Accounting for finished products at actual cost. B

Finished goods are part of the inventory held for sale.

Leftovers finished products in the warehouse (other storage places) at the end (beginning) of the reporting period in the current accounting and reporting can be estimated at the actual or standard production cost. At the same time, both the actual and the standard production cost can be calculated based on either the sum of all production costs due to the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources and other costs in the production process, or from the sum of only direct costs.

Synthetic accounting of the availability and movement of finished products is carried out on active account 43 "Finished products". Accounting for finished products on account 43 "Finished products" is carried out according to one of two options:

1. At actual production cost.
2. At the standard cost.

   9.1. Accounting for finished goods at the actual production cost

Since the actual production cost of finished products manufactured and delivered to the warehouse can be determined only at the end of the month, during the month the finished products transferred to the warehouse are reflected on account 43 “Finished products” in the valuation at the book price.

The following may be used as discount prices:

• actual production cost;
• standard cost;
• negotiable prices;
• other types of prices.

When used in the current accounting of accounting prices, the actual production cost of completed production and transferred within a month from production to the warehouse of finished products is determined on the basis of data on the balance of work in progress at the beginning and end of the month and the costs actually made during the month in the production of products. At the end of the month, the deviation of the actual production cost of the finished product transferred from production to the warehouse is calculated from its value at the discount prices.

The resulting deviation is distributed between the finished products shipped from the warehouse to customers within a month and the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the end of the month. As a result, the actual production cost of finished products shipped to customers and the balance of finished products in the warehouse are determined.

Assignment 9.1.1

According to the accounting data, the actual production cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month was 125,000 rubles, including the value of the remainder in the valuation at the book price - 100,000 rubles. Within a month, finished products were received from production to the warehouse, the actual production cost of which was 975,000 rubles. Its cost in the valuation at the book price is 900,000 rubles. The cost of finished products shipped to buyers per month in the valuation at the book price is 940,000 rubles.

Let's compose the calculation of the actual cost of finished products shipped to customers:

Assignment 9.1.2

According to the accounting data, the actual production cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month was 280,000 rubles, including the value of the balance in the valuation at the book price - 300,000 rubles. Within a month, finished products were received from production to the warehouse, the actual production cost of which was 1,540,000 rubles. Its cost in the valuation at the book price is 1,700,000 rubles. The cost of finished products shipped to customers per month, estimated at the book price - 1,800,000 rubles.

According to the accounting policy, the organization keeps records of finished products on account 43 "Finished products" at the actual production cost.

RUB 1,540,000 - 1,700,000 rubles. = RUB 160,000

RUB 1,800,000 x (- 9%) = 162,000 rubles.

9.2. Accounting for finished products at standard cost

If the standard cost of finished products is used as the accounting price, then for accounting for the movement of finished products, in addition to account 43 “Finished products”, account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is used. Within a month, with each transfer of finished products from production to a warehouse, its cost in the assessment at the standard cost is reflected in the debit of account 43 "Finished products" and the credit of account 40 "Output of products (works, services)". At the end of the month, the actual production cost of the finished product transferred from production to the warehouse is determined and reflected in the debit of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” in correspondence with account 20 “Main production”. Comparing the debit and credit records of account 40 "Release of products (works, services)" determine the deviation of the actual production cost of the finished product from its standard cost. The value of the resulting deviation is written off to the cost of sales. With a positive deviation (when the actual production cost of the finished product is greater than its standard cost), an additional entry is made, and with a negative deviation (when the actual production cost of the finished product is less than its standard cost), a reversal entry is made.

Account 40 "Release of products (works, services)" is closed monthly and has no balance at the reporting date.

Assignment 9.2.1

According to the accounting data, the standard cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month was 245,000 rubles. Within a month, finished products were received from production to the warehouse, the actual production cost of which was 1,520,000 rubles. Its cost in the assessment at the standard cost - 1,200,000 rubles. The cost of finished products shipped to customers per month, assessed at the standard cost - 1,300,000 rubles.

Let's compose accounting entries:

Assignment 9.2.2

According to the accounting data, the standard cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month was 170,000 rubles. Within a month, finished products were received from production to the warehouse, the actual production cost of which was 2,140,000 rubles. Its cost in the assessment at the standard cost - 2,420,000 rubles. The cost of finished products shipped to customers per month, assessed at the standard cost - 2,260,000 rubles.

According to the accounting policy, the organization keeps records of finished products on account 43 “Finished products” at the standard cost.

Let's compose accounting entries:

Control tasks

Situation 1

According to the accounting policy, the organization keeps records of finished products on account 43 “Finished products” at the actual production cost.

The balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month amounted to 120 pieces in natural units. The accounting price per unit is 3,000 rubles. The actual production cost per unit of finished goods is 2,800 rubles. 620 pieces of finished products were transferred from production to warehouse within a month. The actual cost of a unit of finished products transferred from production to a warehouse for a month is 2,840 rubles. For a month, 640 pieces of finished products were shipped to customers.

Situation 2

Formulate business transactions and draw up accounting entries to reflect the following business situation in the accounting.

According to the accounting policy, the organization keeps records of finished products on account 43 “Finished products” at the standard cost.

The actual production cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month is 2,400 rubles, the cost of the remainder at the standard cost is 2,000 rubles.

During the reporting month, 300 units of finished products were manufactured and transferred to the warehouse. The standard cost per unit of production is 200 rubles. The actual costs for the production of a unit of production amounted to 220 rubles. During the month, 290 units of finished products were shipped to customers.

9.3. Accounting for the costs of selling products

Sales expenses are the expenses of the organization associated with the sale of products (works, services) paid by the supplier. Sales costs together with the actual production cost of products sold (sold) form the total cost of products sold (sold).

Within a month, all factuals are documented confirmed expenses collect on the debit of account 44 "Sales costs" from the credit of different accounts.

Sales expenses can be written off from account 44 "Sales expenses" and recognized in the cost of goods sold, goods, works, services in reporting year as expenses for ordinary activities, either in whole or in part.

In case of partial write-off, sales costs are allocated between the sold and unsold products in proportion to their production cost or in another way.

The distribution is subject to the costs of transportation and packaging of finished products.

Assignment 9.3.1

According to the accounting data, the organization's expenses for the sale of products for the month amounted to 94,850 rubles, including:

• the cost of materials spent on packaging of finished products - 18,000 rubles;
• wages accrued to warehouse workers for packaging finished products - 55,000 rubles;
• deductions for social needs from wages accrued to warehouse workers for packaging finished products - 14,850 rubles;
• the cost of product samples handed over to customers free of charge in accordance with contracts - 7000 rubles.

Let's compose accounting entries:

Assignment 9.3.2

According to the accounting data, the actual production cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the end of the month amounted to 72,800 rubles, and the finished products sold to customers for the month - 1,383,200 rubles.

• payment for the services of a third-party organization for the packaging and packaging of finished products - 38,940 rubles, including VAT - 5,940 rubles;
• payment for the services of a third-party organization for the transportation of products to the point stipulated by the contract - 49,560 rubles, including VAT - 7,560 rubles.

Let's compose accounting entries:

Control tasks

Situation 1

Formulate business transactions and draw up accounting entries to reflect the following business situation in the accounting.

According to the accounting policy, the organization writes off the costs of selling products at the end of the month in full to the cost of products sold for the month.

The expenses of the organization for the sale of products for the month were:

• the cost of services of a third-party organization for the delivery of finished products to the departure station - 25,960 rubles, including VAT - 3,960 rubles;
• cost of services for advertising products in funds mass media- 21,240 rubles, including VAT - 3,240 rubles.

Situation 2

Formulate business transactions make accounting entries to reflect the following business situation in the accounting.

According to the accounting policy, the costs of transportation and packaging of finished products are distributed monthly between the products sold and the products remaining in the warehouse, in proportion to their production cost.

The expenses of the organization for the sale of products for the month were:

• the cost of materials used for packaging finished products - 33,000 rubles;
• payment for the services of a third-party organization for the packaging and packaging of finished products - 43 660 rubles, including VAT - 6 660 rubles.

9.4. Product sales accounting

The sale of products (works, services) refers to ordinary activities, and the proceeds from the sale represent income (proceeds) from ordinary activities.

In accounting, the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) are determined based on the assumption of the temporal certainty of facts economic activity, that is, the products are considered sold and the proceeds from the sale of products are recognized in accounting at the time of transfer of ownership of the products from the seller to the buyer (accrual basis).

Ownership of the acquirer (buyer) arises from the moment the seller transfers the products to him, unless otherwise provided by law or contract.

