In which city is Skfo. South and North Caucasian Federal Districts

North Caucasian Federal District - Administrative formation in the south of Russia, in the central and eastern part of the North Caucasus, consists of 7 subjects. The North Caucasus Federal District was allocated from the South federal District In January 2010.

The administrative center is the city of Pyatigorsk.

The district is bordered by: with the Southern Federal District, as well as Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe district is approximately 1% of the total territory of the Russian Federation (about 172 thousand 360 square kilometers) - the smallest federal district of Russia.

Major cities that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, with the population of over 100 thousand people: Makhachkala, Stavropol, Vladikavkaz, Nalchik, Grozny, Pyatigorsk, Nazran, Kislovodsk, Nevinnomyssk, Khasavyurt, Cherkessk, Derbent.
The North Caucasus Federal District includes:
Stavropol Territory and 6 republics: Kabardino-Balkarian, Chechen, Karachay-Cherkess, Dagestan, Ingushetia and North Ossetia - Alanya.

The North Caucasus Federal District is the youngest Federal District of the Russian Federation.
In general, in the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District prevails agriculture Both animal husbandry, in separate areas the mining industry, winemaking, fisheries are developed. The greatest contribution to the economy of the district is made: Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Circassian Republic and Kabardino-Balkaria.

In the economy of the Stavropol Territory, a significant role is played by: mining, oil and gas processing industries, mechanical engineering, electric power industry, chemical, food and light industry, agriculture. In addition, the world-famous medical resorts of Caucasian mineral waters are located in the Stavropol Territory.

Kabardino-Balkaria has a fairly rich resource-raw material base: ores of rare and non-ferrous metals, oil and natural gas, mineral and fresh water. Agriculture, logging, as well as the production of industrial equipment is well developed in the republic.

In the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, mechanical engineering, light, chemical, mining and woodworking, agriculture, sheep-flowering prevails in the Karachay-Circassian Republic. Large importance for the region also has tourism, mountaineering and resort activities.

In the North Caucasus District, over the years, an unstable political situation has been observed, armed conflicts are often occurring. It extremely negatively affects the development of the regional economy. Indicators of industrial production decreased significantly compared with Soviet times. In addition, the situation is exacerbated by a small number of investments in the region.

With the allocation of the territories of the North Caucasus to an independent federal district, the development of the region began to be given more attention. It is assumed that due to this, the complex political and economic situation will be overcome, and the district will be able to compete in economic Development with other federal districts of Russia.

On the territory of the district there are 6 reserves:

Dagestan - The Republic of Dagestan
Kabardino-Balkarsky
Caucasian - Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea, Krasnodar Territory
North Ossetian - Republic of North South (Alania)
Teberdinsky
Ersi. - The Republic of Ingushetia

2 National Park:
Alanya
Elbrusye - Kabardino-Balkarian Republic

Federal reserves:
Agrac - The Republic of Dagestan
Dautsky - Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
Ingush - The Republic of Ingushetia
Karachay-Circassian - Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
Nalchik Gooh - Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Samursky - The Republic of Dagestan
North Ossetian Gooch- Republic of North. Ossetia (Alanya)
Soviet - Chechen district
Tlenhatinsky - The Republic of Dagestan
Tseysky - Republic of North. Ossetia (Alanya)

The North Caucasus is a historical and cultural region of the Russian Federation and is included in its composition called the North Caucasus Federal District. It is posted on the territory of the Best Caucasus, as well as in the northern part of the slope of the Grand Caucasian Range (without the Eastern part, which is under the jurisdiction of Azerbaijan) and the western part to the Psou River (the border of the Russian Federation and Abkhazia passes). It is one of the most multinational regions of Russia, most of whose territory is occupied by agricultural land (more than 70%).

The North Caucasus includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation: 2 autonomous edges (Krasnodar and Stavropol), 7 republics (Adygei, Dagestan; Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarskaya, North Ossetian, Ingush and Chechen).

Population of the North Caucasus

The North Caucasus is one of the most populic regions of Russia, the population of the last statistical data is 9.7 million people, it is 6.6% of the total population of the Russian Federation. Population density - 52 people per 1km 2 (second place in density after the Central Federal District), population of cities - 49, 1%.

