel document
5. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2018 (Russian)... Retrieved July 25, 2018. Archived July 26, 2018.
6. Demographic situation in modern Russia
7. Resident population as of January 1 (people) 1990-2013
8. 2002 All-Russian Population Census. Volume. 1, table 4. The population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - regional centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand or more (unspecified) ... Archived February 3, 2012.
9. Population census 2010. Population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements (Russian)... Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 25, 2013. Archived April 28, 2013.
10. Table 33. The population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2014 (unspecified) ... Date of treatment August 2, 2014. Archived August 2, 2014.
11. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2015 (unspecified) ... Date of treatment August 6, 2015. Archived August 6, 2015.
12. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2016
13. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2017 (Russian)(July 31, 2017). Retrieved July 31, 2017. Archived July 31, 2017.
14. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
15. 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
16. 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
17. Fertility rates, mortality rates, natural growth, marriages, divorces for January-December 2011
18. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorces rates for January-December 2012
19. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorces rates for January-December 2013
20. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorces rates for January-December 2014
21. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
22. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
23. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
24. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
25. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
26. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
27. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
28. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
29. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
30. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
31. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
32. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
33. 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
34. 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
35. 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
36. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorces rates for January-December 2011
37. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorces rates for January-December 2012
38. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorces rates for January-December 2013
39. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorces rates for January-December 2014
40. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorces rates for January-December 2015
41. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorces rates for January-December 2016
42. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorces rates for January-December 2017
43. Life expectancy at birth, years, year, value of the indicator per year, total population, both sexes
44. Life expectancy at birth
45. All-Russian population census 2010. Official totals with expanded lists by ethnic composition of the population and by regions: see.
46. Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016 (unspecified) (.xlsx). Federal State Statistics Service (March 2, 2018). - Official statistics. Date of treatment March 6, 2018.
47. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 18, 2000 No. 894 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District"
48. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2004 No. 415 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District"
49. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 14, 2008 No. 789 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District"
50. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 31, 2011 No. 1130 "About G.S. Poltavchenko"
51. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 06.09.2011 No. 1163 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District"
52. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 21, 2012 No. 656 "On the Minister of Regional Development of the Russian Federation"
53. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2012 No. 704 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District"
54. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2017 No. 624 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North-West Federal District"
55. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2017 No. 625 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District"
56. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 18, 2018 No. 225 "On the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation"
57. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 26, 2018 No. 367 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District"

Introduction

Relevance term paper lies in the fact that the Central Federal District (CFD) is the leader among the economic federal districts of the country. He was always the first - both during the creation of St. Petersburg, and in the heyday of the Urals, and in the years of the rapid rise of Donbass, and in our time. The name of the region accurately reflects the role that belongs to it in the formation Russian statehood, development of the economy and the formation of a single economic space of the country. It is not by chance that the district was named Central. This name characterizes not only its geographical position in the center of the country, but also its historical function as the nucleus of the Russian state, the center of economic, political and cultural life.

The Central District has the largest training centers, research institutes, design organizations, cities of science, so it is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel, which explains the high level of development of science-intensive industries. It is a developed industrial and agricultural area.

The Central Federal District (CFD) is a metropolitan region leading in terms of population, economic and social development, with a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and highways.

The main goalwork: to conduct a comprehensive socio-economic characteristics of the Central Federal District. In accordance with this goal, the following were formulated tasks:

-assess the economic and geographical position and natural resource potential of the Central Federal District;

-give a description of the population and economy of the Central Federal District;

-analyze the level of the socio-economic situation of the Central Federal District;

-identify promising directions for the development of the Central Federal District.

When performing the work, the following were used research methods:

Analytical;

-historical and geographical;

Comparative.

1. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Central Federal District

.1 Evolution of the administrative-territorial structure of Russia

economic federal district

The presence of internal territorial differences in the Russian Federation determines the need for zoning, presupposes their consideration when developing the grids of administrative-territorial division and economic regions of the country. There are several types of zoning of the country's territory:

· administrative-territorial

· economic (general or complex),

Problematic,

· Industry;

· relatively new types of regionalization, covering contiguous parts of several neighboring countries, transnational economic regions.

The main structural unit in economic zoning, territorial administration and planning of the development of Russia has long been the economic region, and since 2000 its modification has been the federal district.

An economic region - the basic structural unit in zoning is an objective territorial category and is a derivative of the development of productive forces and nature management in a given territory, has characteristic natural, historical, economic and some other features.

By its nature, the federal district is an administrative entity covering the territory of several constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Creation of counties does not affect constitutional framework federalism does not prejudice the constitutional and legal status of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Within the framework of the federal district, work is organized to implement the direction of the domestic and foreign policy of the state, control over the implementation of decisions of federal bodies of state power is carried out. The creation of federal districts is also designed to help ensure national security, improving the political, social and economic situation in each district. With the help of this work, the well-known fragmentation of the state and the weakening of federal influence on the solution of problems in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which has arisen in connection with the large size of the territory of Russia, should be overcome.

At the beginning of the formation of the Russian state, it was necessary to divide the vast territory of the country into administrative units. The evolution of the administrative-territorial division of Russia from the 18th-20th centuries has 13 stages - from the First Peter's reform to the present day.

The first Peter's reformbecame the first in the history of Russia to unify the system of administrative-territorial division (ATD). Until the end of the 17th century, this system took shape in many respects spontaneously, the state was subdivided into administrative-territorial units of different origins and possessing different statuses - the former princely lands, appanages, orders, ranks, cheti, counties , some volosts, actually equated to counties. The number of such units at the end of the 17th century ranged from 150 to 200 . By the decree of Peter I of December 18, 1708, the territory of the Russian state was divided into eight huge provinces - Moscow, Ingermanland (in 1710 renamed to St. Petersburg) , Arkhangelsk, Kiev, Smolensk, Kazan, Azov, Siberian. In 1713, the Riga province was formed from the newly annexed lands in the northwest. In 1717, a new Astrakhan province was formed from the southern part of the Kazan province. Second Peter's reform, proclaimed by decree of May 29 1719 year , was aimed at unbundling the poorly governed huge provinces, which were divided into provinces, and those, in turn, into districts. Two provinces were re-formed - Nizhegorodsk I amand Revelskaya ; Azov province was renamed into Voronezh .

