Type objects. Types of construction objects Type of object by type of use

The social role of real estate is the satisfaction of all human needs (psychological, physiological, intellectual).

There are three main types of real estate- This land, housing and non-residential premises .

The basis of the property is land.

Earth - is a fundamental factor in any commercial activities which is directly or indirectly involved in the production of goods or the provision of services

The land is subdivided into:

1) land plots intended for building or for other purposes of use;

2) natural complexes intended for their exploitation (deposits, etc.)

Housing - This is a building with all amenities, designed for human habitation.

Housing can be: elite, typical, urban suburban, etc.

Real estate is subdivided on a functional basis into residential and non-residential.

Non-residential property includes industrial, commercial, recreational, institutional, motels, hotels, and mixed-use properties.

Industrial real estate is understood as industrial buildings, working factories, warehouses.

recreational property intended for recreation - these are facilities in resort areas, stadiums, clubs, swimming pools and other facilities intended for entertainment.

Institutional real estate - these are buildings for government or municipal authorities, hospitals, sanatoriums and other special-purpose functions.

Mixed use property – it is a combination of the listed types of real estate.

Types of real estate according to the degree of readiness for operation:

1) facilities put into operation;

2) buildings that require overhaul or reconstruction;

3) construction in progress.

According to the degree of reproducibility in kind, real estate is distinguished:

1) non-reproducible - these are mineral deposits;

2) reproducible - these are structures, buildings.

According to the degree of specialization, there are:

1) specialized: chemical and oil refineries; museums and other buildings belonging to culture.

2) non-specialized - this is other real estate for which there is a demand for open market for investment.

life cycle stages:

1) formation - this is a construction, i.e. the creation of a new enterprise, the purchase or allocation of a land plot;

2) exploitation - includes operation and development, i.e. expansion, reorganization or reconstruction

3) cessation of existence it is demolition, natural destruction or liquidation.

The life cycle of real estate acquired for commercial purposes, from the point of view of the owner of this real estate, can be repeated with the new owner of the same real estate until the end of the life of the object. The life cycle is constantly subject to certain patterns, according to G. Harrison - this is the physical, economic, chronological and remaining period economic life.

The term of the physical life of an object refers to the time when it is possible to live or work in an existing building or structure. This indicator can be standard, calculated, actual and increase due to improvement of conditions or due to modernization. If the real estate object is demolished, then the term of physical life ends.

The term of economic life refers to the period during which the object can be used, receiving - while profit, these improvements contribute to the value of the object. If the improvements made do not make a certain contribution to the value of the property due to the fact that it is obsolete, then its economic life ends there.

Chronological age is understood as the period that has passed from the day the property was put into operation until the date of its valuation.

On the assessment of the appearance of a real estate object, its technical condition, economic factors that affect the total value of the object, based on the effective age.

Effective age - this is the age corresponding to a certain physical state of the object and taking into account the possibility of its implementation.

Standard service life - this is the service life of buildings or structures, which is defined in regulatory enactments.

Under remaining economic life buildings understand the period from the date of its appraisal to the end of its economic life. This period is used by an appraiser to estimate future income. The term of the remaining economic life of the object is increased by its modernization or repair.

Based on this, real estate can be divided into the following categories:

• production facilities. They are premises on the territory of which the production of various products is carried out;
• infrastructure facilities - network engineering and transport communications;
• non-residential non-production facilities - warehouse and office space, retail space, social and cultural facilities;
• housing stock - premises intended for permanent or temporary residence of people in them.

Another option for classifying construction objects depending on their purpose is to divide them into:

• buildings are objects intended for people to live in them or perform various economic functions. In turn, within this category has its own division.

Property classification

Therefore, familiarization with the types of real estate that exist in the Russian Federation, as well as with the origin and formation legal concept real estate, I think, will not be without interest. Types of real estate: a digression into history Legal division of property into types, i.e. on movable objects and real estate originated in the days of the Roman Empire. Roman law used the classification of objects into movable and immovable types, applying the criterion of the physical impossibility of moving immovable things, primarily land and everything that is inextricably linked with it.

Types of real estate objects

The division into subgroups according to the characteristics of group 4 can be applied to all groups (from 1.2.1 to 1.2.5). Most developed sector The real estate market in Russia is currently the market for apartments. The markets for commercial and especially industrial real estate, as well as the land market, are much less developed. For evaluation, the most significant classification of real estate, in which land, buildings and structures are divided into two classes: 1) specialized real estate; 2) non-specialized real estate. Specialized property is property that, due to its special nature, is rarely sold on the open market, unless it is sold as part of the business that uses it.