The North Caucasus Federal District is the only country in the country, where the Russian and Slavic population prevails, and the title nation, which includes a large number of nations at once, several ethno-language families, which in turn are divided into groups. For example, in the Ingush Republic in the population is dominated by Ingush and Chechens, Russians - third in numbers, in the Dagestan Republic of the Russian - the eighth. According to the latest population census in this region, Russia, Russian nationality amounted to 9.4% of the total population. In the first place, Chechens, then, as the Avarians, Darginians, Kabardians, Ossetians, Kumyki, Ingush, Lezgins, etc. are descended.

Industry of the North Caucasus

IN economicly economical The economy of this region belongs to the North Caucasus Economic District of the Russian Federation. The leading branches of its market specialization are the engineering complex, food and light industry, coal and petrochemical production, the cement industry, developed agriculture, as well as unique recreational resources that have become the main base for the development of the resort economy.

The electric power complex is the basis of the economy of this region. Basically, thermal and hydraulic power plants are operating here, the largest TPPs work in the Krasnodar Territory, in Nevinnomyssk, in Grozny, HPP - Tsimlyanskaya, Belorechenskaya, Baksanskaya, etc.

The oil refinery is one of the oldest on the territory of the Russian Federation, traditional areas of oil refining are concentrated in Grozny, Tuapse, Krasnodar, from the new - Pre-Caucasus. Gas production - Stavropol and Krasnodar Territory, Chechnya and Dagestan - Gas condensate mining, very valuable raw materials for the chemical industry. Coal is mined on the territory of the Rostov region, where the spurs of the Donbass ridge rich in fuel minerals will want.

Due to the presence of a raw material base for the development of the metallurgical complex in the region, such enterprises of black and non-ferrous metallurgy are located as an electric junction plant in Vladikavkaz, a mining and processing plant in the Urrowiene region of Karachay-Cherkessia, a tungsten-molybdenum plant in Tyrnyause, various metallurgical enterprises manufacturing steel, pipes and steel casting.

Machine-building complex is presented in the following industries: the production of agricultural machinery (the largest enterprise - Rostselmash OJSC in Rostov-on-Don), technological and drilling equipment for oil and gas polyvyshov, the manufacture of electric vehicles (in Novocherkassk), shipbuilding engineering (river and maritime direction) . Completely new to this region, the industry of accurate engineering, such as instrument-making, production of electrical engineering, nuclear engineering (EMK-Atommash OJSC, in Volgodonsk, a boiler plant in Taganrog) are growing and developing. Production of helicopters, aircraft and hydro-aircraft - OJSC Roshettol, OJSC "Tantk them. M. Beriev, Automotive Engineering - OJSC Tagaz in Taganrog.

IN construction industry Cement production leads, the North Caucasus is a leading manufacturer and cement exporter in the region.

In the light industry, such industries are highlighted as shoe, leather (enterprises in Rostov-on-Don, Nalchik, mines, Vladikavkaz) and textile production. The production of knitted products and the sewing industry, the manufacture of washing wool and tissues and carpets based on it (Makhachkala, Krasnodar Territory).

The unique natural resources of the region (a large number of mineral springs, the fields of therapeutic dirt, the mild climate of the foothills and beautiful landscapes) gave the basis for the development of a spa farming, which is one of the leading industries. There are two resort groups: Mineral and Black Sea. Here are the most famous Russian resorts like Anapa, Sochi, Gelendzhik, 150 pensions and holiday homes. In the Stavropol Territory there are a group of resorts with therapeutic sources of mineral waters, it is Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk. A large number of skiers and climbers annually visit the districts of Dombay and Teberda in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, as well as the Baksan Gorge in Kabardino-Balkaria.

Agriculture of the North Caucasus

The products of the agro-industrial complex account for about 50% of all products produced in the North Caucasus region. Its foundation is sufficiently developed agriculture, which has favorable climatic conditions for this.

The grain farming is the leading industry of agriculture, here is mainly grown by winter wheat (Krasnodar Territory, Rostov region, West of the Stavropol Territory). Large areas of agricultural land are occupied by corn crops, rice (Kuban floats, irrigated land of the Rostov land and Dagestan). A large number of technical crops are grown in the region: sunflower, sugar beets and tobacco, and gardening and viticulture are also developed here. The Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory is the only region of the Russian Federation, where such subtropical cultures, like tea, persimmon, figs, citrus satellites are grown.

In animal husbandry prevails breeding cattle, pig breeding and poultry farming. Important In the economy of the region has developed sheepship, especially its finest direction. In the North Caucasus region produced half the entire Russian thin wool.

