What is based on the typology of countries. Typology of countries

On the modern political map of the world there are about 230 countries and territories, the overwhelming majority of them are sovereign states. The classification of them takes primarily on the basis of political criteria, the grouping of countries in the magnitude of their territory and population is also distributed.

The seven largest countries are allocated to the territory of the territory, over 3 million km² each, which in the aggregate occupy 1/2 of the whole earthly sushi. This is Russia (17075 thousand km); Canada (9976 thousand km²); China (9561 thousand km²); USA (9364 thousand km²); Brazil (8512 thousand km²); Australia (7687 thousand km²); India (3288 thousand km).

In terms of population, ten largest countries are distinguished, with the number of residents of more than 100 million people each, which accounts for 3/5 of the population of the globe. This ten includes China (1172 million); India (860 million); USA (252 million); Indonesia (185 million); Russia (148 million) and others (data is given as of 1993).

Often countries are grouped according to their features geographic location: distinguish seaside, peninsula, island countries and archipelago countries. Separately, countries that do not have exit to the sea are separate. They are about 40.

World countries differ not only in size, population and geographical position. First of all, they are different in terms of social economic Development. Based on this, they can be divided into two main types.

I type - economically the developed countries.

On the political map of them about 60. All of them are characterized by a higher level of economic and social Development. For them is characterized by high gross internal product At the rate of per capita. But the countries included in this group are distinguished by significant internal heterogeneity, and there are groupings inside them:

Countries "Big Seven". These are leader countries that have the greatest scale of economic and political activities. Gross domestic product based on per capita here is from 10 to 20 thousand dollars. The role of these countries in world politics and economics is great. The countries of "big seven" are distinguished by indisputable success in the development of science and technology. If you look at the story, it turns out that most of these countries were in the past large colonial empires and have learned considerable profits from this. A common feature of these countries is dominance in their economy of monopolies, especially transnational corporations;

Less large countries. The political and economic power of each of them is small, but in general they play an ever-increasing role in global affairs. Gross domestic product based on per capita in most of them is the same as in the "Big Seven" countries. This group includes almost all other countries in Europe. Often they act as a link in the economic and political relations of the countries of "Big Seven";

Countries of "Migrating Capitalism". These countries are former colonies (Dominions) United Kingdom: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. They practically did not know feudalism, now they are distinguished by economic and political originality. Israel can be attributed to this group. These states are characterized by a high level of socio-economic development;

The special group combines the countries that are included in the CIS, which was formed in 1991 as a result of the collapse of the USSR. This can also include most countries of Eastern Europe.

II type - developing countries.

All together they occupy more than half of the land of land sushi and concentrate more than half of the world's population. This type of countries are internally varied, so several groups can be distinguished in it:

Key countries. This grouping can include India, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina. They are distinguished by a relatively developed sectoral structure of the economy, export of manufacturing products. Market relations reached here a relatively high degree of maturity. However, the gross domestic product based on the per capita in these countries is much lower than in developed;

New industrial countries. This group includes the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and others. More recently, they had an economy, typical of developing countries, in the structure of which agriculture prevailed and the extractive industry. These countries had meager income per capita, undeveloped market, currency problems. But already in the 80s, they were far ahead of most other developing countries. These countries are distinguished by a relatively high gross domestic product based on per capita. Their external trade is rapidly developing. About 80% of exports fall on the products of the manufacturing industry;

Oil-exporting countries. This group includes countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Libya. Most countries of this group are part of the OPEC Organization. They are characterized by a very high gross domestic product based on per capita. It is necessary to note the social backwardness of some of them. The structure of the economy of these countries is dominated by the oil-producing and oil processing industry;

Countries lagging in their development. This group includes the largest number of developing countries;

Least developed countries. In Asia, this group includes countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Yemen; in Africa - Mali, Niger, Chad, Somalia; In Latin America - Haiti. Only 42 countries form this group.