Reform of 1727 abolished districts, partially replacing them with counties . This reform also continued the process of downsizing provinces, which began in 1719. In total, after the reform of 1727, there were 14 provinces and about 250 counties. This ADT grid has remained fairly stable for several decades.

The beginning of the reign of Catherine I was marked by some changes in the ATD, mainly associated with the creation of administrative bodies on the lands newly annexed to the empire. By the time the start new reform ATD the territory of the empire was divided into 23 provinces, 65 provinces and 276 counties.

Catherine's reform, which began on November 7, 1775 with the signing of Catherine II « Institutions for the administration of provinces " , marked a much more significant downsizing cells ATD than all previous reforms. In the course of this reform, the number of provinces doubled, the provinces were abolished, and the counties became the second-level unit of ATD . The reform implementation process lasted for 10 years, during which 40 provinces (governorships) and two regions with the rights of a province, in which 483 county. Then there was Pavlovian reform, during which a number of provinces were renamed and the number of ATD units of the first level decreased from 51 to 42.

Restoration of Catherine's and the formation of new provinces in the 19th century. Since 1801, the new emperor Alexander I began to restore the former grid of provinces, while preserving, however, a number of Pavlovian transformations. He revived the Olonets and Penza provinces, divided the Lithuanian province into Vilna and Grodno , and included in the empire of Georgia received the status of a new province. Little Russian province was divided into Chernigov and Poltava , and soon the Belarusian province was liquidated, which split into Mogilev and Vitebsk . Novorossiysk province was divided between Nikolaevskaya, Yekaterinoslavskaya and Tavricheskaya, and Vyborgskaya was renamed Finlandskaya. The Caucasian province with the center in Georgievsk was separated from the Astrakhan province, subsequently transforming it into the Caucasian region with the center in Stavropol.

During the XIX-XX centuries, the Kamchatka region was created and abolished many times, but for the first time it was separated from the Irkutsk province and received administrative independence in 1803. Tomsk also appeared in the Asian part of the empire under Alexander I and Yenisei province. On the newly annexed lands, Bialystok, Ternopil, Imereti and Bessarabian regions; the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland had their administrative divisions . In 1822, according to Speransky's reform, all the provinces and regions of Siberia were subordinated to two general-governorships - West Siberian (center - Omsk) and East Siberian (center - Irkutsk). A special administration was introduced for the Siberian Kyrgyz (Kazakhs ) .

In the middle of the century, the process of the formation of new ATD units continued: the Kovno (northern parts of the Vilna province), Tiflis, Kutaisi, Shemakhinskaya and Derbent province in the Caucasus. The Caucasian region was renamed Stavropol province. The most important transformations on the main territory of the empire in the second half of the 19th century include the creation of Ufa and Black Sea provinces, as well as Transbaikal regions and troops Donskoy. During the peasant reform of 1861, the counties were divided into rural parishes .

Formation of the ATD system in the newly annexed and colonized territories (second half of the 19th century). In 1849, the Erivan province was formed in the Transcaucasia, the Shemakha province was renamed into the Baku province, the Zakatala district. On the site of the Derbent province, the Dagestan region was formed, and a special region of the Cossack Kuban army was created in the neighborhood. The latest ATD transformations in the Caucasus were the creation of the Terek region (center of Vladikavkaz), the Elisavetpol province, the Batumi and Kars areas. In 1856, a new Primorskaya Oblast was formed from the coastal parts of the East Siberian General Government, to which the former Chinese left bank of the Amur was annexed. Soon, on the newly annexed part of the left bank, the Amur Region was formed (center - Blagoveshchensk). In 1884, Sakhalin was separated from the Primorsky region as a special department. In the 1860-1870s, the lands of modern Kazakhstan and Central Asia were annexed to the Russian Empire. In these territories, mainly oblasts (and not provinces) were organized - Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Orenburg Kyrgyz, Ural, Turgai, Semirechensk, Turkestan, Syrdarya, Samarkand, Fergana, Transcaspian . Vassalage to Russia was recognized Bukhara, Kokand and Khiva Khanate .

ATD of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century. In the last pre-revolutionary years, there have been relatively few changes in the ATD of Russia: the Kamchatka Region gained independence again, and a new Sakhalin Region appeared. In the south of Siberia, the territory of present-day Tuva, called the Uryankhai Territory, was annexed to Russia. .

Coexistence of old and new ATD units (1917-1923).The implementation of a new project for unbundling the ATD of Russia was started by the Provisional Government, which in April 1917 separated the Altai province from the southern districts of the Tomsk province, and Bukeevskaya from the eastern part of the Astrakhan province. province.

Following the October Revolution of 1917, a spontaneous process of formation of Soviet republics and non-Soviet autonomies began, mainly on the outskirts of the country. In the provinces and regions with a predominantly non-Russian population, their own Soviet and non-Soviet autonomous or independent national republics were proclaimed in 1918-1920. Completely separated from the country of Bessarabia, Finland, the Baltic states, Poland . In 1919-1922 in the Far East and in Siberia, at least four states coexisted (including . Verkhneudinsk Far Eastern Republic) The process of crushing the old provinces began. In October 1918, the first national-state formation appeared on the territory of the RSFSR - the Labor Commune of the Germans Volga region (prototype of the future ASSR and Autonomous Okrug). After it, in March 1919, the "small" Bashkir ASSR was organized, and in May-June 1920 three more national autonomies appeared - the Tatar ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), Karelian I amlabor commune (transformed into the ASSR in 1923) and the Chuvash labor commune (autonomous region, later transformed into ASSR). From the steppe regions inhabited by Kazakhs, a new Kyrgyz ASSR as part of the RSFSR with the capital in Orenburg (in 1925 it was renamed the Kazakh ASSR). Autonomous national regions of Votskaya were also formed (since 1932 - Udmurt), Mari, Kalmyk , as well as Dagestan and Gorskaya ASSR. In October 1921, the Crimean ASSR was organized on the territory of the Crimea as part of the RSFSR. In the early 1920s, the Murmansk and Novonikolaevsk provinces were formed, at the same time the Ufa and Rybinsk provinces disappeared from the map.