The special nature of real estate is usually due to its design features, specialization, size, location, or a combination of these factors.

Article 8. real estate cadastre

When assessing land settlements one should take into account their division in accordance with the intended purpose and urban planning regulations for the following territorial zones: 1) land of urban or rural development, including residential and public, industrial and utility warehousing; 2) public land intended to meet the needs of the population ( occupied by squares, streets, roads, embankments, parks, forest parks, squares, reservoirs, beaches, etc.); engineering communications 6) lands of reservoirs and water areas; 7) lands of military facilities and regime zones; 8) reserve lands - not involved in urban planning activities and others. Source: Real Estate Appraisal: tutorial/ T. G. Kasyanenko, G.A.

Types and types of real estate, their economic component

The first type of real estate includes objects whose functions are very limited due to their design features - for example, a church, a school, a pumping station or a boiler house. Such buildings are extremely rarely put up for sale, since they can only be used for their original purpose. The second group includes all other objects that can be used for a variety of purposes.

They are in constant demand on the open market. Classes of business centers And, finally, there is a third system, which we called "Western" and is intended for the classification of commercial objects. It divides real estate into three classes - "A", "B" and "C".
Class "A" objects These are all prestigious business centers, regardless of their purpose. This category includes both retail premises and offices, as well as factory floors, factories, hospitals and warehouses.

Main types of real estate

Attention

By functional purpose real estate is divided into land plots for development, natural complexes (parks, gardens), residential buildings, buildings intended for commercial purposes (offices, shopping centers, hotels), private residential buildings (dachas, cottages, country houses With land plots), and industrial premises(factories, parking lots, warehouses). By origin, such types of real estate are distinguished as land massifs, plots, housing complexes, apartment buildings, apartments and rooms in apartment buildings residential buildings, individual houses, complexes administrative buildings and commercial buildings. And in terms of readiness for operation, three types of objects are distinguished: ready-made, in need of reconstruction and under construction.

Classification of real estate objects

Art. 130 and 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the following property is classified as real estate:

• land (land plots);
• bosom;
• various buildings and structures, including those whose construction has not been completed;
• an enterprise, as a single property complex - a set of all buildings and structures, machines and mechanisms, machine tools, and so on, on the balance sheet;
• aircraft;
• sea ​​and river vessels;
• other property recognized as real estate by the relevant legislative act.

Characteristic features of real estate The main feature that distinguishes real estate from movable things, is its inseparable connection with the earth. This property cannot be moved from place to place without causing it such harm that would significantly limit or even make it impossible to use it for its intended purpose.

1. concept, features and classification of real estate

federal law, the date of assignment of such a number, information about the organization or body that assigned such a number in established by law Russian Federation okay; (Clause 4 as amended by Federal Law No. 361-FZ of July 3, 2016) (see the text in the previous edition) (hereinafter - the original real estate object) a new real estate object was formed (hereinafter - the formed real estate object); 6) cadastral numbers premises, parking spaces located in a building or structure, if the object of real estate is a building or structure; (as amended by Federal Law No. 315-FZ of July 3, 2016) (see.

Types of real estate in Russia The term "real estate" appeared in Russia in the 17th century, but there is still no exact legal definition of it anywhere. So according to Civil Code Russian Federation, immovable things (real estate, real estate) include:

• land,
• subsoil plots,
• isolated water bodies,
• forests,
• perennial plantations,
• building,
• buildings,
• construction in progress,
• everything that is firmly connected with the earth, that is, objects that cannot be moved without disproportionate damage to their purpose.

Also, the types of real estate in Russia include subject state registration air and sea ​​vessels, inland navigation vessels, space objects. In addition, other property may be classified as immovable by law.

Type and purpose of the property

Federal law. This information is stored during the state registration of the emergence, transfer of rights to such a land plot, state registration of transactions with such a land plot. This information is excluded from the Unified state register real estate at the same time as the state registration of the termination of the right to free use of such a land plot on the grounds provided for in Article 9 of the Federal Law “On the Peculiarities of Providing Citizens land plots located in the state or municipal property and located in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the Far Eastern federal district, and on amendments to individual legislative acts Russian Federation". (P.
Additional information about the property includes information that changes on the basis of decisions (acts) of public authorities or bodies local government, information contained in other state and municipal information resources(with the exception of the information specified in Part 2 of this Article), and information that, in accordance with Parts 1-3 of Article 38 of this Federal Law, is entered in a notification procedure. 4. The following basic information about the real estate object is entered into the real estate cadastre: 1) type of real estate object (land plot, building, structure, premises, parking place, construction in progress, a single immovable complex, an enterprise as a property complex or other type); (as amended by Federal Law No. 315-FZ of July 3, 2016) (see.