Administrative and territorial composition of the Southern Federal District: Republic of Adygea, Kalmykia. Krasnodar region. Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov region. Administrative center - Rostov-on-Don.

Administrative and territorial composition of the North Caucasus Federal District: Republics: Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkar, North Ossetia - Mania, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Chechen. Stavropol region.

Territory - 589.2 thousand km 2

Population - 22.9 million people.

Administrative center - G. Pyatigorsk.

The North Caucasus Federal District (SPO) is the new district of the Russian Federation, created on January 19, 2010. Special Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 82 dated January 19, 2010 "On Amendments to the List of Federal Districts, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 . No. 849, and to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. 724 "Questions of the system and the structure of federal executive authorities".

In fact, North Caucasian was allocated from the Southern Federal District. The creation of the North Caucasian Federal District should contribute to the accelerated development of the southern territories of Russia and the solution of economic and ethnopolitical problems.

It should be noted that in its formation by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 of May 13, 2000, the district was called North-Caucasian, but already on June 21 of the same year, decree No. 1149 renamed south. Geographical reasons were renamed renamed: Volgograd and Astrakhan regions and Kalmykia are not related to the North Caucasus. Rostov region relates conventionally.

Currently, the Southern Federal District includes the subjects of the Federation relating to the North Caucasus Economic District, as well as the territory of the Lower Volga region (Republic of Kalmykia. Astrakhan and Volgograd Region), which, but the current mesh of zoning refers to the Volga Economic District.

The territory of the SCFO is included in the grid of economic zoning to the North Caucasus Economic region.

We characterize the peculiarities of the placement and development of the productive forces of these districts at certain territories: the North Caucasus Economic District and the Lower Volga region.

Southern Federal District

Southern Federal District (Center - Rostov-on Don) It occupies the south of Eastern European Plain, the Pre-Bureau and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, making up approximately 3.5% of the country's territory. Landscapes of the territory are diverse - semi-desert and steppe planes, mountain ranges, stormy mountain (Terek) and calm plans (Don, Kuban) rivers, subtropical oasis, snow-covered vertices of the Caucasian mountains.

The Southern Federal District is one of the most populous in Russia. It concentrates 15% of the country's population. The district is one of the most multinational. More than 40 peoples belonging to the Slavic, Nakho-Dagestan and Turkic groups live here. The collision of the unrestricted crops belonging to different civilizations, holding the administrative and territorial division of the republics, deportation (violent relocation) of many North Caucasian peoples, military actions in the region for two centuries - all this certainly influenced the sharpness of inter-ethnic conflicts in the region.

By natural peculiarities, the territory of the district can be divided into four parts: a flat steppe, foothill, mountain and lower Volga.

Line steppe territory Stretch from the Don River to the valleys of the Kuban and Terek rivers. This is the main agricultural area, the main resident of Russia. On this territory, natural landscapes are practically no preserved. Universally found natural and anthropogenic agroleandshafts In which natural vegetation is largely replaced by crops.

The deposit of land landscapes reaches 90%. It grows mainly grain and technical crops.

Due to the fact that the obstascence of agricultural land is a little more than 3% instead of 5-6% on adopted standards, the agroleandsafs of the steppe zone of the district became very unstable, i.e., exposed to active erosion (destruction) of soils, stringing small rivers, reservoir pollution.

The APK of the Southern District occupies a leading role in the country's economy, it determines the specialization of mechanical engineering - the production of agricultural machinery (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Millet, Krasnodar), technological equipment For industries of the APK (Krasnodar, Stavropol), as well as the chemical industry - the production of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and pesticides (Nevinnomyssk, Belorechensk).

Food industry Also gained development everywhere and specializes in the processing of various agricultural raw materials, vegetables and fruits, meat production, oil, flour, croup (Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Novocherkassk, etc.).

Shipbuilding development The district is associated with the implementation of the program "Revival of the Fleet of Russia", which provides for the construction of vessels like "River-Sea", tankers, dry cargoers (Astrakhan, Volgograd).

Fuel and energy complex Specializes in oil (Dagestan, Grozny, Stavropol, Krasnodar fields), Gas (Kubano-Priazovskoye, Stavropol deposits, as well as deposits in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions) and coal industry (the Eastern Ring of Donbass in the Rostov region) (see Atlas Map).

Oil refinery are located in Krasnodar, Maykop, Tuapse.

Transport engineering (Novocherkassk) specializes in the release of electric locomotives.

Despite the construction of powerful TPPs and HPP, the area is experiencing permanent deficit Electricity.