First Soviet reform (1923-1929; enlargement of ATD units).After the formation of the USSR, in 1923, the idea of ​​a new zoning of the country, developed by the State Planning Committee, arose. Its essence was to replace the old provinces with huge Soviet economic areas, divided sequentially into districts, districts and village councils. The reform began in the Urals, where the Ural Region (centered in Yekaterinburg) was formed, uniting four provinces. Soon, the South-Eastern region was created in the North Caucasus. , which later entered the huge North Caucasian Territory (centered in Rostov-on-Don). The last step of this reform was in 1929 the complete liquidation of the provinces and the creation of regions and territories on the remaining part of the country that was not yet "zoned" (the Center and the European North). During 1929-1930, there were minor changes in the composition of the national autonomies, which were mainly part of the regions and territories. Thus, as a result of the first Soviet reform of ATD, 40 units of the upper level of ATD remained on the territory of Russia, including two types of large units - six areas and seven edges.

Second Soviet reform of ATD (unbundling of cells). First phase: 1930-1939. The ATD units, huge in area, population and number of districts, were poorly managed, so the question arose in the USSR of dividing the territories and regions. First of all, the Far Eastern Territory was divided into several regions; then the remaining large areas and edges were divided into small areas. In 1930, several new national districts were formed.

The second phase of unbundling of regions (1943-1954).In the second half of the Great Patriotic War, another wave of crushing of poorly managed regions began. It was accompanied by the liquidation of a number of autonomies of those peoples who were recognized as "disloyal". This is how new regions appeared: Ulyanovsk, Kemerovo, Kurgan, Astrakhan and Grozny . Kaluga, Bryansk, Kostroma, Vladimir, Velikolukskaya, Novgorod and Pskov regions, and in Western Siberia Tomsk and the Tyumen region. In 1944-1946, new territories became part of the USSR: Tuva People's Republic , which received the status of JSC, Yuzhno-Sakhalin Oblast, which was soon incorporated into the Sakhalin Oblast, and the Konigsberg Oblast, renamed Kaliningrad Oblast . In January 1954, on the outskirts of a number of regions of the central part of Russia, five new regions were formed at once, three of which (Arzamasskaya, Balashovskaya and Kamenskaya) turned out to be ephemeral and lasted only three years, and the other two (Belgorodskaya and Lipetsk) still exist. The Crimean ASSR as part of the RSFSR was transformed into the Crimean region and transferred to Ukraine in 1954.

The stage of stable equilibrium of the ATD system (since 1957).At the very beginning of this period, a small step backward was taken in the direction of consolidation - four poorly organized peripheral regions were liquidated, and all autonomies liquidated by Stalin were restored (with the exception of the Volga Germans Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). This is how the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Kalmyk Autonomous District, and Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic recovered or re-emerged. and Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Karelo-Finnish SSR was abolished, which was again included in the RSFSR under the name of the Karelian ASSR . After the collapse of the USSR, there were several more minor changes in the ATD of Russia: the old names were returned to three regions, the autonomous republics (and some AOs) proclaimed sovereignty and began to be called "subjects of the federation" (along with all units of the ATD of the first level). In 1992, the first after 1957 territorial change took place in the ATD - the Chechen-Ingush Republic was divided into independent Chechen and the Ingush republic . After the collapse of the USSR, in 2000, to strengthen the economic regions in connection with the need to ensure the exact implementation of state decisions, 7 federal districts were allocated:

Central Federal District;

Southern Federal District;

Northwestern Federal District;

Far Eastern Federal District;

Siberian Federal District;

Ural federal district;

Volga Federal District.

But on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 19, 2010 No. 82 "On Amendments to the List of Federal Districts", approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849, and in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. № 724 "Questions of the system and structure of federal executive bodies" was created by the 8th federal district of the Russian Federation? North Caucasian Federal District.

And also in 2014 a new territorial unit - Crimea joined the Russian Federation, which led to the creation of the 9th federal district - the Crimean Federal District.

Figure 1 - Administrative - territorial division of Russia (wiki)

Table 1. Composition of federal districts of Russia

Name of the federal district Composition Area (km ²) Population (at 01.01.2014) Central Federal okrugBelgorodskaya oblast652,80038819874Bryanskaya oblastVladimirskaya oblastKaluzhskaya oblastKostromskaya oblastVoronezhskaya oblastLipetskaya oblastYaroslavskaya oblastTulskaya oblastTverskaya oblastKurskaya oblastSmolenskaya oblastTambovskaya oblastMoskovskaya oblastRyazanskaya oblastOrlovskaya oblastIvanovskaya oblastYuzhny Federal DistrictRepublic Adygeya416,84013 963 874Respublika KalmykiyaKrasnodarsky krayAstrahanskaya oblastRostovskaya oblastVolgogradskaya oblastSevero - West Federal DistrictRepublic Kareliya1,677,900 13 800 658 Republic of Komi, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Vologda Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Pskov Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Far Eastern Federal District, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 6,215,9006 226 640, Kamchatka Krai, Chukotka Autonomous Oblast, Evakhali Autonomous Okrug, Evakhali Oblast rimorsky kraySibirsky Federal DistrictRepublic Altay5,114,80019 292 740Respublika BuryatiyaRespublika TyvaKrasnoyarsky krayNovosibirskaya oblastZabaykalsky krayKemerovskaya oblastAltaysky krayRespublika HakasiyaOmskaya oblastIrkutskaya oblastTomskaya oblastPrivolzhsky Federal DistrictRepublic Bashkortostan1,038,00029 738 836Respublika Mari ElPermsky kraySamarskaya oblastSaratovskaya oblastPenzenskaya oblastNizhegorodskaya oblastUlyanovskaya oblastOrenburgskaya oblastUdmurtskaya RespublikaRespublika MordoviyaKirovskaya oblastChuvashskaya RespublikaRespublika TatarstanUralsky Federal okrugKurganskaya oblast1,788 , 90012 234 224 Sverdlovsk Oblast Tyumen Oblast Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra Chelyabinsk Oblast North Caucasian Federal District Kabardino-Balkar Republic 172.3609 590 085 Republic of Ingushetia Republic of Dagestan-Republic of Chelyabinsk Republic of Karabakh ny district Republic of Crimea 27.1612 342 411