Object headers contain data common to all objects, which can take on different values ​​for each object instance. For example, each object has a unique name and may have a unique security descriptor.

But objects also contain some data that remains constant across all objects of a particular type. For example, when opening a handle to an object of a certain type, you can select access rights from a set specific to that object type. The runtime system provides for objects of type stream, among others, access to terminate and suspend, and for objects of type file, access to read, write, add, and delete.

Another example of an attribute specific to a particular type of object is synchronization, which will be discussed shortly.

To conserve memory, the object manager saves these static attributes that are specific to objects of a particular type once when a new object of the type is created. To write this data, it uses its own object, the so-called type object. As shown in the figure, if the object-tracking debug flag (discussed later in the Windows Global Flags section) is set, a type object also links together all objects of the same type (in this case process type), allowing the object manager to find these objects and count them if necessary. This feature takes advantage of the previously discussed subtitle with information about the creator.

Process objects and an object of type "process".

You cannot work with objects of the type from user mode because the object manager does not provide any services for them. However, some of the attributes they define are visible to some of their own services. operating system and Windows API procedures. The information stored in type initializers is described in the table.

Type initializer fields.

View titles of objects and objects of type.

The data structure of a process object can be seen in the kernel debugger by first identifying this object using the !process command:

lkd>!process 0 0

**** NT ACTIVE PROCESS DUMP ****

PROCESS fffffa800279cae0

SessionId: none Cid: 0004 Peb: 00000000 ParentCid: 0000

DirBase: 00187000 ObjectTable: fffff8a000001920 HandleCount: 541.

Execute the !object command with the address of the process object as an argument:

lkd> !object fffffa800279cae0

Object: fffffa800279cae0 Type: (fffffa8002755b60) Process

ObjectHeader: fffffa800279cab0 (new version)

HandleCount: 3 PointerCount: 172 3172

Please note that on 32-bit Windows versions The object header starts at 0x18 (24 decimal) bytes preceding the object body, and on 64-bit Windows it starts at 0x30 (48 decimal) bytes preceding the body, which is the size of the object header itself. You can view the title of an object with the following command:

lkd> dt nt!_OBJECT_HEADER fffffa800279cab0

0x000 PointerCount: 172

0x008 HandleCount: 33

0x008 NextToFree: 0x000000000x00000000"00000003

0x010 Lock: _EX_PUSH_LOCK

0x018 TypeIndex: 0x7 ""

0x019 TraceFlags: 0 ""

0x01a InfoMask: 0 ""

0x01b Flags: 0x2 ""

0x020 ObjectCreateInfo: 0xfffff800"01c53a80 _OBJECT_CREATE_INFORMATION

0x020 QuotaBlockCharged: 0xfffff800"01c53a80

0x028 SecurityDescriptor: 0xfffff8a0"00004b29

0x030 Body: _QUAD

Now let's look at the data structure of the type object by getting its address from the ObTypeIndexTable specified in the entry associated with the TypeIndex field of the object's header data structure:

lkd> ?? ((nt!_OBJECT_TYPE**)@@(nt!ObTypeIndexTable))[((nt!_OBJECT_

HEADER*)0xfffffa800279cab0)->TypeIndex]

struct _OBJECT_TYPE * 0xfffffa80"02755b60

0x000 TypeList: _LIST_ENTRY [ 0xfffffa80"02755b60 - 0xfffffa80"02755b60

0x010 Name: _UNICODE_STRING "Process"

0x020 DefaultObject: (null)

0x028 Index: 0x70x7 ""

0x02c TotalNumberOfObjects: 0x380x38

0x030 TotalNumberOfHandles: 0x1320x132

0x034 HighWaterNumberOfObjects: 0x3d

0x038 HighWaterNumberOfHandles: 0x13c

0x040 TypeInfo:_OBJECT_TYPE_INITIALIZER

0x0b0 TypeLock: _EX_PUSH_LOCK

0x0b8 Key: 0x636f7250

0x0c0 CallbackList: _LIST_ENTRY [ 0xfffffa80"02755c20 - 0xfffffa80"02755c20 ]

The output shows that the type object structure includes the name of the type object, it keeps track of the total number of active objects of that type and the peak number of handles and objects of that type. The CallbackList field also tracks the object manager callback filtering associated with this type object.