The lagging and least developed countries have common features. They are united not only by the colonial past, but also associated poverty, a sharp contradiction between political independence and economic dependence, the preservation of reserved forms of farming, the agrarian and mineral and resource nature of the economy, giant debt developed States.

The development of the UN developing countries relates both China, which has its own characteristics as in public strictureSince this is a socialist country and production. Gross domestic product at the per capita in China is low, although by a number of indicators the country occupies leading places in the world.

In a sense, the typology of countries is a historical category. Before the beginning of the 90s. 20 V. All countries of the world were customary to divide into three main types: socialist, capitalist and developing. After the collapse of the world socialist system, another, no longer so politicized typology of countries. The UN adopted two classifications of countries.

In the first, all countries of the world are divided into three types:

1) economically developed countries;

2) developing countries;

3) countries with transition economy.

According to the second classification of the UN, two large groups of countries are distinguished:

1) economically developed;

2) developing.

As a generalizing, synthetic indicator, an indicator of gross domestic product (GDP) is usually applied - the cost of all final products of the material production and non-production sphere released in the territory of this country in one year per capita. This an important indicator Not only is used for the division of countries to the specified two types, but also gives a bright idea of \u200b\u200ba huge break between the most and least developed countries of the world (Table 2).

Table 2.

World Countries with the highest and lowest GDP rates at the per capita

Source: V. P. Maksakovsky, 2003.

Economically developed UN countries include about 60 states: all Western Europe, USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel. For these countries, as a rule, a high level of development of the economy is characterized, the predominance of the manufacturing and services of the manufacturing industry, the high standard of living of the population. But the group includes Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Eastern European countries and some other former socialist publications. Due to the heterogeneity, economically developed countries are divided into several subtypes:

1. Economically highly developed countries:

a) Main countries - USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom. They give more than 50% of the production of all industrial and more than 25% of the agricultural products of the world. These countries form three major center of world economy - Western European with the center in Germany, American with the center in the USA and Asian centered in Japan. The recent decades allow us to talk about the trend of the movement of the Center for World Economy from the United States to Japan, which is constantly expanding its influence not only in Eastern and Southeast Asia, but also in Latin America and the Middle East. The main countries and Canada are often called "big seven countries." In 1997, Russia was adopted in a greater seven, which turned into the "G8".

b) economically highly developed countries of Western Europe - Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, Luxembourg, Iceland, Scandinavian countries, etc. For these countries, political stability is characterized, the high standard of living of the population, high GDP and the highest rates of export and imports at the calculation of the soul population. Unlike main countries, they have a significantly narrower specialization in international division Labor. Their economy is largely depends on the revenues received from banking, tourism, intermediary trade, etc.

c) the countries of "Migrating Capitalism" - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - former Colonies of Great Britain - and the State of Israel, formed in 1948 by decision of the UN General Assembly. The characteristic features of these countries (except Israeli) is the orientation of the economy of the former metropolis or other more developed countries and the preservation of international specialization in the export of raw materials and agricultural products. In contrast to developing countries, this agrarian-raw material specialization is based on high nationwide labor productivity and is combined with a developed internal economy.

2. Countries with an average level of development:

a) Mid-Developed Western European countries: Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland. In terms of the development of productive forces, they are somewhat lagging behind the modern world technical progress. Spain and Portugal in the past were the largest colonial empires, played a big role in world history. But the loss of the colonies led to the loss of political influence and the weakening of the economy, which before that kept on the wealth of colonies;

b) countries with economies in transition - 12 CIS countries, 15 countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Mongolia, China. They carry out the transition from the previous administrative-team (socialist) economy to the market economy, so they are also called post-socialist. In some sources, including statistical, this type of country is also related to Vietnam, although this state has not officially abandoned the previous, socialist development path.