Recreational complex North Caucasus uses unique natural conditions and edge resources.

On the Black Sea coast Located resorts are located: Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Sochi. The subtropical climate, the abundance of the sun, sea bathing, mud- and drain, brought here from all corners of the globe vegetation attract many tourists and vacationers.

Caucasian District [Mineral Waters Unites the balneological resorts of Essentukov, Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk and it is famous for attractions such as "Cunning and Love Castle", "Air Temple", "Blue Lakes", "Dombay", "Blue Stones", State Museum-Reserve M. Yu. Lermontov.

Environmental problems of the Lower Volga. Volga is the longest river in Europe. Its length from the source to the Caspian Sea is 3530 km.

Modern Volga is actually a chain of huge reservoirs, moving in one another. It is regulated by cascades of eight hydropower. Only from Volgograd to the Caspian Sea Volga retained its natural course.

The construction of hydropower plants and the creation of reservoirs made it difficult to natural water self-cleaning processes in the river. It can detect petroleum products, lead salts, sulfur connections. The way out of the current situation is the limitation of industrial effluents, installation of filters, the construction of wastewater treatment facilities - until the desired results give. Especially acute this problem is in the lower reaches of the Volga.

Environmental situation B. Delta Volga Estimated by specialists as catastrophic. In its lower reaches, harmful substances from the entire catchment basin of the river accumulate. In the Volga, 8-9 km 3 of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater is discharged annually, which is almost equivalent to the volume of the Tsimlyan reservoir.

Of all the hydropower plants, only Volgograd and Saratovskaya have devices for passing fish. However, they are small and require reconstruction. Cascades HPP reduce the flow of water, which leads to the death of the fish. IN last years Control over enterprises discarding harmful substances to the river has tightened. However, so far in the Volga water, the content of heavy metals, petroleum products, kerifies, detergents exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (PDC). This is especially anxious also because the water of the low-level Volga is rich in fish (sturgeon, perch, herring, born, carp, pike).

Caspian Sea - The largest lake in the world (368 thousand km 2). It received its modern name in honor of the ancient tribes of the Caspian (horse breeders), who lived in I B. BC e. On his coast. The lowest level of the Caspian Sea (-29 m) was registered by scientists in 1997. Since 1998, the rise of the water level began, currently he reached -27 m.

Many scientists are engaged in the problem of water fluctuations in the Caspian Sea. According to a number of specialists, the main reason is climatic, and it is connected with a decrease in the activity of the Sun and, as a result, a decrease in water evaporation from the surface of the lake. The average salinity of water in the lake 11 ‰ i.e. in each liter of water contains 11 g of salt (in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - 10-12 g, in black - from 17 to 22 g).

Flora lake is represented by more than 700 species of algae, including green and blue-green. The richness of the Caspian Sea are sturgeon and salmon fish species.

Eight sturgeon fishing plants are built to restore the stocks of particularly valuable sturgeon fish in the lower reaches of the Volga, where sturgeon young (Alexandrovsky, Volgograd, Lebiazhiy) are grown out of the chemicals.

North Caucasian Economic District

Composition of the area (ten subjects of the Federation) - Republic: Adygea, Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia - Alanya, Ingushetia, Chechen, Dagestan; Krasnodar, Stavropol Territory; Rostov region.

The area is allocated among other presence of the maximum number of republics in its composition (seven republics).

Conditions developed farms. The main richness of the district is its agricultural potential. Here there are optimal combinations of climatic and soil conditions for growing most cultural plants of a moderate belt, as well as for the development of almost all branches of animal husbandry.

The area provides themselves with coal at the expense of the fields of the Eastern Wing of Donbass. There are reserves of good quality oil, gas, non-ferrous metals (lead, zinc, tungsten and molybdenum, copper, mercury). Also significant resources of non-metallic raw materials (barite, stone salt, gypsum, mergels, dolomites) are also significant.

The combination of climate resources with a mountain terrain, the warm sea creates conditions for the development of resorts and different species tourism.

Population. This is the only country area where the population has a tendency to stabilization. In many republics of the district preserved quite high natural increase, and the territories of the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, the Rostov region, are the main regions on the reception of migrants not only from the national republics of the district, but from the entire post-Soviet space. The average population density is relatively high - 50 people / km 2.

