Geographic division of labor. Economic zoning of Russia

The geographical division of labor is a spatial form of the social division of labor.

The geographical division of labor is one of the forms of social division of labor. Peculiarities:

its prerequisite is that countries must work for each other, including specialization, which leads to an effort of communication between them;

technical progress in the development of production is the main reason for the geographical division of labor;

economic profit is the driving force behind the geographical division of labor;

transport has a great influence, and its development, improvement of the cost reduction stimulates the division of labor in breadth;

subdivided into:

worldwide - covers the entire world economy and countries of different types;

international - within the EU and associations of groups of states;

interregional;

intraregional;

realized mainly in cities where industry, science and other spheres of social life are concentrated.

Types of division of labor:

general - the division of labor by spheres of production, manifested in the fact that countries are usually divided into industrial, raw materials, agrarian .; such a division of labor is determined by natural and climatic conditions, economic and geographical location and natural resources;

partial - manifests itself in specialization in certain industries and widows of manufactured products;

single - is expressed in the specialization of countries in the manufacture of individual units of machine units or specialization at technological stages; such a division of labor corresponds to highly developed industries and means the development of intra-industry specialization.

V modern conditions the role of the worldwide division of labor is increasing; it has become a prerequisite for economic, social and social progress. The objective reason for the inclusion of the economy of different states in the global division of labor is:

in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the mass implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution requires enormous development costs;

global problems (ecology);

in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, there is a shift in emphasis from trade and economic relations to scientific and technical production cooperation;

the geographical division of labor is accompanied by the integration of labor. The integration of labor is the process of establishing and deepening economic ties between individual countries, with the formation of intra-economic centralization.

Geographic and territorial division is an inextricable interacting system of processes in which the geographical division of labor is of decisive importance. The regulator of this interaction is territorial structure National economy at different levels. The main motive for the territorial integration of labor is profit (economic benefit).

35. GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION OF LABOR AND FACTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

The geographical division of labor (GDT) is the specialization of a country or region and the exchange of products and services between them. Branches of specialization - those branches that are more focused on the export of products and determine the "face" of the country or region in the geogr. division of labor. Geogr. division of labor contributes to the strengthening of trade and economic relations between countries or districts. Specialization in a particular industry develops under the condition (factors):

1. The country should have an advantage over other countries in the development of this industry. For example, natural resources, labor resources, convenience of transport and geogr. position, high qualifications of workers, the presence of significant capital, etc. Usually several factors are at work.

2. There are foreign sales markets where these goods are in short supply and the price is higher than in the domestic market. For example, the demand in Western Europe has caused the development of the production of natural rubber and tin in Southeast Asia.

3. The cost of supplying products should not absorb all the difference in price at the place of production and in the sales markets. The difference in price should cover shipping costs, customs duties and account for the profits of the trading companies involved in the export.

The latter condition is directly dependent on the development of transport and the transport network - this is one of the main factors in the development of GRT. Dr. factors - a lack of resources in a given territory and an excess of them in others.

The division of labor opens the territory's access to the resources of other territories, which contributes to progress in production and consumption. The reason for GDT is differences in natural conditions and resources, increases the efficiency of production. The development of HRT is determined by groups of factors:

1.natural-geogr. and social and economic - differences in natural conditions and resources, in soil and climatic conditions, in the size of the territory, the number and concentration of the population and the presence labor resources;

2. the results of scientific and technological progress - specialization, the level of development of the territory - these factors are of increasing importance in comparison with the first group;

3. sots.-polit. and social and economic - foreign policy, participation in the division of labor, features historical development, traditions of a different development and external relations, the originality of the structure of the household.

37. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE REGIONS

Anthropogenic factors, i.e. the results of human activities leading to a change in the environment can be considered at the regional, country or global level. Anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere is causing global change. Air pollution comes in the form of aerosols and gaseous substances. The greatest danger is posed by gaseous substances, which account for about 80% of all emissions. First of all, these are compounds of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen. Carbon dioxide in itself is not poisonous, but its accumulation is associated with the danger of such a global process as the "greenhouse effect". We see the consequence on the warming of the climate on Earth.