The transfer of products is recognized as its handing over to the acquirer, handing over to the carrier for shipment to the acquirer, or handing over to the communications organization for forwarding to the acquirer. The products are considered handed over to the acquirer from the moment of their actual receipt into the possession of the acquirer or the person indicated by him.

The amount of proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) depends on the terms of delivery, the type and conditions of the business agreement.

In general, the proceeds are taken to accounting in the amount, calculated in monetary terms, equal to the amount of receipts of funds and other property and / or the amount of receivables.

To account for the sale of products, account 90 "Sales" is used.

If all the conditions for the recognition of proceeds from the sale of products in the accounting are met as soon as the buyers are presented with settlement documents for the shipped products, the amount for which the buyers are presented settlement documents, including VAT, excise taxes are reflected on the credit of account 90 "Sales", subaccount 90-1 "Revenue".

The value added tax indicated in the settlement documents presented to the buyer is charged to the budget and reflected in the debit of account 90 "Sales", subaccount 90-3 "Value added tax".

At the same time, on the debit of account 90 "Sales", subaccount 90-2 "Cost of sales", the full cost of the sold (sold) products is formed. Depending on the option adopted in the organization for accounting for finished products on account 43 "Finished products", the components of the total cost of sold (sold) products can be reduced or full actual or standard production cost, general running costs, costs of selling products.

At the end of the month, comparing the proceeds from the sale of products without VAT (credit of account 90-1 "Revenue" minus the debit of account 90-3 "Value added tax") with the full actual cost of goods sold (debit of account 90-2 "Cost of sales") , determine the financial result of the sale of products.

Assignment 9.4.1

In accordance with accounting policy finished goods are reflected in account 43 "Finished goods" at the reduced actual production cost. The transfer of ownership of the product to the buyer under the terms of the contract occurs at the time of its shipment.

Within a month, finished products in the amount of 948,000 rubles were transferred from the main production to the warehouse. in the valuation at the book price. Its actual reduced production cost was 1,004,000 rubles. General operating expenses for the month amounted to 274,000 rubles. The products were fully sold to the buyer within a month. Selling price - 1,805,400 rubles, including VAT - 275,400 rubles. Selling expenses amounted to RUB 123,000.

Full actual cost products sold amounted to:

RUB 1,004,000 + 274,000 rubles. + 123,000 rubles. = 1,401,000 rubles.

Financial result from the sale of products (profit):

(1 805 400 rubles - 275 400 rubles) - 1 401 000 rubles. = 129,000 rubles.

Let's compose accounting entries:

Assignment 9.4.2

In accordance with the accounting policy, finished products are reflected in account 43 “Finished products” at the full actual production cost. The transfer of ownership of the product to the buyer under the terms of the contract occurs at the time of its shipment.

According to the accounting data, the actual production cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month was 125,000 rubles, including the value of the remainder in the valuation at the book price - 100,000 rubles. Within a month, finished products were received from production to the warehouse, the actual production cost of which was 975,000 rubles. Its cost in the valuation at the book price is 900,000 rubles. The cost of finished products, shipped to customers per month, estimated at the book price - 940,000 rubles.

Selling price - 1,486,800 rubles, including VAT - 226,800 rubles. Selling expenses amounted to RUB 111,000.

The deviation of the actual production cost of finished products received at the warehouse from its value at the book price was:

RUB 975,000 - 900,000 rubles. = 75000

The deviation percentage for the month was:

The deviation for finished products shipped in a month was:

RUB 940,000 x 10% = 94,000 rubles.

Let's compose accounting entries:

Assignment 9.4.3

In accordance with the accounting policy, finished products are reflected in account 43 “Finished products” at the full standard production cost. The transfer of ownership of the product to the buyer under the terms of the contract occurs at the time of its shipment.

According to the accounting data, the standard cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month was 310,000 rubles. Within a month, finished products were received from production to the warehouse, the actual production cost of which was 1,710,000 rubles. Its cost in the assessment at the standard cost - 1,480,000 rubles. The cost of finished products shipped to customers per month, assessed at the standard cost, is 1,130,000 rubles.

Selling price - 2,041,400 rubles, including VAT - 311,400 rubles. Selling expenses amounted to RUB 213,000.

Let's compose accounting entries:

Assignment 9.4.4

In accordance with the accounting policy, finished products are reflected in account 43 “Finished products” at a reduced standard production cost. The transfer of ownership of the product to the buyer under the terms of the contract occurs at the time of its shipment.

According to the accounting data, the standard cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the month was 170,000 rubles. Within a month, finished products were received from production to the warehouse, the actual production cost of which was 894,000 rubles. Its cost in the assessment at the standard cost - 932,000 rubles. The cost of finished products shipped to customers per month, assessed at the standard cost, is 908,000 rubles. General operating expenses for the month amounted to 224,000 rubles.

Selling price - 1,616,600 rubles, including VAT - 246,600 rubles. Selling expenses amounted to RUB 97,000.

Let's compose accounting entries:

In the cases stipulated by the concluded contracts, the organization can receive from buyers an advance payment, a partial payment (advance) for the delivery of finished products.

From the amount of the received prepayment or partial payment the organization is obliged to charge the value added tax and pay it to the budget.

After the shipment of the finished product and the presentation of the settlement documents to the buyer, the advances received are subject to offset when settling with the buyer of the finished product. Simultaneously with the offset of the advance, the amount of VAT previously accrued from the received advance and transferred to the budget may be presented for deduction (restored).

Assignment 9.4.5

In accordance with the accounting policy, the organization keeps records of finished goods on account 43 "Finished goods" at the full actual production cost. The transfer of ownership of the product to the buyer under the terms of the contract occurs at the time of its shipment.

Organization in June current year on account of the delivery of finished products under the sales contract received from the buyer a partial advance payment in the amount of 472,000 rubles.

In August of this year, the organization made, according to the contract, the shipment of finished products to the buyer in the amount of 731,600 rubles, including VAT - 111,600 rubles.

The actual production cost of the shipped products amounted to 538,000 rubles.

The costs associated with the sale (sale) of products amounted to 62,000 rubles.

In August of this year, the organization received from the buyer the rest of the payment for the shipped products in the amount of 259,600 rubles.

Let's compose accounting entries:

If the delivery agreement provides for the moment of transfer of ownership of the finished product to the buyer, which is different from the generally accepted one, as well as when selling products for export, then under the exchange agreement and under the commission agreement, account 45 "Goods shipped" is used to account for the finished products shipped to buyers. From this account, the products shipped to the buyer are written off and the proceeds from the sale of the products are recognized in the accounting only upon the occurrence of the moment of transfer of title to it from the seller to the buyer, stipulated by the contract.

Assignment 9.4.6

In accordance with the accounting policy, finished products are reflected in account 43 “Finished products” at the full actual production cost; At the end of the month, the organization writes off expenses for the sale of products in full to the cost of products sold for the month.

The transfer of ownership of the products to the buyer under the terms of the contract occurs at the time of payment.

The total actual production cost of finished products shipped to customers per month is 36,200 rubles, sales costs are 2,800 rubles.

Selling price - 50,740 rubles, including VAT - 7,740 rubles.

Let's compose accounting entries:

Control tasks

Situation 1

Formulate business transactions and draw up accounting entries to reflect the following business situation in the accounting.

In accordance with the accounting policy, finished goods are reflected in account 43 "Finished goods" at the reduced actual production cost. The organization writes off the costs of selling products at the end of the month in full to the cost of products sold for the month.

According to the terms of the supply agreement, the transfer of ownership of the product to the buyer occurs at the time of its shipment.

During the month, products were sold, the actual reduced production cost of which amounted to 472,300 rubles. Selling price - 693 840 rubles, including VAT - 105 840 rubles. General operating expenses for the month amounted to 63,700 rubles, sales expenses - 21,400 rubles.

Situation 2

Formulate business transactions and draw up accounting entries to reflect the following business situation in the accounting.

In accordance with the accounting policy, finished products are reflected in account 43 “Finished products” at the full actual production cost. The organization writes off the costs of selling products at the end of the month in full to the cost of products sold for the month.

According to the terms of the supply agreement, the transfer of ownership of the product to the buyer occurs at the time of its shipment. The terms of the contract provide for an advance payment for the products by the buyer in the amount of 70% of the sale price.

During the month, products were sold, the total actual production cost of which was 557,800 rubles. Selling price - 755,200 rubles, including VAT - 115,200 rubles. Sales expenses for the month amounted to 42,800 rubles.

9.5. Accounting for the sale of works and services

Accounting for the sale of work performed and services rendered is carried out in a manner similar to the accounting for the sale of finished products. The only difference is that the work performed and services rendered are not reflected on account 43 “Finished products”. As work is performed or services are rendered, direct costs directly related to the performance of work and the provision of services, as well as indirect costs associated with the management and maintenance of the main production, are collected on the debit of account 20 "Main production" and determine the actual cost of work performed and services rendered ...