The national composition is very motley, for example, it is believed that more than 130 nationalities live in Dagestan. Representatives of North Caucasian stand out language family (Adygi, Circassians, Kabardians, Ingush, Chechens, Avars, Lakges, Dargins, Lezgins, etc.). Representatives of the Turkic Group of Altai Language Family (Karachay, Balkarians, Nogai, Kumyki) also live in the republics. Ossetians belong to the Iranian group of Indo-European language family. Russians (62%) have the predominant importance in the region (62%), but their share in the national republics is reduced from the West (Adygea - 68%) to the East (Dagestan - 9%). Among the Slavic peoples are high percentage of Ukrainians.

The number of urban population is approaching 10 million people, or more than 55% of the total number (the lowest in the Russian Federation). The largest cities: Rostov-on-Don (1 million people), Krasnodar (640 thousand people). Rural settlements Numerous. For the plain territories, very large stages are characterized (more than 25-30 thousand people).

The North Caucasus region is generally provided with labor resources.

Economy. The role of the North Caucasus region in the economic complex of the country determine the agro-industrial complex and recreational complex.

Agro-industrial complex. The area occupies a leading position in the country as the largest manufacturer of rice, sunflower, corn, grapes, tea, fruits and berries, wool. Eliminated for the production of grain crops (Krasnodar region gives more than 10% of Russian grain) and sugar beets (2nd place in the country), vegetables (4th place), milk (5th place), meat (4th place) . Almost all products of agriculture are processed in place. In some cases of power enterprises Food Industry So great, which is allowed to use not only local raw materials (for example, the sugar industry processes imported raw sugar).

Industry. IN soviet time The area was one of the largest in the country agricultural engineering (Rostov, Taganrog, Krasnodar), but the economic crisis sharply reduced the figures for this industry. From other areas of mechanical engineering, the production of electric locomotives (Novocherkassk), atomic reactors (Volgodonsk), steam boilers (Taganrog) should be distinguished. Males are produced by the equipment for the food and chemical industry.

Now the leading position occupies chemistry (Fertilizers - Nevinnomyssk, Belorechensk, Organic Chemistry - Kamensk-Shahtinsky, Budennovsk, Volgodonsk).

Electric power industry is mainly represented by large thermal power plants. In connection with the commissioning of the Rostov NPP in 2001, the value of nuclear energy has increased dramatically.

Transport. The transit position of the district determines the development of almost all types of transport. The area is located the largest oil industry in Russia - Novorossiysk. Car and railway tracks, connecting the country with the south of Ukraine, Georgia, pass through the area, through the ferry with Turkey.

Maintenance Problems and development prospects. Analysis of modern economic Regulations Russia shows a distinct trend of the decline in production in most industries. In the North Caucasus, this common trend for all regions is exacerbated by a complex political situation armed conflict. Termination of hostilities in the area, the establishment of peace and stability in the region is the main task of the further economic and social development of the North Caucasus Economic Area.

The prospects for development refers to the most effective use Favorable natural climatic factors of the balneological resources of the region for development resorts And turning them into the resorts of world importance, the zones of domestic and foreign tourism.

Lower Volga

This one is the northern part of the Southern Federal District, covering the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions. The region has access to the Caspian Sea. The main sectors of the specialization are the oil-producing and oil refinery, gas industry. In addition, the Volga region is the main area on the catch of valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important areas for the cultivation of grain crops, sunflower, mustard, vegetable-fringe crops, a major supplier of wool, meat, fish.

. Natural resource potential is distinguished by a variety. A significant area is occupied by the Volga Valley, turning in the south to the Caspian lowland. Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain is occupied by the Volga-Akhtubinskaya flood, favorable for agriculture.

The creation of a large-scale waters in the Volga region, the intensive development of river transport, agriculture, applying mineral fertilizers in large volumes, a significant part of which is washed off in the Volga, the construction of hydroelectric power plants has a negative impact on the river and creates an environmental disaster area in the area. Water resources of the region are significant, but are not attennerable. In this regard, there is a shortage of water resources in the inner areas, especially in Kalmykia. In the territory of the region there are oil and gas resources in the Volgograd region - Zhirnovskoye, Korobakovskoye, the largest gas condensate field is located in the Astrakhan region, which is formed by a gas-critical complex.

In the Caspian lowland in Lakes Baskunchak and Elton there are resources of the table salt; These lakes are rich in, in addition, bromo, iodine, magnesium salts.