Acid rain is associated with the release of sulfur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the air combine with water vapor, then, together with rains, fall to the ground in the form of dilute sulfuric and nitric acids. Such precipitation sharply disrupts the acidity of the soil, contributes to the death of plants and the drying up of forests, especially conifers. Getting into rivers and lakes depressingly affect flora and fauna, often leading to the complete destruction of biological life - from fish to microorganisms. The distance between the place of formation of acid precipitation and the place of their fallout can be thousands of kilometers.

These negative impacts on a global scale are exacerbated by desertification and deforestation processes. The main factor of desertification is human activity. Among the anthropogenic causes are overgrazing, deforestation, excessive and improper land exploitation. Scientists have calculated that total area anthropogenic deserts exceeded the area of ​​natural. That is why desertification is considered a global process.

As a result of the active impact of civilization on the environment, the degree of its pollution is increasing every year. This is especially strong Negative influence in places ekol. disasters or in places of irrational use of mineral resources and a variety of hazardous waste products. Ensuring the safety of life in a contaminated environment is impossible without sufficient knowledge about the harmful effects of many toxic substances.

Among all substances polluting the environment, a special group stands out - metal ions. The main reason for these pollution can be considered the colossal consumption and processing of mineral resources,

Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of fresh water reserves. And given that the total resources of fresh water make up only 2-2.5% of the total volume of the Earth's hydrosphere, it becomes clear what kind of wealth we have. The main threat to these resources is the pollution of the hydrosphere. The main reserves of fresh water are concentrated in lakes, the area of ​​which in our country is larger than the territory of Great Britain. Baikal alone contains about 20% of the world's fresh water reserves.

There are three types of water pollution: physical (primarily thermal), chemical and biological. Chem. pollution occurs as a result of the ingress of various chemicals. substances and compounds. First of all, microorganisms are referred to biological pollution. They enter the aquatic environment together with chemical effluents. and pulp and paper industry. Baikal, the Volga, and many large and small rivers of Russia suffered from such pollution. Poisoning of rivers and seas with industrial and agricultural waste leads to yet another trouble - a decrease in the supply of oxygen to sea water and, as a consequence, poisoning of sea water with hydrogen sulfide. An example is the Black Sea. In the Black Sea, there is a steady exchange between the surface and deep waters, which prevents oxygen from penetrating into the depths. As a result, hydrogen sulfide accumulates at depth. Recently, the situation in the Black Sea has deteriorated sharply, and not only because of the gradual imbalance between hydrogen sulfide and oxygen waters, there is a violation of the hydrological regime after the construction of dams on the rivers flowing into the Black Sea, and because of pollution of coastal waters with industrial waste. and waste water.

Chemical problems are acute. pollution of water bodies, rivers and lakes in Mordovia. One of the most striking examples is the discharge of heavy metals into drains and water bodies, among which lead is especially dangerous (its anthropogenic inputs are 17 times higher than natural ones) and mercury. The sources of these pollution were the harmful production of the lighting industry. In the recent past, a reservoir in the north of Saransk called the Saransk Sea was poisoned with heavy metals.

Mordovia was not spared by the common misfortune - the Chernobyl accident. As a result, many districts suffered from radioisotope contamination of lands. And the results of this anthropogenic impact will be felt for hundreds of years.

Increasing the concentration and intensity of agricultural production exacerbates the problem of maintaining the ecology. balance. The natural landscapes of Mordovia are distinguished by a high (in some cases exceeding ecological balance) plowed area, which determines the main ecological conditions. problems with / x. Among them, it should be noted a decrease in soil fertility due to a decrease in humus and mineral nutrients in them, widespread water erosion, and degradation of pasture resources, which are extremely limited in many districts of the republic. Therefore, based on real conditions, it is advisable to reduce the intensity of production in some areas, in particular to expand the area under perennial grasses, which is an important agrotechnical method of combating erosion.