When works (services) are sold, their actual cost is written off from account 20 "Main production" to the cost of sales.

Assignment 9.5.1

The organization completed and handed over to the customer under the work certificate in the amount of 1,132,800, including VAT - 172,800 rubles. The actual cost of the work performed and accepted by the customer is 897,600 rubles.

Let's compose accounting entries:

If the organization recognizes revenue from the sale of long-term work for individual stages of work performed, account 46 "Completed stages of work in progress" is used in the accounting. On the debit of this account, the cost of the stages of work completed by the organization, accepted and paid by the customer in the prescribed manner, is taken into account, and on the loan - at the end of all stages of work - the cost of fully completed work.

Assignment 9.5.2

The organization performs work with a total cost of 4,248,000 rubles, including VAT - 648,000 rubles. According to the contract, the work is performed, handed over to the customer and paid by him in three stages.

The cost of work performed for the first stage is 960,520 rubles, for the second - 1,392,400 rubles, for the third - 1,895,080 rubles, including VAT. The prime cost of the work performed for the first stage is 771,000 rubles, for the second - 1,089,000 rubles, for the third - 1,529,000 rubles.

Let's compose accounting entries:

Control tasks

Situation 1

Formulate business transactions and draw up accounting entries to reflect the following business situation in the accounting.

The organization completed and handed over to the customer under the work certificate in the amount of 1,180,000, including VAT - 180,000 rubles. The actual cost of the work performed and accepted by the customer is RUB 971,300.

Situation 2

Formulate business transactions and draw up accounting entries to reflect the following business situation in the accounting.

The organization performs work with a total cost of 2,360,000 rubles, including VAT - 360,000 rubles. According to the contract, the work is performed, handed over to the customer and paid by him in four stages.

The cost of the work performed for each stage is 590,000 rubles, including VAT. The cost of the work performed for the first stage is 471,000 rubles, for the second - 489,000 rubles, for the third - 482,000 rubles.

print version

To begin with, let us recall from which, in fact, an accountant can choose, which forms the accounting policy of the organization.
In case of a single production, the WIP assessment is prescribed to be carried out at actual costs, but in mass or batch production, you can choose from four methods:

• at the standard (planned) production cost;
• by direct cost items;
• at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products.

Finished products are to be reflected in the balance sheet in one of the following ways:

• at the actual production cost;
• at the standard (planned) production cost.

Moreover, the standard cost, in turn, can be determined in one of two ways:

• by the amount regulatory costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources, and other production costs in the production process;
• on direct cost items.

If, in accordance with the accounting policy, the products will be valued at the actual production cost, in current accounting it becomes necessary to apply accounting prices, which can be used as the standard cost, and the contractual (selling) price of products, and other types of prices.
And already at the end of the month, arising deviations (calculation differences) will be identified and written off.

Practical examples of WIP assessment

In order to make an informed choice of methods for assessing WIP and WIP, it is necessary to analyze how exactly they are applied and to what consequences they lead. And to make the difference obvious, within the framework of this article we will consider different options on the same initial numerical example.

Example 1. The enterprise produces canned vegetables. At the beginning of the month, there was no work in progress (in the shop) or the remains of unsold products (in the warehouse).

Within a month, 10,000 units were put into production. products, in fact, within a month, 9800 units were released and posted to the warehouse, of which 9500 units were sold during the month. at the price of 90 rubles. per unit (assume that the company does not pay VAT).

Thus, the work in progress at the end of the month is 200 units. (in the shop), and the remainder of unsold finished products - 300 units. (in stock).

The costs of the workshop for the current month were:

• raw materials, materials, semi-finished products - 400,000 rubles;
  
• workers' wages and insurance premiums - 65,000 rubles;
  
• depreciation of equipment - 6,000 rubles;
  
• shop expenses (salaries of maintenance and management personnel of the shop with insurance premiums, depreciation of the shop building, communal payments etc.), distributed at the end of the month by given view products - 90,000 rubles.
  

The total amount of actual production costs for the month amounted to 561,000 rubles.

Administrative (general) and commercial expenses are not considered in this example (in this case, we will assume that, according to the accounting policy, they are considered conditionally constant and are attributed to a decrease financial result, that is, they do not participate in the formation of production costs).

In accounting, the collection of costs is reflected in the following entries:

It is more convenient to advance according to the principle "from simple to complex", in our case - from the minimum set of costs included in the calculation to the maximum. Indeed, of course, the smaller the range of costs is taken into account when assessing the WIP, the easier it is to make the necessary calculations, but, on the other hand, the more costs will be included in the cost of finished products and ultimately the cost of sales will be higher and the financial result is lower ( the profit is less and the loss is greater).

Evaluation of WIP at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products

This option is very convenient. Indeed, as a rule, the bulk of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products are released from warehouses to production units at the very beginning of the production cycle and the amount of raw materials "launched" in the workshop corresponds to the amount of expected output, and if less is obtained, then the corresponding part of raw materials and materials " settled "in the WIP.

Example 2. Let's go back to example 1 and suppose that the accounting policy enshrines the method for assessing WIP at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products.

Consumption of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products per unit of production (including both finished products and WIP, that is, based on the "neglected" volume) is: 400,000 rubles. / 10,000 units = RUB 40

Since the work in progress is 200 units, its cost will be estimated at: 40 rubles. x 200 units = 8000 rubles.

• the share of unfinished products in the total number of "neglected" products: (200 units / 10,000 units) x 100 = 2%;
  
• share of the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products related to WIP: 400,000 rubles. x 2% = 8000 rubles.
  

Accordingly, the actual production cost of the manufactured products will be: 561,000 - 8,000 = 553,000 rubles.

If the cost of raw materials and materials makes up a significant part of the cost of finished products - say, 80% or even 90% (or at least 70 - 75%) - this assessment method can be considered quite accurate and adequate and there is little sense in spending time and effort on then, in order to add to the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products also relatively insignificant and insignificant amounts of salaries, insurance premiums, depreciation deductions and other production costs, which in such circumstances are easier, more convenient and, in general, more logical to be entirely attributed to the finished (released) products.

This situation - the predominance of material costs in the structure of production costs - is especially typical for the food industry, and therefore this option may be the most preferable "in all respects": from the standpoint of simplicity, convenience, clarity, and adequacy.

WIP estimate for direct cost items

If the share of material costs is not so large and the role of the labor factor is quite significant - that is, a considerable part of the cost is the remuneration of workers who manufactured products (and, of course, insurance premiums from this salary), as well as, possibly, depreciation deductions - the first method assessments can give an insufficiently adequate picture.

In this case, another method may come in handy - estimating WIP at direct cost items. Usually, direct articles are understood as:

1) "direct materials", that is, the cost of basic materials, raw materials, semi-finished products that form the basis of the product;

2) "direct labor", that is, the wages of those main workers who are directly involved in the manufacture of products (performance of certain technological procedures, operations, etc.), and insurance premiums from it.

In addition, depreciation deductions or the cost of renting production equipment may be of a direct nature, but this is only relevant if only one type of product is produced on this equipment, that is, depreciation costs are not indirect and are not subject to distribution between several types of products ( in such a situation, they are included in the general production costs).

Roughly speaking, "direct cost items" are those costs that the accountant immediately attaches to account 20 "Main production" (for example, in correspondence with accounts 10 "Materials", 70 "Payments funds ", etc.). If costs are previously collected within a month on account 25 "General production costs", they are not direct and, accordingly, should not be taken into account when applying the considered WIP valuation method.

Example 3. Let's go back to example 1 and suppose that the accounting policy contains a method for assessing WIP for direct cost items and are considered as such:

• raw materials, materials, semi-finished products;
  
• wages of basic production workers with insurance premiums;
  
• depreciation of production equipment, if this equipment produces one type of product (that is, it is not subject to distribution among several types of products).
  

Let us assume that in our case three cost items are direct, and, per unit of "launched" product, they amount to:

• raw materials, materials, semi-finished products - 40 rubles. (see example 2);
  
• workers' wages and insurance premiums: 65,000 rubles. / 10,000 units = 6.50 rubles;
  
• depreciation of equipment: 6000 rubles. / 10,000 units = 0.60 rubles.
  

Thus, each unit of "unfinished" products should be evaluated by direct cost items in the amount of: 40 + 6.50 + 0.60 = 47.10 rubles.

And, therefore, the total amount of WIP should be estimated in the amount: 47.10 rubles. x 200 units = 9420 RUB

Accordingly, the actual production cost of the manufactured products will be: 561,000 - 9420 = 551,580 rubles.