Population. The population of the Volga region is different national composition. Significant specific gravity In the structure of the population in the Republic of Kalmykia, Kalmyki occupy - 45.4%. In the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, the Kazakhs, Tatars, Ukrainians live in the predominance of the Russian population. For the population, the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in regional centers and the capital of the republic. The population of Volgograd exceeds a million inhabitants. The lowest density of the population in Kalmykia, here the smallest share of the urban population.

The farm district. Oil and gas is mined in the region. The most largest Astrakhan gas ended field, where the extraction and processing of natural gas is carried out.

Oil refinery and petrochemical plants are placed in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. The largest enterprise is the Volgograd Oil Refinery Plant. Significant prospects for the development of the petrochemical industry has the Astrakhan region on the basis of the use of hydrocarbon fractions of the Astrakhan field.

The electric power industry is represented by the Volgograd hydroelectric power plant and thermal power plants.

The region has a developed machine-building complex: shipbuilding centers - Astrakhan, Volgograd; Agricultural engineering is represented by a large tractor plant in Volgograd; Chemical and petroleum engineering is developed in the Astrakhan region.

In Volgograd, black and non-ferrous metallurgy are developed, the largest enterprises - OJSC Volzhsky Pipe Plant, Aluminum Plant. Huge resources of salt lakes led to the development of the salt industry, which provides 25% of the country's demand for food quality salts and other valuable chemical products.

In Lower Volga region, the fishing industry is developed, the main enterprise of the industry is the Caspryba fishery concern, which includes an inactive association, a number of large fish farmes, the base of the marine fleet, a fishing fleet ("Capture-Flot"), leading expedition fishing in the Caspian Sea. The concern also includes a fish-producing plant for the production of sturgeon fish and a networking factory. In agricultural production, the sectors of the specialization are the cultivation of vegetable-bachche cultures, sunflower; In animal husbandry - sheep.

Transport and economic ties. Volga region exports raw oil and petroleum products, gas, tractors, fish, grain, vegetable-bulk cultures, etc. Browsing forest, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network that provides high-power freight traffic.

River, railway and pipeline are developed in the area.

Intrayonnydifferences. The Lower Volga region includes Astrakhan, Volgograd region and Kalmykia. The Lower Volga region is a sub-factone developed industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, food. At the same time, this is the most important agricultural area with developed grain farms, meat animal husbandry and sheep-flowering, as well as the production of rice, vegetable-bakch cultures and fisheries.

Main centers of the Lower Volga region - Volgograd (developed engineering, chemical industry), Astrakhan (shipbuilding, fishing industry, production of containers, diverse food industry), Elista (industry building materials, Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking).

The most industrialized is the Volgograd region, where mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and light industry have the greatest proportion in a diversified complex.

Major problems and development prospects. The degradation of natural feed land, especially in Kalmykia with its system of distant pasture animal husbandry, is one of the main environmental problems of the region. Environmental damage caused by industrial emissions and transport of water and fish resources of the region. Solving the problem is possible on the basis of the implementation of the target federal program "Caspian", the main task of which is the purification of the Volga-Caspian water basin and an increase in the number of livestock of valuable fish.

One of the main tasks is to level the levels of socio-economic development of the most backward regions of the Volga region and primarily Kalmykia, which is given a number of benefits in taxation and financing. The prospects for the development of this republic are associated with the expansion of oil and gas production, in particular Pa Shelf of the Caspian Sea. Caspian oil company (CNA) has been created, which will be engaged in search and exploration and development of oil fields on a number of promising sections of the sea shelf.

Administrative-territorial composition of the North Caucasus Federal District: Republic of Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia - Alania, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Chechen; Stavropol region.

Administrative center - Pyatigorsk.

Territory – 170.4 thousand km2. Population – approximately 9.49 million people.

In fig. 9.4 presents the administrative and territorial composition of the North Caucasus Federal District.

The North Caucasus Federal District is the district of the Russian Federation, established on January 19, 2010. Special Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (see paragraph 4.1).

Fig. 9.4.

Actually North Caucasian District It was allocated from the Southern Federal District. Its creation should contribute to the accelerated development of the southern territories of Russia and the solution of economic and ethnopolitical problems.

The proportion of the mains economic indicators The North Caucasus Federal District in the All-Russian is presented in Table. 9.7, and the calculation of the coefficient of localization of industrial production is in Table. 9.8.

See economic activitydefining the specialization of the district on the localization coefficient, the following can be considered (see Table 9.8): processing production, including food production, including drinks, and tobacco; textile and sewing production; leather production, leather goods and footwear production; chemical production; production of rubber and plastic products; Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products; production of coke and petroleum products; production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment; Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

Table 9.7.