1.2 Composition and economic and geographical location of the Central Federal District

The Central Federal District is an administrative-territorial formation of the Russian Federation, includes eighteen constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the western part of the country:

Figure 2 - composition of the Central Federal District

Formed by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000. The territory of the district is 650 205 km ², that is, 3.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the federal district as of January 1, 2013 is 38678.9 thousand people. (26.98% of the population of the Russian Federation). It is the largest federal district in terms of population. Located on the East European Plain, the territory of the Okrug lies on the Valdai, Smolensk-Moscow and Central Russian Uplands, the Meshchera and Oka-Don Lowlands. The highest point is 347 meters (Crown of Valdai).

The outer borders of the district are in the west - with Belarus, in the south-west - with Ukraine. Internal borders: in the south with the South, in the east with the Volga Federal District, in the north with the Northwestern Federal Districts.

Favorable economic and geographical position of the district is due to the intersection of water and land routes, providing sustainable internal and external Relations... The length of railways is 17,291 km (19.9% ​​of Russian), of roads with a hard surface - 117,926 km (22.3%).

By gross domestic product, the cost of basic industrial and production assets, the number of industrial and production personnel, scientific and technical potential, developed production and social infrastructure, it significantly surpasses other federal districts of the country.

1.3 Population of the Central Federal District

In terms of population, the number of cities and towns, the variety of types and appearance of settlements, the Central Federal District occupies a special place in our country. It is home to 30.3 million people, or 20.4% of the population of Russia; by population density (62.6 people / km2). The Central Federal District also ranks first among the districts. Within the Central Federal District itself, densely populated industrial areas of the Volga-Oka interfluve and peripheral western and southern parts saturated with numerous cities and towns are clearly distinguished. In the north of the district, the density is 15-20 people / km2, in the west and south - 50-70 people / km2. The least densely populated region is the Kostroma region, and the maximum density is in the Moscow region.

The Central Federal District is the district of the most ancient Slavic settlement, the historical nucleus of the Russian people. And at present, the region is distinguished by a very homogeneous ethnic composition: the Russian population prevails here. There are small ethnic groups in the east of the Ryazan region (Tatars) and in the north-east of the Tver region (Karelians). Belarusians and Ukrainians live in the west.

A characteristic feature of the Central Federal District is high specific gravity urban population. There are about 248 cities and 400 urban-type settlements in the region, in which more than 25 million people live. Thus, the share of the urban population in the district is 82.5%. At the same time, the Ivanovo, Tula and Yaroslavl regions reached the average, and the Moscow region exceeded it. There are more than 30 large cities in the district, the share of the population of which in the total number of inhabitants of the Central Federal District is almost half, and in the urban population - more than 2/3. In the Central Federal District, both large clusters of urban settlements and single cities and towns are widespread. Among the clusters of cities, Moscow occupies an outstanding place. 1/2 of the urban population of the Okrug lives in the Moscow agglomeration. Other largest urban agglomerations are Tula and Yaroslavl. An important reason for the strengthening of communication between the cities of the Central Federal District is their versatility, the special role of industry, territorial proximity, and favorable transport conditions. Large cities are characterized by high growth rates due to the concentration of industry and social infrastructure. The network of urban settlements in the Central Federal District has been developing over the course of many centuries. Here, more than anywhere else, cities that are among the most ancient in our country have been preserved. They have become the reference points of modern urban settlement. Among the administrative and industrial centers, ancient cities also prevail (Smolensk, Ryazan, Vladimir, Vyazma, Kolomna).

The CFD is characterized by a relatively small share of rural residents in the total population - 17%. The main reason for the decline in the number of rural residents in the district is an intensive outflow from countryside... In the Moscow region, as well as in the Ivanovo, Vladimir, Tula regions, a significant part of the inhabitants of rural settlements is the population not associated with agriculture. Since ancient times, the population has been assimilating primarily more fertile lands, therefore, in places where very favorable soils are spread, massifs of continuous settlement have been formed. Most of the Central Federal District is characterized by small and medium-sized villages, which is explained by the predominance of the focal character of the agricultural development of the territory. In the southeast of the district, more rarely located large villages prevail. This corresponds to higher land productivity, continuous development of the territory, etc. Large rural settlements can also be found along large rivers, near cities.

Migration has had a definite impact on the dynamics of population growth in the Okrug. The mechanical movement of the urban population is characterized by a large proportion of migrants from other economic districts. The Central District south of Moscow is one of the main fields of migration gravity. In exchange with Moscow and the region, almost all regions of the district are losing part of their urban population. Along with this, the mechanical growth of the urban population of these regions is formed mainly due to the influx of local rural residents. In the inflow of labor resources to the cities of the Central Federal District, a significant place also belongs to pendulum migrations. The Moscow region stands out, where every fourth rural resident is employed at work or study in urban settlements. In addition, about 36% of workers living in satellite cities come to Moscow to work.