The TypeInfo field stores a pointer to a data structure that stores attributes common to all objects of this type, as well as pointers to methods of a type object:

lkd> ?? ((nt!_OBJECT_TYPE*)0xfffffa8002755b60)->TypeInfo*)0xfffffa8002755b60)->TypeInfo

0x000 Length: 0x70

0x002 ObjectTypeFlags: 0x4a "J"

0x002 Case Insensitive: 0y0

0x002 UnnamedObjectsOnly: 0y1

0x002 UseDefaultObject: 0y0

0x002 SecurityRequired: 0y1

0x002 MaintainHandleCount: 0y0

0x002 MaintainTypeList: 0y0

0x002 SupportsObjectCallbacks: 0y1

0x004 ObjectTypeCode: 0

0x008 InvalidAttributes: 0xb0

0x00c GenericMapping: _GENERIC_MAPPING

0x01c ValidAccessMask: 0x1fffff

0x020 RetainAccess: 0x101000

0x024 PoolType: 0 (NonPagedPool)

0x028 DefaultPagedPoolCharge: 0x1000

0x02c DefaultNonPagedPoolCharge: 0x528

0x030 DumpProcedure: (null)

0x038 OpenProcedure: 0xfffff800"01d98d58 long nt!PspProcessOpen+0

0x048 DeleteProcedure: 0xfffff800"01d83090 void nt!PspProcessDelete+0

0x058 SecurityProcedure: 0xfffff800"01d8bb50 long nt!SeDefaultObjectMethod+0

0x060 QueryNameProcedure: (null)

0x068 OkayToCloseProcedure: (null)

Synchronization being one of the attributes visible Windows applications, refers to the ability of threads to synchronize their execution by waiting for an object to transition from one state to another. A thread can synchronize with running job, process, thread, file, semaphore, mutex, and timer objects. All other objects of the executive system do not support synchronization. The ability of an object to maintain synchronization is based on three possibilities:

• The executing system object wraps the dispatcher object and contains the dispatcher header.
• The creator of a type object requires a default object, and the object manager provides one.
• The runtime object has an embedded object manager, such as an event, somewhere inside the body of the object, and the owner of the object provides an offset to it to the object manager when the type object is registered.

How should the term "real estate" be understood, which fits this definition. How does the legislation of the Russian Federation interpret real estate, its economic essence. Signs by which types of real estate are divided, classification of its types.

At present, the real estate market is actively developing in Russia and an increasing number of our fellow citizens, enterprises and organizations are involved in real estate transactions.

In the Russian Federation, as well as throughout the world, real estate is the basis of the personal existence of citizens and serves as the basis for economic activity and development of enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership. Therefore, acquaintance with the types of real estate existing in the Russian Federation, as well as with the origin and formation of the legal concept of real estate, I think, will not be without interest.

Types of real estate: an excursion into history

Legal division of property into types, i.e. on movable objects and real estate originated in the days of the Roman Empire. Roman law used the classification of objects into movable and immovable types, applying the criterion of the physical impossibility of moving immovable things, primarily land and everything that is inextricably linked with it. According to the laws of ancient Rome, movable objects could be freely moved in space without damage.

Accordingly, the physical criterion of a strong connection of an object with the earth and the impossibility of its movement predetermined the classification of real estate, first in Roman law, and then everywhere at the level of the fundamental state doctrine. Today, real estate is the basis without which the existence of any developed society and state is impossible.

Types of real estate in Russia

The term “real estate” appeared in Russia in the 17th century, but there is still no exact legal definition of it anywhere. So, according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, immovable things (real estate, real estate) include:

• land,
• subsoil plots,
• isolated water bodies,
• forests,
• perennial plantations,
• building,
• buildings,
• construction in progress,
• everything that is firmly connected with the earth, that is, objects that cannot be moved without disproportionate damage to their purpose.

Also, the types of real estate in Russia include aircraft and sea vessels subject to state registration, inland navigation vessels, and space objects. In addition, other property may be classified as immovable by law.

For example, an enterprise as a whole as a property complex is also recognized as one of the types of real estate. According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, an enterprise is not considered as a subject, but directly as an object of civil rights. The enterprise as a whole or part of it may be the object of sale, pledge, lease and other transactions related to the establishment, change and termination of rights in rem.

Economic essence of types of real estate

Among the main elements market economy a special place that acts as a means of production - these can be:

• Earth,
• administrative, industrial, warehouse, retail and other buildings and premises,
• structures of a subject or object of consumption (land plots, residential buildings, summer cottages, apartments, garages).