The proportion of the main economic indicators of the North Caucasus Federal District in the All-Russian

Table 9.8.

The structure of the industrial production of the North Caucasus Federal District by type of economic activity

The North Caucasus Federal District (SBFO) has land borders with Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia and only aquatic with Kazakhstan. The district is bordered by Kalmykia, Rostov region and the Krasnodar Territory. In the East, the Federal District is limited to the Caspian Sea, in the south - the main Caucasian ridge and borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan. The value of the district is largely determined by its geographical position. Through the territory of the SCFO, the main transport directions "North-South" and "West - East" are historically underway. Unimportant ports have become strategic points of transshipment of significant amounts of cargo.

Branches of market specialization SCFO are oil and gas industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, agriculture and food industry. A large resort and recreational complex has been formed in the district.

Natural resource potential. The resource-raw material base of SCFO is one of the richest in the country. Fuel and energy resources are represented by oil, natural gas, stone coal. According to international experts, according to the reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials, the Caspian Basin district may soon come out in the third place in the world of energy mining after the Middle East and Siberia. Such deposits such as North-Stavropol, Dagestan lights play an important role. Oil reserves are focused in the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic.

The North Caucasus has significant reserves of non-ferrous and rare metals. Nonmetous minerals are represented by mining and chemical raw materials (there are large reserves of barite, stone salt, sulfur) and resources for the production of building materials (cement murgels, high-quality marble in the area of \u200b\u200bTeberda, quartz sandstones, clays for the production of bricks and ceramics, chalk, granites, etc. .).

Fields of non-ferrous, rare metals, tolframolibdden ores are concentrated in Kabardino-Balkaria (Tyrnyaeuz deposit), Karachay-Cherkessia (Ktteberdinskoye deposit), lead-zinc ores - in North Ossetia (Sadonskoye deposit), copper - in Karachay-Cherkessia and Dagestan (Kizille deposit -Dere), mercury - in North Ossetia.

Population and labor resources. This is the only Federal District of Russia, in which ethnic Russians do not have the absolute majority of the population of the district. Representatives of about 100 nations, nationalities and ethnic groups live on the territory of the district. The North Caucasus District is the most multi-line region of Russia. Only 30 nationalities live in Dagestan: Avartsents, Darginians, Kumyki, Lezgins, Lakges and many others.

Placement and development of the main sectors of the economy. The foundation of the economy of the district is the basic industries that are based on the use of local commodity and energy resources. The most important industry is a productive agriculture, which specializes in the cultivation of grain and industrial crops, sheep and meat and mowing animal husbandry.

The leading place in the complex for the production of non-food consumer goods is occupied by industries focused on the processing of livestock raw materials: leather-shoe industry (Nalchik, Vladikavkaz), production of washing wool and woolen fabrics, rope (Makhachkala).

In the foothill part of Stavropol, there is a famous group of resorts of Caucasian Mineral Waters (Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Ironovoisodsk). Honored popularity among tourists, climbers, the skiers use Dombai and Teberda (Karachay-Cherkessia), the Baksan Gorge (Kabardino-Balkaria) and other places with unique natural landscapes.

Of the 150 resorts of the climatic, balneological, balneographic profile of the country, most are located in SPO. The abundance of healing mineral springs, mud (Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk) and warm seawater provides excellent conditions for strengthening health and recreation. Mountain landscape of districts attracts Russian and foreign travelers and athletes. The resort and tourist business in the North Caucasus District is one of the most effective directions of the economy of the region, the development of which will contribute to the improvement of existing centers of all-Russian importance, the redistribution of flowers in the territory, the creation of new conditions for winter views.

Transport and economic ties. Transport - one of the leading sectors of the SCFE economy, which accounts for about 10% of gross regional Product. SCFO is located next to large Russian and foreign markets, as well as at the intersection of large cargo flows.

In the territory of SCFE, the main directions of the North Caucasian Railway - the branch of the open joint Stock Company "Russian Railways", including such stressful areas like Rostov-on-Don - Mineralnye Vody, Makhachkala - Samur, Makhachkala - Oleinikovo. The overall length of railway highways in SPFO is about 3 thousand km.

The main road nodes in the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District are Stavropol, Mineralnye Vody, Nalchik, Grozny and Makhachkala.