The demographic situation in the Central Federal District is characterized by low natural growth (the natural growth rate is -3.2 ‰, while the number of births is 10.8 ‰, and the number of deaths is 14 ‰ in 2011) and an increase in the proportion of the population of older ages. The number of labor resources is insufficient. The Okrug, primarily due to Moscow located within its boundaries, has played and is playing an outstanding role in the development of culture and the training of qualified personnel. The higher than the national average, the level of employment of labor resources in the non-production sphere is due to the role that the Central Federal District plays in the development of science, culture and training of specialists. But the district itself is experiencing a shortage of mostly less skilled labor. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, the able-bodied population in Russia is 61%, younger than the able-bodied - 18%, older than the able-bodied - 21%. According to the criteria approved by the UN, the population of a country is considered old if the proportion of people over 65 exceeds 7%. In the Russian Federation, the share of this category of persons is 13%. The indicators of the regions of the Central Federal District practically do not differ from the all-Russian level. In most regions, the number of able-bodied citizens is approximately 60-63 percent. Lipetsk, Tula and Bryansk regions came especially close to the average value of 60 percent. The largest number of able-bodied residents live in the Voronezh region - 1389.8 thousand. However, such numerical characteristics are primarily due to the fact that this region, in comparison with its neighbors, is the most densely populated. The smallest able-bodied population is in the small Oryol region - 499.9 thousand people. From 2007 to 2009, the number of able-bodied people in the regions of the Central Federal District has been gradually decreasing. At the same time, the number of citizens under the working age is also decreasing. At the same time, the number of people over the working age is gradually increasing. This is especially noticeable in the Belgorod, Oryol and Lipetsk regions. On average, more than 23 percent of the total number of residents living in these regions are no longer able to work.

.4 Natural conditions and resources of the Central Federal District

From a historical and natural-climatic point of view, it is divided into two sub-regions - the Non-Black Earth Region and the Black Earth Region. In the Central Federal District, market relations and infrastructure, a developed financial and credit system, transport and information services have been formed to the greatest extent, foreign investments are successfully attracted, and joint ventures with foreign partners are being created. A diversified economic complex has formed in the district, in which the manufacturing industry and agriculture play a leading role.

The limited reserves of fuel and energy and a significant part of mineral resources make the development of the district's economy dependent on the supply of fuel, raw materials, components and parts from other regions of Russia and countries of the near and far abroad. In the territorial division of labor of the country, the federal district is distinguished by science-intensive and labor-intensive industries of mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical, printing, light, food industries, and the production of building materials. Despite the decline in their share in industrial production over the years economic reforms caused by the crisis processes and the collapse of the single economic space, they retain their leading role in the economy of the district and the country.

Consider the main mineral resourcesdistricts. Compared to other districts of Russia, the Central Federal District is relatively poor in natural resources, especially in minerals. The available resources of fuel, iron ores, some nonmetallic minerals, as a rule, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, occupy a very modest place. This position of the Central Federal District stands out especially in connection with the industrial development of this region, which emphasizes the discrepancy between its limited natural resources and powerful economic potential.

Fuel resourcesCentral Federal District is represented by the reserves of the Moscow Region coal basin and peat. The explored reserves of this basin amount to about 4 billion tons. The largest resources are distinguished by the Tula and Kaluga regions. This coal is characterized by high ash content, moisture content and sulfur content. Peat, due to the wide spread of bogs, is almost everywhere in the northern half of the Central Federal District. The largest peat deposits are located within the Meshchera and Upper Volga lowlands. The low calorific value and high moisture content of peat makes it more preferable to use it near extraction sites.

Iron ores have long been used in the Tula region, but their reserves are insignificant. Non-metallic minerals of the Central Federal District are of great importance - limestone, refractory and brick clays, construction, glass sands, gravel. The region has a great need for these minerals and their deposits are used especially intensively near Moscow.

A significant economic role is played by the phosphorite deposits located in the Bryansk and Moscow (Voskresensko-Yegoryevskoe) regions, as well as table salt and limestone in the Tula region.

In terms of reserves and extraction of gypsum for the production of binding materials, the Central Federal District is unmatched. Most of the reserves and all production are concentrated in the Tula region.

Recreational resourcesThe Central Federal District is of particular importance due to its location in the capital and the concentration here of a large, mainly urban population. The okrug has great recreational resources, primarily due to the picturesque landscapes of the Central Russian strip. Only forests of direct recreational purpose account for about 1/5 of such forests in Russia.

In addition to natural monuments, numerous historical, cultural and architectural monuments, which the district is so rich in, are of great recreational value. Most of them are concentrated in cities such as Vladimir, Moscow, Suzdal, Sergeev Posad and others. In the Central Federal District, the country's first circular complex tourist route "Golden Ring" has been created.

1.5 Economy of the Central Federal District

On the territory of the Central Federal District, a complex industrial complex of mainly processing industries and industries has formed, which has a fairly high level of interconnection.

Leading industries of the district: mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical and petrochemical, light industry. The food industry, coal mining, electric power industry, metallurgy, woodworking, building materials industry, glass and earthenware industries are well developed in the district.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking. The machine-building complex of the Central Federal District in terms of the number of employees and marketable output has no equal in the country. Among the branches of mechanical engineering leading place belongs to those of them that are most dependent on the availability of qualified personnel and use the powerful scientific and technical potential of the district. The machine-tool and tool industry of the Central Federal District produces 1/5 of metal-cutting machines and about 1/3 of metal-working tools in the CIS. The enterprises are concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region, as well as in Ryazan (Ryazan, Sasovo), Ivanovo (Ivanovo) and Kaluga (Sukhinichi) regions. The enterprises of the electrical industry are concentrated in the capital and in the region (Podolsk, Serpukhov), as well as in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Vladimir, Kolchugin. Instrument making is most developed in Moscow and in the region, as well as in the Oryol, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions.

The leading production association in the automotive industry of the Central Federal District is the Moscow Automobile Plant named after V.I. I.A. Likhachev. The company specializes in the production of medium-tonnage trucks and small-series high-class passenger cars. ZIL branches are located in Moscow, Ryazan, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, Yartsevo, Mtsensk and other cities. The production of dump trucks (Mytishchi) and buses (Likino-Dulyovo) was created on the basis of ZIL vehicles in the Moscow region. Moscow plant them. Leninsky Komsomol is the parent enterprise of PO Moskvich, which has branches in the Ivanovo and Tver regions.