If the specificity of the production process is such that in the process of processing future products go through several stages at which labor costs are "added", for a correct assessment by the direct cost method, an inventory of WIP balances should be carried out at the end of the month with fixing the number of unfinished products remaining at each stage to calculate the amount of direct labor costs to be included in their cost. Also, the accountant needs to know the rates of direct labor for each of the operations (stages) or the time spent at each stage and hourly rates of remuneration.

Evaluation of WIP at standard cost

In order to estimate the WIP at the standard cost, the accountant at the end of the month only needs to know the total number of unfinished (unfinished) items.

Well, and, of course, you need to know the value of the standard cost, but it is determined in advance based on plans and established standards, that is, this value does not depend on the actual results of the current month. In principle, it is not even the accounting department that can determine the standard cost, but the planning and economic department of the enterprise, if there is one, and then it is even easier for the accountant.

Usually, the standard cost of WIP is determined in the same way as the standard cost of finished products - either at direct costs or at all production costs (based on established standards).

Example 4. Let us turn again to the data of example 1, but suppose that the accounting policy provides for the assessment of finished goods and WIP at the standard cost, which, according to the estimates of the planning and economic department, is 56 rubles. per unit of production.

Since the quantitative WIP is 200 units, the accountant estimates the "unfinished" in the amount of: 56 rubles. x 200 units = RUB 11,200

And the actual cost of finished products in this case will be determined as follows: 561,000 - 11,200 = 549,800 rubles.

At the same time, in accounting, this finished product is already reflected at the standard cost in the amount of: 56 rubles. x 9800 units = 548 800 rubles.

WIP estimate based on actual production cost

And, finally, the most complicated, but also the most complete and accurate method for estimating WIP is based on the actual production cost, which takes into account not only direct, but also indirect (general production) costs.

Example 5. Using the data in Example 1, suppose the entity chooses to estimate the WIP at actual production costs.

At the end of the month, the accountant summed up all the costs incurred for the month, reflected on account 20 (including those written off from other accounts, including account 25), and received the total amount of actual production costs for the month - 561,000 rubles.

This means that the actual production cost of each unit of production - both completed and unfinished - amounted to: 561,000 rubles. / 10,000 units = 56.10 rubles.

And the "unfinished" will be estimated at: 56.10 rubles. x 200 units = 11 220 rubles.

And the cost of manufactured products will be determined in the amount of: 561,000 - 11,220 = 549,780 rubles.

Ideally, here, too, the degree of readiness of products should be taken into account, if such can be determined (then general production costs when assessing WIP are "tied" to direct labor costs).

Let's pay special attention to the fact that speech in regulations is about estimating WIP solely at production cost. However, the understanding of this term can be different.

In foreign practice, general business (administrative) and commercial expenses are definitely not included in the production cost - they are attributed directly to the decrease in the financial result (which is equivalent to entries from the credit of accounts 26 and 44 directly to the debit of account 90 "Sales").

In Russia, another option is admissible and often applied - when general business expenses are not considered as conditionally constant, but also included in the cost of production, in other words, account 26 is closed in the debit of account 20 (as well as accounts 23, 29 when selling products, works, services, auxiliary and service industries and farms on the side). With this option, the "production cost" is considered the total amount of costs collected on account 20, including general business expenses. And what is considered "production cost" according to Western ideology, in this case is called "shop floor".

Thus, depending on the chosen approach and the option of writing off general business (management) costs in the accounting policy, it is necessary to further clarify the concept of production cost and the composition of costs included in it (calculation items), on the basis of which the finished product and WIP are assessed.

Practical examples of evaluating finished products

Now, for the sake of completeness, we will show how the finished product is assessed and how operations for the production and sale of products, as well as the write-off of the cost of finished products (taking into account the estimated WIP) are reflected in the accounting records.

Evaluation of SOEs at standard cost

As a rule, if the company decides to evaluate the finished product at the standard cost and uses this assessment not as a book price, but as an option for generating balance sheet indicators, it becomes necessary to use account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".

Example 6. Let us continue to consider examples 1 and 4 and supplement the condition: suppose that the accounting policy also provides for the use of account 40 to reflect operations on accounting for the output of finished goods and the assessment of products both on account 43 and in accounting statements produced at standard cost.

In addition to accounting records presented in example 1, the accountant will reflect the posting of the product (at the standard cost) and its sale within a month, and at the end of the month will write off the actual cost and the resulting deviation with such entries:

As a result of all the above records, the following account balances are formed, which must be taken into account when forming the balance sheet asset:

• on account 20 - 11,200 rubles. (WIP estimate at standard cost, WIP balance - 200 units);
  
• on account 43 - 16 800 rubles. (estimate of the balance of unsold products at the end of the month in the amount of 300 pcs. at the standard cost).
  

And the income statement will reflect:

• proceeds in the amount of 855,000 rubles;
  
• cost of sales in the amount of 533,000 rubles;
  
• gross profit RUB 322,000

Actual cost and book prices

As already emphasized earlier, it is possible to determine the actual cost price only at the end of the month, and customers have to arrive and write off products as they are released from production and arrive at the warehouse, as well as leave the warehouse, within a month, even before summing up, when the exact cost of products and the value of the WIP is still unknown. Therefore, if the organization chose not to use account 40 and not to evaluate products at the standard cost (for the purposes of forming a balance sheet), in the current accounting it is necessary to use discount prices. These can be, for example, contract prices (sales price) or even standard (planned) costs. But at the end of the month, the difference between the actual cost and the book price - the so-called calculation difference - will be written off to the same account 43 "Finished goods", where the products have already been reflected at discount prices, and ultimately the balance of account 43 will reflect the actual cost of the balance of the finished product. products.

Example 7. Now let's take examples 1 and 2 and suppose that in accordance with the accounting policy:

• WIP is estimated at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products;
  
• the assessment of the finished product is carried out at the actual production cost (not including general business expenses written off "month by month" directly to account 90, but in this example they will not be considered);
  
• the accounting of finished products is kept on account 43 (without using account 40), while the contract prices are used as the discount price (90 rubles per unit), and the calculation difference is reflected in a separate subaccount, that is, subaccounts are used:
  

43-1 "Finished products at the accounting (contractual) price";

43-2 Cost Difference.

In addition to the accounting records presented in example 1, the accountant will reflect the posting and sale of products (at discount prices) during the month, and at the end of the month will write off the actual cost price and the resulting deviation with such records:

As a result of all the above records, the following account balances are formed, which must be taken into account when forming the balance sheet asset:

• on account 20 - 8000 rubles. (assessment of WIP at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, the remainder of WIP - 200 units);
• on account 43 - 16 929 rubles. (estimate of the balance of unsold products at the end of the month in the amount of 300 pieces at the actual cost), including:

on subaccount 43-1 (value at discount prices) - 27,000 rubles;

on subaccount 43-2 (calculation difference, reversal) - 10 071 rubles.

And the income statement will reflect:

• proceeds in the amount of 855,000 rubles;
• cost of sales in the amount of 536,071 rubles;
• gross profit RUB 318,929

Taking into account the specifics of the food industry, in cases where the cost of raw materials and materials makes up a significant (about 80 - 90%) part of the cost, the simplest method for assessing WIP is quite adequate - at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products.

However, in any case, when choosing a method for evaluating WIP and finished products, it is necessary to take into account not only the ease of its application, but also its impact on the generated accounting indicators in order to ensure an acceptable accuracy of assessing assets (remnants of WIP and unsold finished products) and the financial result. Important and technological features the production process, and the specifics of the activities of a particular organization as a whole.
In addition, many accountants strive to bring accounting and tax accounting as close as possible. Therefore, another factor that influences their choice is the requirements tax legislation on this issue. We will discuss this problem in the coming issues.

It is traditional for domestic accounting to calculate the total cost, which includes all the costs of the enterprise associated with the production and sale of products.

These costs are conventionally divided into direct and indirect. Direct costs include direct material costs and direct labor costs. Indirect costs include general production and general business costs.

Accounting for the consumption of materials in production

To write off consumed materials to cost accounting accounts, material distribution lists are compiled on the basis of source documents. They indicate the cost of materials consumed at accounting prices, deviations of the actual cost from the planned one, or the amount of transportation and procurement costs. Deviations or transportation and procurement costs can be written off in proportion to the cost of materials at book prices. Material costs for production and other purposes are reflected at actual cost.

If made from homogeneous materials different types products, then the actual consumption is distributed between the types of products in proportion to the standard consumption for the actual production output.