Local sources of pollution have a significant impact on agricultural ecosystems - processing plants, large pig farms and poultry farms, storage sites for mineral fertilizers, etc. Therefore, measures should be taken to prevent unfavorable ecology. consequences (use of waste-free technologies, improvement of treatment facilities). Nitrogen fertilizers, which are most used, break down, decomposing the organic matter of humus and depleting the soil. Contamination with mineral fertilizers in violation of the technologies of their application and storage occurs not only in relation to soils, but also to water bodies. The calculations of ecologists show that at least 1/3 of the mineral fertilizers that fall on the fields are washed away by melt and rainwater into water bodies and streams. Negative consequences causes the massive use of pesticides - insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, etc. Many of them have high toxicity and biological activity. Most of them are characterized by increased resistance to environmental influences, the ability to persist in the soil for many years and even decades.

To predict unfavorable ecology. the consequences of agricultural intensification, which in most cases are associated with a deterioration in soil quality (dehumification, erosion), it is necessary to assess the current level of soil fertility and identify the factors that most strongly affect soil fertility.

Separate parts of the territory of Russia differ in natural conditions and resources, age and degree of development, availability and composition, etc. These differences lead to the geographical division of labor between individual regions of the country and their specialization in the production of a certain type of product. For instance. supplies the country with gas, specializes in agriculture and resort economy, is a leader in the production of science-intensive products, the Volga region is called the country's automobile "workshop", etc. This is called the territorial specialization of the economy between different regions.

The conditions that must be taken into account when determining the specialization of the region in the economy of the country are called the factors of specialization of the territory.

The main factors affecting the specialization of the economy of the territory:

• peculiarities of natural conditions and provision of natural resources
• peculiarities
• quantity and quality of labor resources
• historical established branches of the economy
• the ability to manufacture products in excess of their own needs
• the cost of production should be lower than in other areas
• the state should be interested in the release of these products.

But despite the economic benefits territorial specialization, we must not forget about the integrated development of the economy of the region, the non-material sphere, etc.

Given the presence of specialization factors, as well as natural, economic and social characteristics different territories in Russia, an economic zoning (division) of the territory into smaller economic regions has been carried out

Northern

Central
Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovsk, Kaluga, Kostroma, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions, Moscow

Volgo-Vyatsky
Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Chuvash Republic, Kirovsk, Nizhny Novgorod regions

Central Black Earth
Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov regions

Povolzhsky
Republic of Kalmykia, Republic of Tatarstan, Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions

North Caucasian
Republic of Adygea, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Chechen Republic, Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, Rostov Region

Ural
Republic of Bashkortostan, Udmurt Republic, Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, regions, Komi-Permyak Autonomous District

West Siberian
Republic, Altai region, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, Khanty-Mansiysk, Yamalo-Nenets autonomous districts

East Siberian
Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Tuva, Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk region, Irkutsk, Chita regions, Aginsky Buryatsky, (Dolgano-Nenetsky), Ust-Ordynsky Buryatsky, Evenki Autonomous Districts

Far Eastern
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur, Magadan, regions, Jewish Autonomous Region, Chukotka, Koryak Autonomous Okrug

Kaliningrad region

Economic zoning is necessary for effective territorial planning and economic management of the vast and diverse territory of Russia.

Comprehensive characteristics of the western regions of Russia

The territory of the western economic zone covers the European part of Russia and the Urals, occupying 4.3 million km2, which is 25% of the country's area. It consists of 8 economic regions: Central, Volgo-Vyatka, Central Black Earth (together called Central Russia), as well as the North-West, European North, Ural, Volga,.

Natural conditions are favorable for farming (except for the polar regions), most of which is occupied by the Russian with dominance. The river network is dense, but the rivers are shallow, the largest flows here -. There is a full range of natural areas from to.

Sufficiently rich natural resources: the largest iron ore deposits of the KMA in Europe; oil, gas, Pechora basin and; ores and bauxites; , and the North; Central Russia and; The North Caucasus and the Volga region are good. The Urals are famous for their, but their reserves are already severely depleted.

Historically, a high concentration of the population has developed in the western zone. 78% of the country's population lives here. The central one is the center of ancient Russian settlement; the first Russian cities, industry, and science arose here. This area is the political, economic and cultural center of Russia. The western zone has the highest level (more than 85%), all large cities (11 millionaire cities, most in the Urals and the Volga region), large agglomerations (Moscow, Leningrad, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.) are located here. Western regions are distinguished by a high level of qualifications of labor resources, the presence of leading educational institutions, centers of science and culture.