Central Federal District is the birthplace of domestic railway engineering. The production of diesel locomotives is concentrated in Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudinov, Murom; wagons - in Bryansk, Tver, Mytishchi. The aviation industry of the district is distinguished by a high degree of concentration. Its enterprises are located in Moscow, Smolensk, Rybinsk (engine production). In the Volga-Oka interfluve - Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kostroma, Moscow, Gorokhovets - shipbuilding is localized.

Of fundamental importance are the expansion and reconstruction of the numerous tractor (Vladimir) and agricultural (Lyubertsy, Ryazan, Tula, Bezhetsk) machine building enterprises in the Central Federal District. The Central Federal District has no equal in the production of equipment for the textile industry (Ivanovo, Shuya, Kolomna, Klimovsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kostroma), sewing (Podolsk, Tula, Rzhev), chemical (Yaroslavl, Mytishchi, Kostroma), coal (Tula, Uzlovaya, Skopin, Yasnogorsk), energy (Podolsk, Semibratovo), building materials industry, woodworking, printing (Rybinsk), etc.

Chemical and petrochemical industry.In these industries, the district has significant fixed assets, a large scientific base and a capacious consumer. However, the development of the industry is constrained by the shortage of raw materials, water, energy, and the difficult environmental situation of the highly urbanized district.

The Central Federal District occupies a leading position in the production of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The largest suppliers of complex fertilizers (including nitrogen) are Novomoskovskoye and Shchekinskoye PO Azot (Tula region), Dorogobuzh plant (Smolensk region). Phosphate fertilizers are produced by the Minudobreniya PA in Voskresensk, using imported apatite concentrates. On the basis of local phosphorites in the Moscow and Bryansk regions, phosphate rock is produced. The production of synthetic resins and plastics is concentrated in the Moscow and Tula regions, plastic products - in Moscow, Moscow (Orekhovo-Zuevo, Zhilevo, Lyubuchany) and Smolensk (Safonovo) regions. The region occupies one of the leading places in the country for the production of chemical fibers (Klin, Serpukhov, Moscow region; Ryazan, Tver, Shchekino and Shuya). Synthetic rubber is produced in Yaroslavl and Efremov using imported oil and gas raw materials. The Yaroslavl and Moscow Tire Plants produce about 1/4 of the tire production; the production of rubber products is concentrated in the same centers, and rubber footwear in Moscow. Synthetic dyes are produced in the Ivanovo region, varnishes and paints - in the Yaroslavl and Moscow regions; new production facilities - chemical reagents and photochemical - are also located here. For the development of the chemical and petrochemical industry in the Central Federal District, Moscow, Moscow, Tula and Yaroslavl regions stand out.

Ferrous metallurgy.On the territory of the Central Federal District, the second largest and largest production base of the country's ferrous metallurgy is located: the first place in Russia in the extraction of iron ore, the second in the smelting of pig iron, steel and the production of rolled products, and the third in the smelting of ferroalloys. The iron ore industry, the bulk of the production of pig iron, steel and rolled products gravitate towards the southern part of the district (Belgorod, Kursk and Lipetsk regions). In the central and northern regions of the Okrug, conversion metallurgy prevails, mainly the smelting of high-quality steels and the production of rolled products in the metallurgical workshops of machine-building plants.

The largest enterprises in the industry: Lebedinsky and Stoilensky mining and processing plants, Yakovlevsky mine, Novolipetsk and Starooskolsky metallurgical plants, Tula metallurgical plants, Elektrostal plant near Moscow, Oryol steel rolling plant.

Fuel and energy complex.The fuel and energy complex of the Central Federal District only partially meets the needs of the district. Coal production in the Moscow region is declining. The Central Federal District takes the leading place in peat extraction in Russia. The largest peat enterprises with a capacity of 1-2 million tons of peat per year operate here. Most of the production falls on the Moscow, Yaroslavl and Tver regions. But in the fuel balance of the district, the share of local types of fuel decreased to 10-15%. Most of the peat is not used for energy purposes, but for the needs of agriculture.

At present, the Central Federal District is one of the leading in the country in the production of electric and thermal energy. The fuel and energy complex is based on large TPPs and CHPPs with a capacity of over 1 million kW each - Konakovskaya, Kostromskaya, Kashirskaya, Ryazanskaya TPPs, Moscow TPPs, etc. Following the country's first nuclear power plant, Obninskaya, large NPPs were built: Smolenskaya, Tverskaya, Kursk. A powerful cascade of hydroelectric power stations was built on the Volga River. The CER's demand for petroleum products is largely met by the Ryazan, Yaroslavl and Moscow refineries.

Agriculture... The Central Federal District is one of the leading agricultural districts in the country. Favorable natural and climatic conditions contributed to the development of high-intensity agriculture. The federal district accounts for 43.1% of the gross harvest of flax fiber, 47.7% of the harvest of sugar beets, 33% of the gross harvest of potatoes, 17.2% of the gross harvest of grain, 15.2% of the harvest of sunflower seeds, 23.3% of the harvest of vegetables, 28.4% of milk production, 21% of meat production.

The main crops of wheat are in the black earth regions of the district - Oryol, Tula, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Tambov regions. The Central Black Earth Region also accounts for the bulk of cereal crops. So, in the arid regions of the southeast, millet is grown, and in the western regions with a sufficient amount of incoming moisture, buckwheat.

The most important industrial crops are flax and sugar beet production. Flax growing is represented in the most humid regions of the non-chernozem zone of the Okrug - Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl regions. Sugar beet crops occupy significant areas of arable highly fertile chernozem lands in the Kursk, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions. Sunflower crops are most common in drought-resistant areas of the Voronezh and Tambov regions. In the Voronezh and Kursk regions, hemp crops are widespread, and tobacco and makhorka - in the Tambov region. In the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, essential oil crops are also grown - anise and coriander. Horticulture has developed in the regions of the Central Black Earth Region, especially in the Lipetsk and Tambov regions. The federal district also specializes in the production of vegetables and potato growing.