To developing countries, the UN Classification refers all other countries of the world. Almost all of them are located in Asia, Africa and Latin America. More than ¾ of the world's population live in them, they occupy more than ½ Sushi Square, but their share accounts for less than 20% of the manufacturing industry and only 30% of products. agriculture Foreign world. For developing countries, the focus is characterized by exports, which puts national Economics countries dependent on the global market; Multipleness of the economy; Special territorial structure farms, scientific and technological dependence on developed countries, sharp social contrasts. Developing countries are very diverse. There are several approaches to highlight subtypes within this group of countries.

According to one of them, six subgroups consider among developing countries:

a) Key countries: India, Brazil, Mexico (some authors include in this group and China). Each of these countries has rich and varied natural resources, abundant and cheap labor, capacious and promising domestic market. Each country in its region has key value. These countries produce almost as many industrial products as all other developing countries combined. Sectoral structure The farms are similar to the structure of developed countries (for example, the share of mechanical engineering exceeds 20%);

b) developing countries with GDP per capita higher than 1 thousand dollars. (Argentina, Chile, etc.);

c) New industrial countries: Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. In these countries, the economy has developed an extremely high rate over the past 20 years due to foreign investment, introduction of the latest technologies and the presence of cheap and qualified local labor.

d) oil-exporting countries: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United United Arab Emirates, Iran, Bahrain, Oman, Libya, Brunei and some others. These countries have very high GDP figures per capita through oil sales. The rapid development of countries - the emergence of powerful banks, companies, modern cities, water and energy supply systems; Raising the standard of living of the population - is often combined in these countries with the former social life, which is primarily determined by Islam;

e) "Classical" developing countries with GDP per capita less than $ 1,000 per year. The characteristic features of these countries are a backward multi-way economy.

e) least developed countries. These, according to the UN Classification, include countries in which per capita income is 100-300 dollars per year; The competent population of the country is 20% of the total number; The share of the manufacturing industry in GDP is less than 10%, consumer agriculture prevails. These countries are characterized by low levels and the pace of socio-economic development; High birth rate and mortality rates, the dependence of the economy from agriculture. These countries use special attention The world community, global problems of humanity are most clearly manifested in them.

To their Number of UN, delivered 32 countries of Africa (Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Zambia, Cape Verde, Comoros, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritania, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Outland, Tsar, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia), 9 Asia countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Yemen, Laos, Cambodia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal), 5 countries of Oceania (Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu) and Haiti in Latin America.

The indicator of shower GDP does not allow to absolutely clearly define the border between developed and developing countries. For example, some international organizations As such a quantitative line, an indicator of $ 6,000 is used at the per capita. But if you take it as the basis of twisted typology, it turns out that in fact all post-socialist countries with economies in transition, including Russia, fall into the category of developing countries, while Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Brunei. Bahrain, Barbados, Bahamas - in a group of economically developed.

Geographer scientists have long been working on the creation of more advanced typologies of the countries of the world, which would also take into account the nature of the development of each country and the structure of its GDP, a share in world production, the degree of involvement in the international geographical separation Labor, some indicators characterizing its population. I especially worked and working on the creation of such typologies representatives of the Economic and Geographical School of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov, First of all, V. V. Volsky, L. V. Smirnyagin, V. S. Tikunov, A. S. Fetisov.

Typology V. V. Wolsky widely entered the scientific source (ad. 1). This applies, for example, to the allocation of main economically developed countries, key developing countries rich in oil-consisting, as well as the least developed countries. Nevertheless, this typology causes some questions. Doubt causes the absence of a generally accepted subtype of industrial countries (NIS). In typology, as it were, the largest group of "classical" developing countries that are strongly lagging in their development was dissolved.

More than 230 countries and territories are represented on the modern political map of the world, of which more than 190 are sovereign states. Among them are countries with a very large territory and population (China, India, Russia, USA) and completely tiny - such as "small" states of Europe: Monaco, Andorra, Vatican, Liechtenstein.