The cost of recyclable waste reduces the cost of raw materials and basic materials, therefore, timely identification and use of recyclable waste is a reserve for increasing production and reducing costs.

The costs of auxiliary materials are most often distributed by an indirect method (in proportion to the estimated rates, standard consumption of materials, the mass of processed raw materials or the number of semi-finished products and finished products produced).

Accounting for the consumption of process fuel is carried out according to the places of consumption and is included in the cost of production directly or indirectly.

Energy costs in the presence of measuring instruments are directly written off into the cost of production. Indirect distribution energy can be produced in various ways: in proportion to the number of hours of operation of the apparatus, in proportion to the estimated rates, in proportion to the number of machine-hours worked; in proportion to the standard energy consumption for the actual production output, etc.

In many industries, the consumption of process fuel and energy is taken into account as part of the cost of maintaining and operating equipment and, therefore, is not separated into an independent calculation item.

A preliminary form of material consumption control is a limiting system that allows you to limit the issue of materials to the size of the production program. In the process of subsequent control, deviations from the consumption rates of materials and the reasons for these deviations are established.

In practice, the following basic methods of accounting for deviations from the norms are used: the method of documentation, batch cutting and inventory.

The way of documenting is that deviations from the standard consumption of materials are identified on the basis of requirements for over-limit supply of materials.

The method of batch cutting is based on the fact that a cutting sheet is issued for each batch. Comparison of the actual consumption of materials with the standard consumption allows you to determine the result of the consumption of materials for a given batch, to establish the reason for the deviations.

The inventory method of accounting is that the actual consumption for the month is determined using an inventory of materials unused in the shop. Consumption of materials for a month is determined by summing up the remainder of materials at the beginning of the month and the receipt of materials in the shop and subtracting the remainder of materials at the end of the month. The actual consumption of materials calculated in this way is compared with the standard consumption for the actual output of products.

However, in this case, there is no operative information on the consumption of materials per day, shift, which reduces the possibility of analyzing the rational consumption of materials.

Labor Cost Accounting

Management accounting for labor costs is part of the accounting for production costs. Labor costs should be recorded in the following areas:

• 1) accounting for labor costs by classification groups - basic wages of production workers, remuneration of auxiliary personnel, etc.;
• 2) accounting for accruals and deductions from wages, accounting for various deductions.

The purpose of accounting for labor costs is to determine the cost of working time by type of activity; the amount of production; reliable calculation of wages and other payments to employees; control over the use of the wage fund.

In practice, the following applies. cost grouping labor force:

• 1) by type of labor force - basic and additional;
• 2) by payment systems - time based, piecework, bonuses, etc .;
• 3) according to the composition of employees - full-time, part-time, under work contracts;
• 4) by categories of workers - workers, office workers, of which - managers.

For the purpose of calculating, labor costs are distributed according to the directions of costs and types of products, and for control and calculation of earnings - according to structural units(to teams, workshops, industries, processes, etc.).

In accordance with the objectives of management accounting, it is necessary to single out wages included in the cost of production for the following items:

• 1) the cost of wages of production workers (time and piecework wages);
• 2) incentive payments - premiums for quality, length of service, seniority, based on the results of work, bonuses associated with production activities;
• 3) unproductive payments - (payment for downtime, marriage, additional payments for deviations from normal working conditions, etc.);
• 4) the cost of hiring, recruiting labor;
• 5) the cost of rationing and planning the number and labor;
• 6) costs associated with vocational guidance, training and retraining;
• 7) the cost of remuneration of auxiliary workers engaged in the repair of equipment, preparation and maintenance of workplaces;
• 8) labor costs associated with the management of production units;
• 9) the cost of training management personnel;
• 10) the cost of remuneration of specialists and managers involved in enterprise management.

This grouping of costs meets the goals of cost and profit accounting, as well as control and regulation of labor costs.

Piecework and time wages of workers are included in the cost of production directly.

Part of the costs attributed to accounts 25 and 26 are distributed according to the method of distribution of general production and general business expenses. Other costs can be apportioned in proportion to the main wages production workers.

Salaries for training, hiring, selection, compensation for damage, vacations, social contributions are distributed either together with overhead costs, or in proportion to the wage fund.

For control purposes, a statement of the execution of cost estimates can be drawn up, where actual costs are compared with estimated costs.

Accounting and distribution of overhead costs

Overhead costs include the cost of preparing, organizing, maintaining and managing production.

The purpose, nature and role of these costs are related to production.

Part production overheads includes the cost of creating and operating equipment and general production costs.

TO costs for the creation and operation of equipment Includes expenses for materials for routine maintenance and repair of equipment, depreciation of equipment, wages of workers servicing equipment, and social contributions, expenses for electricity, fuel and other materials, services of ancillary production and other expenses.

Part overhead costs include salaries and deductions for social needs of the administrative and managerial personnel of workshops and departments; production preparation costs; depreciation, maintenance and repair of buildings, structures, inventory, costs of ensuring normal working conditions, training, safety, etc.

Production overhead costs consist of complex items, arise in production units, are accounted for by place of origin, are controlled by an estimate method, and are distributed indirectly between types of products and between finished goods and work in progress.

General operating expenses relate to non-production costs.

To create a system of control and calculation of profit, it is advisable to group general running costs for the following cost elements:

• 1) administrative and management expenses: salaries, deductions;
• 2) expenses for technical management: maintenance of technical services, depreciation, maintenance and repair of buildings, structures, inventory, expenses for invention, technical improvement, maintenance of general plant laboratories, etc .;
• 3) production management costs;
• 4) expenses for the management of supply activities;
• 5) costs of managing sales activities;
• 6) payment for services of third-party organizations;
• 7) maintenance and repair of buildings, structures, inventory;
• 8) labor costs: recruitment, training, education, retraining of managers;
• 9) mandatory fees, taxes, payments, deductions, etc.

These elements of general business costs allow you to determine the costs by places of their occurrence in the context of services. Their distribution is possible - both between types of products and between cost elements.

The accounting for these expenses is considered in financial accounting.

In management accounting, it is important to determine the order of distribution of these costs. So, production costs can be spread over several stages.

1. Distribution of costs between the main and service units.

The distribution should be linked to the profit earned by each division. For this, cumulative statements are drawn up for each responsibility center or cost center where they arose.

If the costs cannot be attributed to specific departments, then they are distributed as follows:

• - expenses for the maintenance of the shop management apparatus - in proportion to the number of employees;
• - costs for heating, lighting, water - in proportion to the area;
• - depreciation of machinery, equipment - in proportion to the cost of a unit of equipment.

The result of the first stage is: the breakdown of costs by item, the allocation of costs related to specific departments.

2. Redistribution of the costs of service industries to the main production units in accordance with the share of work and services received by the consumer units.

When providing services service industries each other's services are assessed at the standard or estimated cost.

3. Calculation of rates of distribution of overhead costs for production units between orders and types of products.

The following options can be selected:

• a) calculation of a single distribution rate for all divisions, in this case there may be an unreasonable write-off of the costs of one division at the expense of another;
• b) calculation of the distribution rate for each unit.

Distribution bases can be:

• - machine-tool operating hours of the equipment;
• - standard hours of manual work;
• - mass (weight) of products, materials, etc.
• 4. Distribution of overhead costs between types of products (works, services), orders.

For each type of product, order determine the rate of distribution of overhead costs based on specific distribution bases.

The positive aspect of these distribution stages is the calculation of the actual costs. But there are the following disadvantages:

• 1) the division of expenses into variable and fixed is not taken into account;
• 2) the efficiency of information is lost, since the actual costs are determined at the end of the reporting period;
• 3) calculations are difficult, since distribution rates change monthly;
• 4) the moments of product release and cost incurred do not coincide.

In this regard, it is proposed to use the normative method of allocating costs. Standard rate calculated based on annual expenses.

Non-production costs, general overhead costs may have different options for reimbursement:

• 1) they can be attributed to the expenses of the current period and completely written off into the cost of goods sold without distribution by type of product;
• 2) they can be distributed between types of products in proportion to the production cost of manufactured products (works, services).

Accounting for non-productive costs

Overhead costs include losses from scrap and downtime.

It is customary to classify marriage according to the following featured:

• 1) by the nature of the defects - final, correctable;
• 2) at the place of origin - internal and external;
• 3) for reasons of occurrence and perpetrators.

Operational registration of marriage is carried out by employees of the department technical control... The revealed marriage is recorded in primary documents(outfits, etc.). An act is drawn up for the final marriage.

Correction of the marriage by the culprit is carried out without drawing up a document, in another case a special outfit is issued.

Losses from the final marriage are made up of the cost of materials and the costs of their processing (for external defects - the cost of replacing and transporting the product and the amount of the fine) minus the amounts collected from the culprits.