Under the influence of the favorable EGP of the regions, the old industrial nature of their development, good transport availability, the availability of qualified personnel and scientific and technical bases in the western zone, a highly developed manufacturing industry was formed. The leading role belongs to labor and science intensive industries, chemical and light industry. In the western zone, 80% of all industrial products of the country are produced, 90% of consumer goods, sectors of the non-material sphere are well developed. Large centers: Moscow, Petersburg, Yaroslavl, Voronezh, the capitals of the autonomous republics.

The western zone is characterized by a fairly developed, giving 80% of the country's agricultural production. Main regions: Central Black Earth, Volga Region, North Caucasus.

The network has a rational-ring structure, represented by all types. The largest transport routes are directed towards Moscow.

The high economic development of the western regions has led to many problems:

• growth major cities and a high concentration of industrial enterprises;
• aggravate the ecological situation;
• there is a shortage of raw materials, fuel, energy, water and much more.

Comprehensive characteristics of the eastern regions of Russia

Eastern economic zone is located in the Asian part of Russia from the Ural Mountains to, occupying an area of ​​12.8 million km2. (75% of the country's area). It includes 3 economic regions: Western Siberia, They are very remote from the economically developed regions Russia, which significantly affects them. The most profitable economic situation has Western Siberia, which is closer than others to the European part and borders on the industrial and raw material base of Eastern Siberia.

The natural conditions in most of the territory are unfavorable. More than 60% is occupied by the North zone. 80% of Western Siberia is swampy, Eastern Siberia is dominated by a sharply continental climate, explorers and the founding of the cities of Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tomsk. Currently, the population of the territory is still low: 22% of the country's population lives here. The distribution of the population is extremely uneven: the bulk is concentrated in the south along the railways. The degree of urbanization is high - over 75%. Large cities: Omsk, (millionaires), Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, and others. But on the main territory, the settlement is focal.

Harsh natural conditions, remoteness, lack of a developed transport network and infrastructure led to the low economic development of the eastern zone. It has a resource and raw material specialization and is the country's fuel and energy base. Although large territorial-production complexes (petrochemical, coal-metallurgical, timber-chemical, hydropower, etc.) have been formed in the region, the processing industry is still poorly developed.

In the future, the eastern regions can be not only a supplier of raw materials, but also a manufacturer of various products of black and, and. For the development of the region's economy, it is necessary to accelerate the formation of transport, social infrastructure, scientific and technical bases, as well as improving the environmental situation in mining areas.

1. Highlight on the map the main industrial and agricultural regions of the country. Compare their placement with the location of the Main Resettlement Strip.

The main industrial (Central, North-West, Ural, Volga region) and agricultural regions (Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Volga region) generally coincide with the most densely populated zone of settlement of the country's population.

2. Expand the content of the concept of "territorial (geographical) division of labor", highlight its components.

The geographical, or territorial, division of labor is expressed in the economic specialization of individual territories and in their exchange of goods and services with each other.

3. Which specialization, in your opinion, is more advantageous for the territory - narrow or broad? Why?

Each specialization has its own pros and cons. Wide specialization makes it possible for the integrated development of the region's economy and guarantees a certain degree of independence from imports from other regions. Narrow specialization makes it possible to concentrate on one industry, improve it and make its products the most competitive.

4. Explain the significance of the geographical division of labor: a) for individual territories and b) for the country as a whole.

The geographical division of labor is one of the laws of the development of society. Previously "closed" countries and regions begin to exchange the products of their labor, and as a result, the efficiency of the entire economy increases, people's lives become richer and more diverse. A) individual districts can develop those industries that really benefit by getting the rest of the products from other districts. B) for a country, specialization is an opportunity to find its place in the world market, to obtain products that cannot be produced on its territory.

5. What modern industries are associated with the names of individual cities or regions? Give examples.

Norilsk - Norilsk Nickel, Togliatti - Avtovaz, Cherepovets - Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.

By the geographical division of labor, we mean the spatial form of the social division of labor. Necessary condition the geographical division of labor is to different countries(or regions) worked for each other, so that the result of labor was transported from one place to another, so that there was, thus, a gap between the place of production and the place of consumption.
In the conditions of a commodity society, the geographical division of labor necessarily presupposes the transfer of products from economy to economy, i.e. exchange, trade, but exchange is in these conditions only a sign for the "identification" of the presence of a geographical division of labor, but not its "essence".