There are one-demonstrable countries (Japan, Sweden, Germany, France, etc.) and multinational (India, Russia, Nigeria, USA, etc.). Some states occupy a whole continent (Australia), and others are located on a small island or group of islands (Nauru, Malta, Cape Verde, etc.). There are rich countries natural resources And deprived by them. There are countries that have access to the open sea and extended marine borders (Russia, Canada, USA, China, etc.), and do not have this advantage, i.e. Incontinental countries (Chad, Mali, Tsar, Paraguay, Mongolia, etc.). Very often, the peculiarities of the geographical location of the country affect the level of its socio-economic development.

Each country has its own unique features, however, by identifying any similarities with other states, certain types of countries can be distinguished.

Type of countryit is formed by a set of conditions and features of development, which in some essential features on the one hand relate to her near the countries similar to it, and on the other - allocate it from all others. The very existence of types of countries, their historical evolution is the result of the fact that development is in countries in different pace, in different conditions and in different ways.

At the same time, it is impossible to single out the types of countries only on the basis of one or more, although very important criteria for all countries, for example, on the basis of the GDP indicator, the level of development of the state or wealth and welfare of residents. Typology precedes huge statistical work on the selection and comparing the large number of economic, demographic and social indicators for the countries of the world. Next, it is necessary to find similar features that will help identify certain states into separate groups;

Tyologythere are different. There are typologies that take into account the level of development of countries, the level of income of the population and quality of life, the level of humanitarian development and social progress, etc. Tyology must take into account the large number of indicators and characteristics: the level of economic and social development of states, historical and political aspects, for example, the level of development of democracy etc.

For a long time, typology was used in the scientific literature, which divided the states on the principle of belonging to a particular socio-economic formation: Capitalist: (countries with market economy), or the socialist (country with the centrally planned economy). Moreover, countries developing (or "third world countries") were allocated to the special group) - formerly colonial and dependent territories and joined the path of independent development, which could go on a particular path. Some of them really evolved in the socialist path. But with the collapse of the Socialism system, this typology (which was used not one decade) is outdated.

Currently, sovereign states are grouping most often:

in size;

in the number of population;

in geographical position;

in terms of socio-economic development.

In size Highlight 7 largest countries in the world (Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India). The area of \u200b\u200beach of these states is over 3 million square meters. km, and in the aggregate they occupy about half of the earthly sushi. In addition to the largest, middle, small countries and microgen states (Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein, etc.).

By the number of people Among the countries of the world, ten countries are distinguished with the number of citizens of more than 100 million each, which account for 3/5 of the population of the globe:

China - 1 billion 300 million people;

India - 1 billion 40 million people;

USA - 287 million people;

Indonesia - 221 million people;

Brazil - 175 million people;

Pakistan - 170 million people;

Russia - 145 million people;

Nigeria - 143 million people;

Bangladesh - 130 million people;

Japan - 126 million people.

By geographical position It is customary to allocate countries: peninsulas (Saudi Arabia); island (Cuba); mainland (Russia); archipelago countries (Japan). A special group is made up countries that do not have access to the sea (36 countries).

According to typology, taking into account level and nature of socio-economic and political development , three groups of countries of the world are distinguished:

• 1) economically highly developed states;
• 2) less developed countries (UN terminology "Developing countries");
• 3) countries with "transition economies" (post-socialist) and socialist countries.

Signs Economically highly developed states:

mature level of economic development (market) relationships;

special role in world politics and economics;

they have a powerful scientific and technical potential.

These countries differ from each other scale and level of development of the economy, population, etc. Therefore, several subtypes can be allocated within this group.

1.1. Main capitalist countries : USA, Japan, FRG, France, United Kingdom, Italy. (In fact, this is a "big seven", excluding Canada, which in typology is attributed to another subtepa: to the countries of "migrating" capitalism).

These are the most developed countries with the highest economic and scientific and technical potential. They differ from each other with the features of their development and economic power, but all of them are united by a very high level of development and the role they play in the global economy. In fact, they have already entered the post-industrial stage of development, as well as representatives of the next subgroup.