Losses from recoverable defects are the cost of processing items plus a share of the cost of creating and operating equipment and general production costs less deductions from the culprit.

Defective losses also include the cost of repairing products sold with a guarantee.

Losses from rejects are included in the cost of marketable products for which the rejects were received.

Downtime losses result from underutilization of equipment and labor.

Downtime caused by internal and external reasons, they can be whole-shift and intra-shift.

Losses from downtime for internal reasons are made up of the costs of basic wages, the cost of fuel, energy, and are taken into account as part of general production costs.

Losses from downtime due to external reasons are made up of wages, the amount of additional payments to the average wage, deductions, the cost of fuel, energy, the share of costs for the creation and operation of equipment. They are included in general business expenses.

Loss from downtime due to external reasons, not compensated by the culprit, and loss from downtime as a result natural Disasters are not included in the cost of production.

Partial cost accounting

Currently, the calculation of incomplete costs is allowed, for this the following accounting entry is used:

Dt 90 "Sales"

CT 26 "General expenses".

On account 20 "Main production", the incomplete prime cost is calculated (excluding general production costs). Other accounts are made in the same way as accounting for the full cost of products (works, services).

In form No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement" on the line "Administrative expenses" the amounts written off to debit 90 "Sales" from credit 26 "General business expenses" are taken into account. This accounting procedure must be recorded in the accounting policy of the organization.

Accounting for work in progress and finished goods

The actual cost of inventories manufactured by the organization is calculated based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories (clause 7 of PBU 5/01). The organization carries out accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories in the manner to determine the cost of the corresponding types of products.

Thus, the actual cost of products (works, services) is a cost estimate of those used in the production process. natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, fixed assets, labor resources, etc.

Book prices for finished and intermediate products

Clause 204 of the Methodological Instructions for the accounting of inventories approved by order of December 28, 2001 No. 119n (hereinafter - Methodical instructions), in analytical accounting and storage places for finished products, it is allowed to use accounting prices: actual production cost, standard cost, contract prices, other types of prices.

Accounting for finished goods at the actual production cost

It is rare to use actual production costs as the book price. Namely: with single and small-scale production, mass production of a small range, provided that production costs are constant from month to month.

In other cases, it is rather problematic to use the actual production cost of a product as its book price. After all, the amount of most of the costs that form the actual cost becomes known only at the end of the month. Such costs may include salaries, depreciation of fixed assets, the amount of electricity consumed. In turn, finished products can be taken into account before the production cost is formed.

Accounting for finished products at standard cost

The book price can also be the standard cost of production, which includes the costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources, etc. in the production process. The standard cost can also be determined by direct cost items.

The considered discount price it is used mainly in industries with mass and serial production with a large range of finished products. The advantages of this price are convenience in the implementation of operational accounting of the movement of finished products, the stability of accounting prices, as well as the uniformity of valuation in management and accounting.

Accounting for finished products at a negotiated price

If the prices for the products sold are stable, the negotiated price may be used as the book price. However, in this case, the accounting price will not fulfill its main function - to characterize the cost of goods sold.

The final choice of a specific variant of the accounting price remains with the organization.

The total cost of the finished product must equal the actual production cost of that product. Moreover, it does not matter what discount price is used. Therefore, when accounting prices that differ from the actual production cost are applied during the reporting period, the deviations of the actual production cost from the accounting prices are estimated and reflected in accounting.

Assessment of work in progress

The definition of work in progress (WIP) for accounting purposes is given in clause 63 of the Accounting Regulations and in Russian Federation, approved by the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n.

It indicates that WIP includes products (works) that have not passed all stages (phases, redistributions) provided for by the technological process, as well as incomplete products that have not passed tests and technical acceptance. The presence and size of WIP residues depend on the nature and duration of the technological process, as well as on the characteristics of the products. The remnants of the WIP are established by taking an inventory.

WIP in mass and batch production can be reflected in balance sheet:

• at the actual production cost. It is convenient to estimate the remnants of WIP at the actual costs incurred for a single (individual) production of products. Until the product is finished, all manufacturing costs are attributed to WIP;
• at the standard (planned) production cost. This method of evaluating WIP is used in mass and serial production;
• on direct cost items. In this case, all indirect costs are attributed to the cost of products (works, services);
• at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products. This method of assessing the WIP is advisable in case of material-intensive production.

An organization can choose an acceptable way of valuing work in progress, including taking into account the valuation of finished goods. The organization fixes the chosen method in the accounting

Cost and actual cost accounting methods

The main methods of accounting for costs and calculating the cost of production in accounting are standard, turn-by-turn, order-by-order and per-process.

At normative method cost accounting for each product, a calculation of the standard cost of the product is drawn up using the developed and approved cost standards. Production costs for the relevant items of expenditure are taken into account in the context of norms and deviations from them. The actual production cost of products is determined by adjusting the standard cost of the product for deviations from the norms for each cost item.

With help this method it is convenient to carry out at the cost of production.

At transverse method cost accounting objects of accounting are redistributions, at each of which an intermediate product is produced. This product will be processed in subsequent redistributions or sold on the side. The last redistribution in the technological chain produces finished products. In such industries, the cost of production of each redistribution is calculated. That is, not only the finished product, but also semi-finished products. The list of redistributions is determined taking into account the peculiarities of the technological process. If different types of products are produced in one redistribution, then the object of costing is the type of product.

The considered accounting method is more often used in mass-intensive production, involving the sequential processing of raw materials and materials.

At by order method cost accounting and costing of products accounting objects are production Direct costs are taken into account in the context of costing items for individual production orders issued for a predetermined number of items (products). The remaining costs are accounted for by cost centers and included in the cost of individual orders in accordance with the established distribution base. The actual cost of each order is determined after completion. Until the order is completed, all related costs are recorded in the WIP.

This method is typical for individual and small-scale production, the performance of individual works, the provision of services. In case of individual production, the individual cost of each order is determined, which is the cost of the corresponding unit of production (work, service). In small-scale production, the actual unit cost is calculated by dividing the actual cost of completing an order by the number of products manufactured for that order.

At by process method accounting objects of cost accounting are individual processes in the manufacture (release) of products, in the performance of work, the provision of services as components of the entire production process. Costs are accounted for according to costing items for the entire production output. Average cost units of products (work, services) is determined by dividing the sum of all costs incurred per month by the amount of finished products.

The method is used, as a rule, in the manufacture of products of a small range, if due to the peculiarities of the technological process, there is no WIP.

Calculation of the actual cost

The actual cost of goods sold is calculated on the basis of information on the value of production costs in the reporting period.

Here is a simplified algorithm for calculating the cost of production. It includes:

1. Allocation and write-off of general production costs.
2. Allocation and write-off of general business expenses.
3. Calculation of the cost of production of auxiliary industries.
4. Distribution of expenses for auxiliary production.
5. Determination of the total cost of the main production. It is equal to the sum of direct costs associated with the production of products (performance of work, provision of services), costs of auxiliary production and indirect costs related to the activities of the main production.
6. Determination of the amount of costs of the main production attributable to the remnants of WIP.
7. Determination of the actual production cost of finished products (works, services).
8. Distribution of expenses for the sale of manufactured products.
9. Determination of the actual cost of goods sold.

Let's consider a number of points of the algorithm in more detail.

Actual Cost Calculation: Allocation of Overhead Costs

General production expenses are collected during the month on account 25 “General production expenses”. When distributed at the end of the month, these costs are written off:

• in the debit of account 20 "Main production" - in terms of expenses included in the cost of production of divisions of the main production;
• and (or) in the debit of account 23 "Auxiliary production" - in terms of expenses included in the cost of production of subsidiary production units.

The organization establishes the basis for the distribution of general production costs independently and fixes it in the accounting policy. The following can be used as a distribution base:

• wages of workers engaged in the production of a certain type of product;
• the cost of materials spent on the production of a certain type of product;
• the total amount of direct costs associated with the production of each type of product;
• the total amount of proceeds from the sale of each type of product.

Example 1

The total production costs incurred by Mashtech LLC in September 2014 amounted to RUB 1,200,000. According to the accounting policy of the company, general production costs are distributed among the types of activities in proportion to the wages of workers employed in each of the activities. The wages of workers employed in the main production amounted to 600,000 rubles, and in the auxiliary production - 250,000 rubles.

At the end of September, the accountant must distribute the general production costs among the activities. The share of the main production accounts for general production costs in the amount of 847,058.82 rubles. , and the share of auxiliary production - 352,941.18 rubles. (1,200,000 rubles - 847,058.82 rubles).