Sometimes the geographical division of labor is understood only as international division labor, but such a narrowing of this concept is wrong. Any international division of labor is at the same time a geographical division of labor, but not vice versa.
In the geographical division of labor, two cases can be distinguished:
1. (absolute) - A country (or region) is importing a product from another country (or region) because natural conditions can't produce it
2. (relative) - A product is imported that could have been produced at home, but would have cost more

Development of the geographical division of labor in breadth and depth

In ancient times, the sphere of the geographical division of labor was limited to a small area within the Old World, covering mainly the countries of the Mediterranean Sea.
In the Middle Ages, the northern seas (within Europe), routes through France and Italy were captured in the sphere of the geographical division of labor. Along with this, England, the Scandinavian countries, Poland, Novgorod and the Moscow state are being drawn into this sphere.
During the expansion of the Arab Caliphate, Arab merchants reached Indochina, Madagascar and the Spice Islands.
In the era of great discoveries, the sphere of the geographical division of labor spreads to the Atlantic Ocean, from Europe to India, etc. railway transport ties spread inland.
The strongest development of the sphere of the geographical division of labor over the past 400 years is associated with the discovery of new lands and the improvement of transport. This development played a major role in replacing feudal with capitalist orders in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. ...
As a result of the same progress in transport technology, the division of labor between town and country was reproduced on a global scale.

Economic benefit as a driving moment in the development of the geographical division of labor.

The driving moment in the gigantic development of the geographical division of labor that we observe in the course of history has been the economic benefit derived from the implementation of the geographical division of labor.
The geographical division of labor is carried out the more conveniently, the greater the difference between points in prices per weight unit of goods, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the lower the transport costs.

Influence of transport on the development of the geographical division of labor

The reduction in transport costs resulting from the technical improvement of transport is one of the main factors in the development of the geographical division of labor.
The development of transport increases the geographical division of labor in depth and breadth.

The influence of the geographical division of labor on the growth of labor productivity

The growth of labor productivity is associated mainly with the development of technology and, above all, with mechanization, and the geographical division of labor in the form general rule increases the productivity of social labor no worse than the development of technology.
The geographical division of labor, if it does not create, then in any case enhances the possibilities of mechanization, for the spatial concentration of production is necessary prerequisite and its production concentration, and without the latter there is no place for the growth of technology.
With the geographical division of labor, not only old needs grow, but new ones are also created, accompanied by the emergence of new industries using a variety of raw materials collected from different parts of the world.

Geographic division of labor and the process of formation and specialization of economic regions

If we understand the economic region as a specialized part of its whole, then the process of the geographical division of labor will have to be considered a process identical to the process of formation and differentiation of regions.
The establishment within a certain territory of relations of the geographical division of labor inevitably leads to the fact that each of the parts of this territory begins to select for itself those branches of production for which within it there is a more favorable combination of natural and socio-historical conditions; the lowest cost is obtained, and therefore the highest profit.
The specialization of one region in one direction is inevitably accompanied by the specialization of a number of other regions in some other directions.

Impact of customs duties on the geographical division of labor

Initially, when they appeared, customs duties had the main, if not the only, purpose of increasing treasury revenues at the expense of trade profits arising from the appropriation of benefits provided by the geographical division of labor.
When transporting goods abroad, the exporter has to increase his transport costs by the entire value of the customs duty, thereby making the conditions for the geographical division of labor between countries more difficult.

The concept of the geographical division of labor in the system economic geography

The geographical division of labor is a process that distinguishes from economic production activities Agriculture and industry.
Transport and trade, closely connected with it, are also generated by the geographical division of labor and develop continuously with it.
Economic regions are formed, differentiated and maintained in constant interaction with each other by the same process of geographical division of labor.
The economic and geographical position is also closely related to the geographical division of labor.

Thus, the geographical division of labor is the basic concept of economic geography, which most closely connects it with political economy; a concept from which the economist-geographer cannot break away in any topic he studies.