Makhachkala Sea Trade Port is one of the main links of the transport communication system in the Caspian Sea with a prospect of connecting to cooperation in the framework of the North-South International Transport Corridor.

At the same time, there is a lack of relevant infrastructure and services in the field of transport and logistics that restraining the planned the economic growth, Mobility of the population, as well as the implementation of the transit potential of the SCFO.

Internal differences. In the Stavropol Territory among industries, chemical (production of plastics, synthetic resins, varnishes, paints, nitrogen fertilizers, etc.) and mechanical engineering (electrical products, refrigeration equipment, truck cranes and autographs) are particularly distinguished.

In the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the mains are the production of tungstenolibden industrial industries, artificial diamonds and abrasive materials, cable products, artificial leather. The Republic of North Ossetia - Alanya in the territorial division of labor is allocated by the production of lead and zinc, electric welding equipment, automotive equipment, starch equipment. In the structure of the Industry of the Republic of Dagestan leading position occupy mechanical engineering, food and light industry.

Karachay-Cherkess Republic is highlighted by the mining industry, mechanical engineering, chemical, light and food industries are also developed.

Major problems and development prospects. One of the directions is the development of tourism and the sanatorium-resort base.

TP OEZ GRAND SPA YUTSA on the territory of the Stavropol Territory on the Mount of Yuts and its surroundings is created in order to develop a modern balneological resort, improving the service, achieving greater flexibility in wellness programs, form a wide range of entertainment opportunities for vacationers and ensuring related types of tourism.

The socio-economic development of the Northern Caucasus is complicated by political conflicts. The cessation of hostilities in the district, the establishment of peace and stability is the main problem of further economic and social development of the SCFE.

The main directions, ways and means of achieving the strategic goals of sustainable development and ensuring national Security Determines the strategy of the socio-economic development of the North Caucasus Federal District until 2025.

The district was formed by allocation from the composition of the Southern Federal District by decree of the President of Russia dated January 19, 2010. The district includes seven subjects of the federation, including one region - Stavropol and six republics: Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Karachay-Cherkess Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Chechen Republic (Table 5.9).

Table 5.9.

The composition of the North Caucasus Federal District

SCFO is the only Federal District, in which there is not a single area, and the only one in which ethnic Russians do not have the absolute majority of the population of the district. It is considered the most multinational region of the Russian Federation. The administrative center of the district - G. Pyatigorsk -to is neither the administrative center of the subject entering the district neither the largest city of the district, but is included in the major Caucasian-Mine-Father's agglomeration.

Geographical location, borders and Natural resources SCFO.

The district is located in the southern part of European Russia, on the territory of the central and eastern part of the North Caucasus. From the south, he is protected by the main Caucasian ridge, in the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea.

The SCFO borders with such countries as Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia, Kazakhstan, as well as with such constituents of the Russian Federation as the Republic of Kalmykia, Rostov region and Krasnodar region. The administrative center of the district is G. Pyatigorsk.

The region has large reserves of natural mineral resources - it is oil, gas, coal, copper, non-ferrous metals, polymetals, iron ores and building materials.

In addition, he has a unique complex of balneological resources, which includes mineral drinking water, thermal waters and medicinal dirt. Sample 1/3 of all are concentrated here. russian resources Mineral waters and more than 70% of the reserves of the country's thermal waters.

Economic indicators of the development of regions of the SCFO. From the end of the XX century. The main part of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the currently located in the North Caucasus Federal District, was in groups of regions most susceptible economic crisis. By started the XXI century. The volumes of industrial production in this district decreased to 17-24% (compared with 1990), while on average in Russia this figure was equal to 48%! . In 2000 Economical growth is noted in some subjects of the SCFO, but the improvement of their socio-economic situation is achieved very slowly. At the same time, the main inclusion in the creation of VRI is made by such spheres as wholesale and retail - 21.1%, agriculture - 13.1, construction - 12.2, public administration - 11.6%. The share of manufacturing production in VRPV is 9.1%.

The unemployment rate in the SBFO is characterized as high. In general, it is 13% in the district, and in some republics it reaches 44%. There are hidden unemployment and a significant local population working in the low-paid sectors of the economy.

In the main part of the sectors of the SCFO economy, labor productivity is lower than the average country. These circumstances are combined with low level Lifestyle of the population.

The budgets of the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Chechen Republic, are characterized as highly productive. Share of funds federal budgetare transferred to assist the subjects of the Russian Federation SPO, reaches in some regional budgets 70-80%.