Light industry.The light industry of the district is distinguished by a high degree of concentration, primarily in the textile industry. The district's light industry accounts for 1/3 of the industry's production, which is explained by the presence of a powerful production base, large research institutes, qualified personnel, and wide consumer demand. The enterprises of the district produce almost 80% of cotton fabrics in Russia, while at the enterprises of the Ivanovo, Moscow, Vladimir regions - 4/5 of the total production of cotton fabrics in the district. The largest textile center of the country is Ivanovo.

Silk industry enterprises, which provide 45% of silk fabrics, are located mainly in the capital and the region, as well as in the Ivanovo, Vladimir and Ryazan regions. The enterprises of the linen industry, which also produce 80% of the total volume of flax fabrics in the Russian Federation, are located in the places where the raw material - fiber flax (Vladimirskaya, Kostromskaya, Ivanovskaya and Yaroslavskaya regions) grows. The main center of the linen industry is Kostroma, but recently enterprises have appeared in the Smolensk region. The district produces 60% of the total production of woolen fabrics, but at the same time 2/3 of the district's fabrics fall on the capital region. Among other regions, Bryansk, Ivanovo and Tverskaya stand out. The district's textile industry is especially characterized by wide interregional ties - 3/4 of all textile products are exported, including more than 4/5 of cotton.

Food industry.The sugar and butter industry is concentrated in the southern part of the Okrug (Belgorod, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov and, to a lesser extent, Lipetsk regions), where they are confined to the main areas of sugar beet and sunflower cultivation. The Central Federal District is the main producer of beet sugar in Russia, and in terms of crop area, sunflower seeds collection and vegetable oil production, it ranks second in the country after the Southern Federal District. Dairy cattle breeding is the main branch of the district's livestock specialization, its share in milk production in the country exceeds a quarter. The dairy direction of cattle breeding increases as it moves from south to north, where there is a better supply of juicy fodder. Potato and vegetable growing is developed everywhere. However, the density of their crops increases in suburban areas. The role in the production of potatoes and vegetables of the Moscow region and the administrative districts of neighboring regions bordering on it is especially great. The Okrug ranks first in Russia in terms of the total volume of potato harvest, and shares the first and second places with the Southern Federal District in terms of vegetable production.

Transport complex... The Central Federal District has a developed transport system. There is a high density of railways and highways, significantly exceeding the average for Russia. From Moscow, 11 railways radiate in different directions in beams, which, branching out at the periphery, form more than 25 exits. The transit role of the district, located at the crossroads of the oil Volga region, the forest North, the industrial Urals and the grain South, is very important. Moscow, Orel, Kursk, Belgorod, Yaroslavl, Bryansk, Smolensk became major railway transport hubs of the system. 15 highways depart from Moscow in different directions. The creation of the Moscow multi-lane ring road with multi-level interchanges allows transit traffic bypassing the city center. Moscow, Tula, Ivanovskaya, Vladimirskaya, Orel, Ryazan, Voronezh, Belgorod regions are distinguished by a high density of roads. Almost 60% of paved roads have improved road surfaces. Waterways are of great importance, especially in the transportation of bulky goods. Moscow is not only a port. Three airports of the capital (Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo, Domodedovo) are considered the largest hubs of inter-district and international air lines. Within the okrug, pipeline transport is also developed, represented by a system of oil and gas pipelines.

Thus, we can say that the Central Federal District has a high industrial potential, is the capital region, leading in terms of population, economic and social development, with a complex differentiated structure of the economy and a dense network of railways and highways.

2. Socio-economic situation of the Central Federal District

.1 Social performance analysis

This chapter examines such social indicators as population size, natural and migration growth in the Central Federal District.

Population.The Central Federal District, according to the statistical service, is the leader among other federal districts in terms of population. (Appendix 1) The population in 2011 is 38538 thousand people. Let's consider the CFD separately by region.

Figure 3 - Population of the Central Federal District

According to the bar chart data, it can be seen that the leading positions in terms of population are occupied by the city of Moscow - 11,613 thousand people and the Moscow region - 7199 thousand people. The smallest indicators have the Kostroma and Oryol regions 662 and 781 thousand people. Basically, the indicators of the population in the regions do not exceed 2,000 thousand people. (Figure 3)

Natural growth.In terms of the rate of natural increase, the CFD ranks last among the federal districts of Russia. The coefficient of natural growth is equal to -3.2 ‰ (Appendix 2). Within the Central Federal District, Moscow is the leader in terms of indicators 1.1 ‰. This is the only district among the Central Federal District where the natural increase is positive. In other areas, a negative natural increase was noted. The lowest value, it reaches -8.3 ‰ in the Tula region. (Figure 4)

Figure 4 - Coefficient of natural growth

Migration gain... The Central Federal District is an attractive district for migrants. It ranks first in terms of migration rate among other districts. The migration rate is 56 persons per 10,000 population. (Appendix 3) Within the Central Federal District, the migration growth is different for the Moscow region and the city of Moscow. In turn, the Bryansk and Kostroma regions are distinguished by the outflow of the population. (Figure 5)

Figure 5 - Migration gain

Figure 6 - Average monthly wages

Average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees of organizations.According to this indicator, the Central Federal District ranks second after the Far Eastern Federal District (Appendix 4). The average monthly nominal gross salary of employees of organizations in the Central Federal District is 28,449.4 rubles. Within the district, the city of Moscow and the Moscow region are distinguished. Employees of the Bryansk, Ivanovo and Kostroma regions have the lowest wages. (Figure 6)

Thus, we can conclude that the Central Federal District has a high level of socio-economic development. The Central Federal District occupies a leading position in terms of population, migration growth and the level of average monthly wages, however, it has the worst indicators in terms of natural growth. Among the regions of the Central Federal District, the Moscow region and the city of Moscow have the highest indicators, and the Kostroma region has the lowest.

2.2 Analysis of economic indicators

This section examines such indicators as gross regional product (GRP), GRP per capita and unemployment rate.