Dt 20 Kt 25 - 847,058.82 rubles. - written off general production costs in the part attributable to the main production;

Dt 23 Kt 25 - 352,941.18 rubles. - written off general production costs in the part attributable to auxiliary production.

Actual Cost Calculation: Allocation of General Business Expenses

The organization also establishes the rules for the distribution of general business expenses independently and fixes it in the accounting policy.

Depending on the method of writing off these costs, there are two options for the formation of the cost of products (works, services):

• the first option is at full cost. That is, the expenses collected on account 26 "General business expenses" are distributed between various types of products and are included in their cost by analogy with general production costs;
• the second option is at a reduced cost. In this case, general business expenses at the end of each reporting period are written off in full to account 90 "Sales".

Example 2

Let's use the conditions of example 1. Let us assume that the general operating expenses of Mashtech LLC in September 2014 amounted to 900,000 rubles.

Suppose the organization generates the full cost of production. Then the organization establishes the procedure for the distribution of general business expenses between types of activities in the accounting policy. Let's agree that this procedure is similar to the distribution of general production costs between types of activities. In this case, the accountant distributes general expenses at the end of the month in proportion to the wages of workers employed in the main and auxiliary industries.

The share of the main production accounts for general operating expenses in the amount of 635,294.12 rubles. , and the share of the auxiliary - 264 705.88 rubles. (900,000 rubles - 635,294.12 rubles).

Dt 20 Kt 26 - 635 294.12 rubles. - written off general operating expenses in the part attributable to the main production;

Dt 23 Kt 26 - 264 705.88 rubles. - written off general expenses in the part attributable to ancillary production.

The organization can calculate the reduced cost. Then the accountant at the end of the month writes off the amount of general business expenses to the debit of account 90. In this case, the accountant must make the following posting:

Dt 90 Kt 26 - 900,000 rubles. - General operating expenses were written off to the cost of production.

Calculation of the actual cost of production of auxiliary production

The cost of production of auxiliary industries is calculated based on the amount of direct costs of these industries and the amount of indirect costs in the part related to the activities of such industries. In addition, the value of the remaining WIP of ancillary production is calculated. Such calculations can be performed in the same way as they are made for the main production, or in a simplified manner. It all depends on what order is enshrined in the accounting policy of the organization.

The costs of auxiliary production are distributed at the end of the month between the industries - consumers of the products of auxiliary production. The distribution procedure is fixed in the accounting policy.

Calculation of the actual production cost

The amount of actual costs incurred in current period in connection with the production of products (performance of work, provision of services), minus the costs attributed to WIP, is the actual production cost of finished products (works, services). The actual cost takes into account the part of the indirect costs and costs of auxiliary production allocated to this type of product, the cost of losses from marriage that is not subject to recovery from the perpetrators, as well as the cost of losses from shortages and damage to values ​​within the limits of natural loss.

Depending on the adopted organization accounting policies the actual cost of finished goods is written off from account 20 "Main production" to the debit of accounts 40 "Output of products (works, services)", 43 "Finished goods" or 90 "Sales". If the organization sends part of the finished product to own needs, such material values are accounted for at their actual production cost to the corresponding accounts for accounting for these material values.

Accounting for deviations of the actual cost of finished goods from the book prices

Operating regulatory documents there are two options for accounting for finished products in accounting accounts. The first way is using the 40 count, and the second without this count. The organization fixes the choice of the method in the accounting policy.

The first way. If the organization uses account 40 in accounting, during the month the finished products actually released and delivered to the warehouse are valued at the standard (planned) cost and are reflected according to the credit of account 40 in correspondence with account 43. The sold products are reflected at the standard (planned) cost according to the debit of the account 90 and credit of account 43.

At the end of the month, on account 40, information is generated about products released from production (work handed over, services rendered) in two estimates:

• on debit - the actual production cost;
• for a loan - standard (planned) cost.

By comparing the debit and credit turnovers for account 40, the deviation of the actual production cost from the standard (planned) one is revealed. The excess of the standard (planned) cost over the actual in terms of products sold (works accepted, services rendered) is reflected by a reversal entry on the debit of account 90 and credit of account 40. The excess of the actual cost over the standard (planned) in terms of products sold (accepted works, services rendered) is reflected in the debit of account 90 and credit of account 40 with an additional entry.

Example 3

OOO "Teapot" produces aluminum products. In September 2014, the actual cost of finished goods was RUB 1,500,000. Its standard cost is 1,300,000 rubles. This month, products were sold, the standard cost of which is 1,000,000 rubles. There were no product leftovers in the warehouse at the beginning of the month.

The accountant made the following entries:

during September 2014

Dt 43 Kt 40 - 1,300,000 rubles. - reflects the standard cost of finished products;

Dt 90 Kt 43 - 1,000,000 rubles. - the standard cost of goods sold was written off;

Dt 40 Kt 20 - 1,500,000 rubles. - reflected the actual cost of finished products;

Dt 90 Kt 40 - 153,846.15 rubles. [(1,500,000 rubles - 1,300,000 rubles): 1,300,000 rubles. x 1,000,000 rubles] - the deviation of the actual cost of goods sold from the standard has been written off.

Second way. If the accounting policy of the organization does not provide for the use of account 40, the amounts of the actual cost of goods finished in production and transferred to the warehouse are debited from account 20 directly to the debit of account 43.

Posting to account 43 and writing off the released products from it is carried out at discount prices. Deviations of the actual cost from the book prices are calculated at the end of the month. The difference between the actual cost and the cost of finished goods at book prices is reflected in a separate subaccount "Deviations of the actual cost of finished goods from book value»To account 43. At the same time, the amount of deviations related to the sold finished product is written off to the sales account. The procedure for calculating this amount includes determining:

• the amount of deviations attributable to the balance of finished products at the beginning of the month;
• the amount of deviations for products received from production for a month;
• the cost at the discount prices of the remainder of the finished product at the beginning of the month;
• the cost at the discount prices of products received from production for the month;
• the ratio of the total amount of deviations from the actual cost to the book prices: (item a + item b): (item c + item d);
• the cost of products sold at discount prices;
• the amount of deviations attributable to the products sold: (item ex x item e).

Example 4

Let's use the conditions of example 3. Suppose that the accounting policy of the organization does not provide for the use of account 40. In this case, the accountant must make the following entries:

during September 2014

Дт 43 subaccount "Standard cost of finished products" Кт 20 - 1,300,000 rubles. - reflects the standard cost of finished products;

Dt 90 Kt 43 subaccount "Standard cost of finished products" - 1,000,000 rubles. - the standard cost of goods sold was written off;

Дт 43 subaccount "Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value" Кт 20 - 200,000 rubles. (1,500,000 rubles - 1,300,000 rubles) - the deviation of the actual cost of finished products from the standard is reflected;

Dt 90 Kt 43 subaccount "Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value" - 153 846.15 rubles. - written off the deviation of the actual cost of goods sold from the standard.

The amount of deviations attributable to products sold is taken into account when determining the actual cost of goods sold. Deviations related to the balances of finished products in the warehouse continue to be recorded on the subaccount "Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value" of account 43.

Selling expenses

Expenses related to the sale of products (works, services) are accounted for during the month on account 44 "Sales Expenses". At the end of the month, these expenses are written off in the part related to the products sold to account 90. Sales expenses can be allocated between separate types products on a monthly basis based on their weight, volume, production cost or other indicators.

In the event of a discrepancy between the moment of shipment and the moment of transition to products, costs are allocated between the shipped and sold products. To do this, it is determined:

• the amount of sales expenses attributable to the balance of shipped but not sold products at the beginning of the month;
• the amount of sales expenses incurred in the current month;
• the cost at the discount prices of the remainder of the shipped but not sold products at the beginning of the month;
• the cost at the discount prices of the shipped products per month;
• average percentage of expenses for the sale: (item a + item b): (item c + item d);
• the cost at the discount prices of the products sold in the current month;
• the amount of sales expenses to be debited to account 90: (pd x pf).

Example 5

Suppose that the costs of selling Mashtech LLC in September 2014 amounted to RUB 560,000. The balance of expenses for the sale of the previous month is 23,000 rubles. The cost at discount prices of the remainder of the shipped but not sold products - 300,000 rubles. The cost at the discount prices of the products shipped in the current month is 950,000 rubles. The cost at the book prices of products sold in September 2004 is 1,200,000 rubles.

The average percentage of selling expenses in September 2014 was 0.4664 [(560,000 rubles + 23,000 rubles): (950,000 rubles + 300,000 rubles)].

The amount of sales expenses to be written off in the current month is 559,680 rubles. (1,200,000 rubles x 0.4664).