1.2. Economically highly developed small countries in Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, etc.

These states have achieved a high level of development, but, unlike the main capitalist countries, there are much more narrow specialization in the international division of labor. At the same time, they send to the external market to half (or more) their products. In the economy of these countries, the proportion of non-production sphere (banking, the provision of various services, tourist business, etc.) is very large.

• 1.3. Countries "Migrating" capitalism ": Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel. These are the former colonies of Great Britain. Capitalist relations arose and developed in them thanks economic activity immigrants from Europe. But unlike the United States, which also in due time were a migrating colony, the development of this group of countries had some features. Despite the high level of development, these countries have retained their agrarian and commodity specialization. foreign trade Back in their exceeds the colonies. But this specialization is by no means identical in the environment developing statesSo it is combined with a highly developed internal economy. Canada, which is included in the "big seven", but by type and features of the development of their farm closer to this group of countries. Israel is a small state that formed after the Second World War in Palestine (which was under the mandate of the League of Nations under the Office of Great Britain after the First World War). The economy of this country has evolved due to the skills and means of immigrants, striving to return to their historic homeland.
• 1.4. Countries with an average level of development of capitalism: Ireland, Spain, Greece, Portugal.

In the past, these states played an important role in world history. So, in the era of feudalism, Spain and Portugal had huge colonial possessions. Despite famous successes In the development of the industry and the development area of \u200b\u200bdevelopment services, these countries are generally lagging behind the first three subgroups of states in this typology. But they are now entering the European Union and their main trading partners are highly developed states.

Countries with "Transition Economics" (post-socialist) and socialist countries. This group includes countries of Central and Eastern Europe (including all republics former USSR) - These are "countries with economies in transition" and Mongolia, as well as those countries that are still socialist - Cuba, China, Vietnam, Korean People's Democratic Republic (DPRK). Earlier, they were all countries of the socialist camp with the centrally planned economy (and the last four countries remain those).

After the collapse of the USSR in the early 1990s, very significant changes in politics and economics occurred in most countries of this group - they are trying to engage in the world system market relations. Transformation processes in these states go beyond standard reforms, as they have deep and systemic nature. In economics and policies of four socialist countries, very significant shifts are also observed.

It is characteristic that some of the post-socialist countries with low-income per capita declared their desire to acquire the status of a "developing" country (for example, the republics of the former Yugoslavia, Vietnam, Central Asian CIS countries) were made with such a statement. It gives them the right to receive preferential loans And various types of help in international banks and foundations.

Economically less developed countries (According to the UN Classification - "Developing Countries").

This is the most numerous and diverse group of countries. For the most part, these are former colonial and dependent countries, which, having received political independence, have fallen into economic dependence on countries that were previously their metropolis.

Unites the countries of this group a lot, including development problems, domestic and external difficulties associated with low level development of the economy and social sphere, disadvantage financial means, lack of experience in conducting, capitalist commodity economy, disadvantage of qualified personnel, strong economic dependence, huge external debt, etc. The situation exacerbates civil wars and inter-ethnic conflicts. In the international division of labor, they are far from the best position, being mainly suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products to economically developed countries.

In addition, in all countries of this type and the level of development due to the rapid growth of the population, the social situation of large masses deteriorates, excess of labor resources are shown, demographic, food and other global problems are especially acute.

But, despite the general traits, the countries of this group are very different from each other (and about 150 of them).

At least four groups of countries can be distinguished:

• BUT) Key countries - these are countries - leaders developing worldWith great natural, human and economic potential. These include: Brazil, Mexico, India, Argentina, Iran. They produce so many industrial products as all other developing countries combined.
• B) "New Industrial Countries" (NIS) - Singapore, Oh. Taiwan and the Republic of Korea, as well as NIS "Second Wave" - \u200b\u200bMalaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. The economy is characterized by a high rate of industrialization, export orientation of industrial production (especially products of high-tech industries), active participation in the international division of labor. The economic indicators of this group of states mainly correspond to the indicators of industrialized states, but still there are features inherent in all developing countries.
• IN) Oil-exporting countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Libya, Brunei, Algeria). These countries receive the main income from oil exports.
• D) least developed countries (about 40 countries). Their main characteristics: very low incomes per capita; Low share of the manufacturing industry in the structure of the economy; Very high proportion of illiterate among adults. Their backward is expressed in the actual inability to provide the necessary minimum of the urgent needs of the fast-growing population. This group of the least developed countries of the world includes: Afghanistan, Haiti, Guinea, Bangladesh, Laos, Nepal, Bhutan, Mali, Mozambique, Somalia, Chad, Burundi, Ethiopia, etc. They are very far behind the developed world in all major social economic indicators And also far from industrially developed as many decades ago.