GRP... According to this indicator, the Central Federal District is in first place and is far ahead of other federal districts. The GRP of the Central Federal District is 1,3363655.6 million rubles. Among the regions of the Central Federal District, Moscow and the Moscow Region stand out with a large GRP, while the Kostroma and Ivanovo Regions have a small GRP. (Figure 7)

Figure 7 - Gross Regional Product of the Central Federal District

GRP per capita. According to this indicator, the Central Federal District ranks third after the Ural Federal District. GRP per capita in the Central Federal District is 348099.9 rubles. (Appendix 5). Within the Central Federal District, the largest GRP per capita are in Moscow, the Belgorod and Moscow regions. Ivanovskaya and Bryanskaya oblasts have the smallest indicator. (Figure 8)

Figure 8 - Gross regional product per capita in the Central Federal District

Unemployment rate The Central Federal District has the lowest unemployment rate among the federal districts at 1.1% at the end of 2011. (Appendix 6) The lowest unemployment rates are in Moscow, Moscow and Lipetsk regions, which is associated with a large number of industries and jobs. The highest indicator was noted in the Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions. (Figure 9).

Figure 9 - Unemployment rate in the Central Federal District at the end of 2011

Thus, the analysis of the main economic indicators of the Central Federal District confirms the high level of socio-economic development of this district. Among the subjects of the Central Federal District, the city of Moscow and the Moscow region have the highest indicators, the Ivanovo region has the lowest indicators.

3. Prospective directions of development of the Central Federal District

The development of the productive forces of the Central Federal District in the future is determined by its economic and natural characteristics:

· general high level of development and diversification of the economy, especially industry;

· the leading position of the region in the development of scientific and technological progress;

· provision of qualified labor resources;

· central position among other developed regions and a high level of development of transport and economic ties;

· the influence of Moscow - the largest industrial and transport hub, scientific and cultural center of the country - on the development of the Central Federal District is very great;

· the presence of profitable metallurgical production and a highly efficient iron ore base - the KMA deposits;

· potential competitiveness in the foreign and domestic markets of aircraft manufacturing and radio electronics, chemical engineering, tractor engineering, building materials industry;

· favorable climatic conditions providing high yields and low costs in the production of cereals, industrial crops, vegetables and potatoes.

In the future, the district will retain its focus on the development of predominantly processing industries with reduced material and energy consumption, but requiring highly skilled labor. The deterioration of the environmental conditions of the environment requires a change in the approach to the development of industrial potential, the placement of industrial new buildings in small towns and urban settlements in the territory of less industrially developed regions - Bryansk, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk. There is a need to limit the growth of industry and population major cities, Moscow and Tula-Novomoskovsk urban agglomerations, as well as in the elimination of imbalances in the structure of labor use in the Ivanovo region and a number of urban settlements in other regions.

In the future, machine building and metalworking in the Central Federal District will determine the scientific and technological progress of the region's industry. The predominant directions of development of mechanical engineering in the region will continue to be the branches of precision and complex mechanical engineering, oriented towards the use of the most qualified labor. The main attention will be paid to the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing machine-building enterprises. In the established and emerging machine-building territorial groupings and nodes further development will receive intra- and intersectoral cooperation. In connection with the creation of highly specialized enterprises, it is advisable to deconcentrate large factories, especially in Moscow and other regional centers, by organizing their branches and subcontractors in the peripheral territories of the Central Federal District, including in small and medium-sized cities.

The prospective location of factories in the automotive industry of the Central Federal District is formed under the influence of a number of factors that are inherent in other branches of mechanical engineering. This is, firstly, the downsizing of the former universal factories and the separation of specialized "subsidiaries" from them. Secondly, the creation of production associations headed by the main enterprise.

The prospective development of certain branches of the chemical industry in the region, especially the chemistry of organic synthesis, will be limited due to insufficient raw materials, fuel and water resources, as well as taking into account environmental protection. Prospects for fuel supply to the region are associated with an orientation towards the supply of various types of highly efficient fuel from outside. The supply of oil, natural gas and thermal coal is planned to be carried out mainly from the eastern regions of the country, the missing fuel oil - from the Volga oil refineries.

The growing power consumption of the region in the future will also be satisfied through the transfer of energy by electronic transport, not only from neighboring power systems, but also from the eastern regions.

In the metallurgical complex, the main task in the future is to ensure investment in projects related to the restructuring of the region's economy. The main attention will be paid to the restructuring of the mining industry caused by a decrease in the profitability of iron ore mining due to the development of reserves with a high iron content, an increase in the depth of extraction, and an increase in environmental costs.

Conclusion

The work shows the role and place of the Central Federal District, analyzes social and economic indicators of the given district, promising directions of its development have been identified. In the course of the work, the socio - economic literature, cartographic publications, as well as statistical data on the research problem were studied and analyzed.

In terms of its functions - political, socio-economic, cultural - the Central Federal District really occupies a leading position in Russia. On the territory of the Central Federal District there is the largest economic, political, scientific and cultural center of Russia - its capital, the city of Moscow. It is the largest financial center in Russia, the most important transport hub, providing a wide range of transport services.

The district is home to about 25% of the country's population and produces a third of the gross domestic product. The Central Federal District is the largest financial and economic center, where more than 60% financial capital countries, annual investments in the economy of the district make up about 22% of the all-Russian indicator. The basis of the economy of the Central Federal District is the industrial sector with a historically established specialization in the fields of mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, and light industry. There are also actively developing agro-industrial regions of the Central Black Earth Region with developed agriculture and food industry, while the share of agricultural products accounts for over 20% of the total production in Russia.

In recent years, the Central Federal District has remained quite attractive in terms of foreign investment, however, it should be noted that their volume in many regions does not correspond to their investment potential and with a competent investment policy we can expect a significant increase in this indicator, an order of magnitude higher than the existing value.

In general, the Central Federal District is a macro-region with the most developed manufacturing industry, which is due to its favorable economic and geographical location, the availability of consumers and a skilled labor force. The Okrug has the most powerful scientific and technical potential in Russia and the largest number of qualified personnel.

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