Dt 90 Kt 44 - 559 680 rubles. - expenses on sales are written off to the cost of production.

The total cost of goods sold at book prices, the amount of variances attributable to goods sold, and the amount of sales costs attributable to goods sold represent the actual cost of goods sold.

Finished products- these are products and semi-finished products, completely finished by processing, corresponding to the current standards or technical specifications, accepted at the warehouse of the organization or by the customer (buyer).

Purposes and Objectives of Finished Product Accounting

The purpose of accounting for finished products is the timely and complete reflection on the accounting accounts of information on the release and shipment of finished products in the organization.

The main objectives of finished goods accounting are:

Correct and timely documenting operations for the release, movement and release of finished products;

Control over the safety of finished products in storage areas.

Finished goods accounting

To summarize information on the availability and movement of finished products, account 43 "Finished products" is intended.

This account is used by organizations carrying out production activities.

Finished products can be counted in one of three ways:

at the actual production cost;

at discount prices (standard (planned) cost) - using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" or without using it;

on direct cost items.

Accounting for products at actual cost

If the organization decides to account for finished products at their actual cost, then in this case their accounting will be carried out only using account 43 "Finished products".

In this case, the receipt of finished goods at the warehouse is reflected by the following transaction:

If the first method is used, then when transferring finished products to the warehouse, reflected at accounting prices (planned cost), an entry is made:

Documentary registration of the movement of finished products

The transfer of finished products to the warehouse is drawn up with a bill of lading (form No. M-11 "Requirement-bill of lading") (approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a).

Upon receipt of finished products at the warehouse, material accounting cards are opened in the form N M-17 "Material accounting card" (approved by the Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 N 71a), which are issued to the financially responsible person against receipt.

The operation for the sale of finished products is drawn up with a consignment note (standard form TORG-12).

Reflection of finished products in the balance sheet of the enterprise

Finished products are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual or standard (planned) production cost (clause 59 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n).

In the balance sheet, the value of the balances of finished goods not sold and not shipped to customers at the reporting date is indicated on page 1210 "Inventories".

Organizations independently determine the details of this indicator.

For example, the balance sheet can provide information on the cost of materials, finished products and goods, costs in work in progress, if such information is recognized by the organization as material.

If in the current accounting the finished product is reflected at the actual production cost, then in the balance sheet it is reflected at the actual production cost (debit balance of the account).

When reflected in the accounting of the output of finished goods at the standard (planned) production cost using the account, the balance sheet shows the standard (planned) production cost of the finished product.

Still have questions about accounting and taxes? Ask them on the accounting forum.

Finished products: details for the accountant

• Sales of finished products of the institution

  Funds "are income from the sale of finished products reflected? The institution has a separate structural ... accounting procedures. The actual cost of finished goods is determined at the end of the month. ... No. 174n it follows that the sale of finished products, goods is reflected on the basis of commodity ... primary accounting documents for the sale of finished products (goods) corresponding to the accounting object, ... Sales operations budgetary institution the finished product will be reflected as follows: The content of the operation ...

• Formation of the cost of finished products (works, services)

  The type of finished product (works, services) all costs directly related to the production of finished products ... on the cost of manufacturing a unit of finished products (performing work, rendering services ... the cost by distributing between types of finished products (works, services) in proportion to:. .. Accounting for operations to form the cost of finished products (work performed, services provided ... 48 430). * * * The cost of finished products (works, services) is formed by state institutions ...

• Sale of finished products by an institution: features of budget and tax accounting

  Provided by the constituent document, sells finished products to customers. The proceeds from this come ... provided for by the constituent document, sells finished products to customers. The income from this comes ... the reflection of income from the sale of finished products applies to the article of the analytical group of the subspecies ... services (works) "KOSGU. Disposal of finished products during their sale to customers is formalized ... a government agency sold finished products (wood products) to a third-party organization on ...

• Return of finished products

  The finished goods returned by the buyer are taken into account * 43 90 The cost of products has been reduced ... when reflecting the profit from sales of finished goods in the situation considered earlier. ... there will be no profit. Warranties of the manufacturer of finished products Often, the organization provides (in accordance with ... international standards... is included in the cost and price of finished products, then instead of adjusting the listed indicators ...

• Accounting for finished products sold under a commission agreement

  Sales, account 105 37 “Finished goods - other movable property institutions "(p ... -committee, transactions related to the sale of finished products under a commission agreement are reflected in ... services" (p. 39, 150); write-off of finished products at the planned cost when it ... from the sale of goods own production(finished goods) excluding VAT is recognized as income ... Amount, rub. Finished products accepted for accounting 2 105 37 340 2 ...

• Accounting for long-term contracts

  Recognize the revenue and cost of finished goods under RAS as of 01.01.2019 ... customers - 313,366 Dt Inventories (finished goods under RAS) as of 31.12.2019 ... and IFRS cost for balances of finished goods under RAS as of 31.12.2019 ... - Cost 650 714 Kt Stocks (finished goods of RAS) as of 31.12.2019 ... while work in progress and finished goods for which there is no customer. Except ... production (that is, the use of goods, finished goods, work in progress for the purposes of the relevant ...

• Changes in annual forms of financial statements

  000 "Cost of finished goods, works, services", 0 105 27 000 "Finished goods - especially ... 105 27 440" Reducing the cost of finished goods - especially valuable movable property ", ... 105 37 440" Reducing the cost of finished goods - other movable property of the institution ", ... 0 105 27 000" Finished goods - especially valuable movable property ... ", 0 105 37 000" Finished goods - other movable property of the institution ", ... - in the amount of the value of the sold finished goods , goods (taking into account the margin on ...

General production costs should be included in the cost of finished products in proportion to the coefficient calculated as the ratio ... of capacity utilization: fixed general production costs will be written off to the cost of finished products ... The enterprise forms an incomplete production cost of finished products. The cost of production includes variables ... to remain in work in progress, unsold finished goods, the cost of which does not reduce the tax ...

• Accounting methodology in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy

  Accounting and calculating the cost of finished goods in selected industries industry. ... accounting and calculating the cost of finished goods in selected industries. ... solely for simplicity and clarity, the finished product of the second (final) processing is estimated ... content for homogeneous concentrates, which are finished products, prices are set at which ... the released concentrate under the “Finished product” account is accounted for on specialized cards .. ...

• How the tax authorities did not share the costs with the taxpayer

  Employees of the main divisions directly producing finished products. On the basis that ... in the value of work-in-progress, finished goods and goods shipped. So ... Raw materials and materials, as well as finished products are part of the inventory ... and the packaging was produced in the finished goods warehouse just before the shipment of the products ... natural gas, electricity) during the production of finished products. However, these arguments of the reviewers did not ...

• Direct and indirect tax costs

  Employees of the main divisions directly producing finished products. On the basis that ... in the value of work-in-progress, finished goods and goods shipped. So ... Raw materials and materials, as well as finished products are part of the inventory ... and the packaging was made in the finished product warehouse immediately before the shipment of the products ... electricity, gas, steam) at the cost of finished products, then perhaps judgment It was...

• The right to independently determine the composition of direct costs should be used carefully

  Depreciation deductions related to the sale of finished products, carried out in the reporting (tax) ... direct costs attributable to the balance of finished products. The following was also noted. ... different quantities of finished products can be produced with different breakdowns by ... the quality of components is not included in the finished product (glass bottle), ... the technological process used by the society for the production of finished products by the heap leaching method is impossible ...

• Organization of meals in an educational institution

  Sales, - finished goods are reflected on account 0 105 37 000 "Finished goods - other ... movable property of the institution." In this case, the finished product is accepted to ... the cost of the finished product is determined at the end of the month. At the same time, the actual cost of the finished product is ... 37,000 * If the finished product is sold for a fee. ** If the finished product is spent on needs ... the institution organizes the accounting of food products, finished products and food charges. ...

• Management accounting of stocks and approaches to writing off illiquid assets

  The accounting of stocks and the formation of the cost of finished products are regulated by the Accounting Regulations ... stock groups: materials for production; finished products; others. Explanation of the article "Inventories" of the managerial ...: - materials for production 257,500 - finished products 331,625 - other 190,000 ... production and finished products are registered. For consolidated management reporting, inventories ... materials 184 571 209 130 - finished goods 21 445 21 445 So ...

• Tax accounting of operations for the processing of customer-supplied materials

  With the transfer of materials and the return of finished products to the customer? The definition of "subcontracting" ... with the transfer of materials and the return of finished products to the customer? Legal regulation Follows ... obligations; name and technical characteristics of finished products. The parties must provide where ... materials; name and quantity of finished products; name and amount of residues ....). As a result of processing, finished products and recyclable waste were obtained, which ...