Typology of countries- Allocation of groups of countries with similar type and level of socio-economic development. The type of country develops objectively, this is a relatively sustainable complex of the characteristics of the development characteristics, which characterizes its role and place in the world community at this stage. world History. Determine the type of state - it means to attribute it to a particular socio-economic category.

To highlight types of countries, the indicator is gross domestic product (GDP) - the value of the entire final products of the material production and non-production sphere released on the territory of this country in one year per capita. The criteria for the selection of types of countries are the level of economic development, the country's share in world production, the structure of the economy, the degree of participation in the IHR.

In the UN, are currently accepted two classifications of the passage n. IN first All countries of the world are divided into three type 1) economically highly developed countries; 2) developing countries; 3) countries with economies in transition (from a planned to market). At the same time, the former socialist countries actually relate to the third type that exercise economic transformations on the construction of a market economy.

According to second UN classification highlight two Large groups of countries: 1) economically developed countries and 2) developing. With this division into one group of countries, extremely different states are combined. Therefore, within each type of countries, smaller groups are distinguished - subtypes.

TO economically developed UN countries relate around 60 States: all Europe, USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel. For these countries, as a rule, a high level of development of the economy is characterized, the predominance of the manufacturing and services of the manufacturing industry, the high standard of living of the population. But the group includes Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, the Czech Republic, etc. due to heterogeneity, economically developed countries are divided into several subtypes:

Economically highly developed countries:

but) main countries - USA, Japan, France, Italy, United Kingdom. They give more than 50% of the production of all industrial and more than 25% of the agricultural products of the world. The main countries and Canada are often called "big seven countries." (In 1997, Russia was adopted in a large seven, which turned into a "G8".)

b) economically highly developed european countries - Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, Scandinavian countries, etc. These countries are characterized by political stability, a high standard of living of the population, high GDP and the highest exponentials and imports based on per capita. Unlike main countries, they have a significantly narrower specialization in the international division of labor. Their economy is largely depends on the revenues received from banking, tourism, intermediary trading, etc.;

c) countries "Migrating capitalism" - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - former colonies of Great Britain - and the state of Israel formed in 1948 by decision of the UN General Assembly. Characteristic feature These countries (except Israel) are the preservation of international specialization in the export of raw materials and agricultural products. In contrast to developing countries, this agrarian-raw material specialization is based on high productivity and combined with a developed internal economy.

Middle-level countries:

but) medium-Developed countries Europe: Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland. In terms of the development of productive forces, they are somewhat lagging behind the modern world technical progress. Spain and Portugal in the past were the largest colonial empires, played a big role in world history. But the loss of the colonies led to the loss of political influence and the weakening of the economy, which before that kept on the wealth of colonies;

b) countries with economies in transition - CIS countries, countries of Eastern Europe, China. They conduct transformations aimed at developing market relations in the economy instead of centralized planning. This subgroup of countries has been separated in the 1990s due to the collapse of the global socialist system. The subgroup includes countries that significantly differ in each other.

TO developing Countries The UN Classification refers all other countries of the world. Almost all of them are located in Asia, Africa and Latin America. More than 3/4 of the world's population live in them, they occupy more than 1/2 square. The inclusion in the bicked typology of the former socialist countries is rather difficult. The level of their socio-economic development is different: most countries, such as Eastern Europe, the Baltic States, Russia, Ukraine, are economically developed, but other countries occupy an intermediate position between developed and developing.

China also can also be attributed to various criteria, and to developing states. For developing countries, the focus on exports is characterized, which puts the national economy of countries dependent on the global market; Multipleness of the economy; Special territorial structure of the economy, scientific and technological dependence on developed countries, sharp social contrasts. Developing countries are very diverse. There are several approaches to highlight subtypes within this group of countries. The place of any country in typology is not constantly and can change over time.

Problems of allocating developed and developing countries.

The border between developed and developing countries, UN experts usually determine the criterion in 6000 dollars per capita per year in the country. However, this indicator does not always allow to objectively classify countries. Some states relating to the UN classification to developing, for a number of indicators (per capita GDP, the level of development of advanced high-tech industries) closely approached economically developed countries or have already surpassed them.

So, in 1997 Singapore, Taiwanand The Republic of Korea were officially translated from the group of developing countries to the group developed. But the other indicators socio-economic and the political development of these countries - the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, dependence on foreign capital - nevertheless remain more characteristic of developing states. Russia With this classification, having an indicator of shower GDP about 2500 dollars a yearFormally falls into a group of developing countries.

Considering such difficulties with the classification of the countries of the world on GDP, others are now trying to allocate other, more objective criteria for determining the level of socio-economic development of countries.

For example, based on medium duration life, level of education, the real magnitude of the average income of the population is determined human Development Index (IRCH). Applying this criterion, UN experts share the countries of the world into three groups - with high, medium and low irr. Then the first ten of the most developed countries of the world turns out to be another than, when considering GDP per capita per year, and Russia and the CIS countries fall into the second group, Russia is in 67th place between Suriname and Brazil.

Abstract lesson "The main types of countries modern Mira» .

The diversity of the countries of the modern world is most brightly manifested at the country level of the socio-geographical picture of the world. The reasons for their dissimilarity and at the same time are similarities in the complexity of public systems, which are the result of a long development process.

Optimally evaluating this diversity allows a typological approach to the study of countries, i.e. Their grouping for any common, similar signs, properties, indicators, qualities.

Quantitative typologyAllowed to compare the main geographical parameters of countries:

in size All countries can be divided into groups:

the largest countries, over 4 million km 2: Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, Australia;

large, from 1-4 million km 2, such countries 24;

average, from 0.2-1.0 million km 2 - 55 countries of the world;

small (including "micro"), less) .2 million km 2 - overwhelming majority - 144 (48).

grouping countries in terms of population indicates a sharp predominance in the world of small states (about 150), despite the dominant position of the population of the Earth (about 60%) of the Group 10 largest countries (China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, Pakistan, Japan, Bangladesh, Nigeria);

according to the peculiarities of the geographical position: Primorsky (Russia, USA, China, France, etc.), island (Japan, United Kingdom, Indonesia, etc.) and not having to go to the sea (their 36 - Afghanistan, Niger, Paraguay, Kyrgyzstan, etc.). The first two types of geographical position contribute to progress, while the third characteristic of many least developed countries is slowing down. Important It has a position factor in relation to economically developed countries, promoting the acceleration of the socio-economic progress of their less developed neighbors.

Quantitative typologies include their groupings on individual economic indicators. In particular, produced in the year gDP volume of the countryallows you to judge on the scale of its economy, economic potential.In terms of differences in this indicator (in 1996), it is necessary, first of all, to allocate a group of the eight largest countries with GDP over 1 trillion. US dollars - 6.8; China-3.37; Japan - 2.65; Germany - 1.58; India - 1.35; France - 1.15; United Kingdom and Italy - 1.1. Their share accounts for more than 60% of world gross Product. Large GDP (from 0.5-1 trillion dollars) - Brazil (0.94), Indonesia (0.73), Mexico, Canada (by 0.61), Russia (0.585), Republic of Korea (0,579), Spain (0.549).

By average, the scale and structure of the economy include 30 countries with an annual GDP volume from 0.1 to 0.5 trillion. dollars (Netherlands, Poland, Turkey, Argentina, South Africa, Egypt, etc.), and to the small, which make up the absolute majority of countries (more than 180), - with GDP less than $ 100 billion (Uzbekistan, Belarus, Israel, Peru, Hungary, etc.)

However, large, medium and small GDP rates have not yet allowed to reliably judge the level of economic development of countries, about this by their quality in the first approximation testifies quantitative - gDP production per capita. As a result, similar indicators in the mid-1990s. They had such economic different countriesAs the United States and Kuwait (more than 20 thousand dollars), Russia and Panama (less than 5 thousand dollars), China and Equatorial Guinea (less than 3 thousand dollars) at a medium-sized industry indicator of $ 5705 thousand (1996)

Along with quantitative groups prerequisite and a component of a more complete integral understanding of differences between the countries of the world are their Quality typology:

according to historically established differences in the nature of public relations of systems or a public system:

the first type of country (or "first world") was called developed capitalist countries (more than 30). This group was formed on the basis of a classic capitalist society that has achieved the greatest degree of maturity in the twentieth century.

The "Second World" is the socialist countries demonstrating in the twentieth century. A fundamentally different new type of society.

The "third world" declared itself after World War II in the process of national liberation movement and colonial system decay and is defined as developing countries (more than 160). Their development paths can be reduced to three options:

countries of the capitalist development path (the Latin American most Asian, individual African);

dual (dual) type (overwhelming majority in Africa, Oceania, other Asian);

socialist Orientation Countries (Libya, Angola, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Burma, Nicaragua, Guyana, etc.)

"Fourth World" - post-socialist countries, including 28 states. Inside this type, two groups of countries - avant-garde (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia) and slow (Russia, Ukraine, etc.) can be distinguished.

in the levels of socio-economic development;Representations are formed on the basis of accounting for the following characteristics of its life:

1. GDP produced per year per capita;

2. The proportion of the industry of the processing industry in GDP;

3. Life expectancy;

4. The level of education of the population (the proportion of competent). All UN countries share for two types - economically developed and developing (in a narrower, socio-economic understanding). Currently, economically developed countries include about 70 countries in Europe, North America, Asia, Australia and Oceania (2), Africa (1).

typology of countries in terms of quality of life;it is estimated with the help of a comprehensive human development index (IRCHP) determined by the UN experts. Depending on the region of the country's country, the country of the world is grouped into three types:

one). with a high level of HDI - 63 countries (from 0.95 in Canada to 0.804 in Brazil);

2). average - 64 (0.798 in Kazakhstan to 0.503 in Cameroon);

3). Low level - 47 (from 0.483 in Pakistan to 0, 207 Niger).

state-political typologies of countries;differences are estimated from the point of view of international status, all countries can be divided into three types:

sovereign states - 190 countries of the world;

unauthorized territory, mainly island (United Kingdom - Gibraltar, Antillar, Cayman Islands; France - Gaeloupe, Guiana; USA - Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands; Denmark - Greenland, etc.);

"Problem" territories with transitional and international status (East Timor, Gaza Strip - Arab Territories of Palestine; Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus),

typology in terms of differences in the nature and forms of the state system;

republican form: (150 countries)

presidential Republic;

parliamentary republics;

idecratic republics:

socialist Republics;

islamic Republic.

monarchic form: (more than 40 countries)

A constitutional monarchy;

Absolute monarchy;

Theocratic monarchy;

members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

differences on an administrative-territorial device;

unitary states whose administration is centrally;

federal state (states, provinces, republics, etc.), powerful powers are divided between the central authorities and the subjects of the Federation;

confederation; It involves the unification of sovereign states (while maintaining power) to achieve common goals.

differences in political regimes or the type of government;

democratic regimes, they are inherent in the election and separation of the authorities, a multiparty political system;

totalitarian regime; Implementation of control over all regions of public life on the basis of the principles of a certain ideology.