To distinctive economic characteristics types of real estate include the following:

• rarity (there are no absolutely identical properties),
• value of adjacent land, buildings,
• territorial features (changes in territorial preferences can increase or decrease the value of types of real estate even without physical changes),
• intended purpose, which, as a rule, cannot be changed without significant costs.

Division of types of real estate depending on the nature of use and on their origin

From the foregoing, it is understood that real estate is divided into three main types: land, housing and non-residential premises. Depending on the nature of the use, the types of real estate are divided into used:

• for housing (houses, cottages, apartments, summer cottages),
• for commercial activities (hotels, office buildings, shops, etc.),
• for production purposes (warehouses, factories, plants, etc.),
• for agricultural needs (farms, orchards, orchards, etc.),
• for special purposes (schools, churches, hospitals, nurseries, kindergartens, etc.).

Types of real estate also differ in their origin:

• created by nature without the participation of human labor,
• are the result of human labor,
• created by human labor, but connected with the natural basis to such an extent that they cannot function in isolation from it.

So, real estate includes the most valuable and generally significant fixed assets. And such types of real estate as land and subsoil are of great economic and strategic importance for any state.

Real estate in any public structure is an object of economic and state interests, and therefore, for this category of property, the obligatory state registration of rights to it has been introduced, which allows you to identify the object and subject of law, because. the connection between the real estate object and the subject of rights to it is invisible, and the transfer of real estate by physical movement is impossible.

The definition of the most important types of real estate, both in other countries and in Russia, does not have serious differences and basically coincides. TO distinguishing feature real estate all over the world is its inextricable link with the land. Outside of connection with land plots, types of real estate lose their usual purpose.

Oddly enough, the law also includes ships and aircraft and space objects, such as space satellites, as real estate. This is due to the complex procedure for registering such equipment. But trees from special nurseries and houses intended for demolition are not real estate.

But few of us have faced the need to buy or rent a satellite. So for most people, real estate is land, housing and non-residential premises.

Functions, origin, readiness

The first classification distinguishes real estate according to its characteristics. According to it, real estate differs in function, origin and readiness for operation.

By functional purpose, real estate is divided into land plots for development, natural complexes (parks, gardens), residential buildings, buildings intended for commercial purposes (offices, shopping centers, hotels), private residential buildings (dachas, cottages, country houses with land ), as well as industrial premises (factories, parking lots, warehouses).

By origin, such types of real estate are distinguished as land, plots, housing complexes, apartment buildings, apartments and rooms in apartment buildings, individual residential buildings, complexes of administrative buildings and commercial buildings.

And in terms of readiness for operation, three types of objects are distinguished: ready-made, in need of reconstruction and under construction.

Specialization

The classification of the new standard of the Russian Society of Appraisers is simpler. It distinguishes between two types of real estate - specialized and non-specialized.

The first type of real estate includes objects whose functions are very limited due to their design features - for example, a church, a school, a pumping station or a boiler house. Such buildings are extremely rarely put up for sale, since they can only be used for their original purpose.

The second group includes all other objects that can be used for a variety of purposes. They are in constant demand on the open market.

Business center classes

And, finally, there is a third system, which we have called "Western" and is intended for the classification of commercial objects. It divides real estate into three classes - "A", "B" and "C".

Objects of class "A"

These are all prestigious business centers, regardless of destination. This category includes both retail premises and offices, as well as factory floors, factories, hospitals and warehouses. All of them should be distinguished by the quality of finishes and engineering communications, as well as a modern layout.

Class "B"

Includes objects intended for investment, that is, renting out. They are not as prestigious as class "A" properties, they may lack some elements of service - for example, air conditioning or parking.

Class "C"

This is the so-called "excess real estate" - land with buildings or vacant plots that are not needed for business. In our country, such objects can be considered premises leased by various research institutes and industrial complexes.

At first glance, it is easy to get confused in all these systems. But the existence of various classifications of types of real estate is rather a plus. All of them contribute to the study of the real estate market and facilitate the development of adequate methods for assessing objects.

- This is a type of ordering information about real estate, allowing layout according to one or another feature. It is required for carrying out cadastral and inventory accounting, standardizing measures for their appropriate use.

Any activity in the real estate market is based on classification. On the basis of this, an audit of municipal and state property is carried out.

Non-compliance with the planned target functions is the reason for the refusal of registration and approval of the construction project.

Classification of real estate by form of ownership

Each property has an owner and is owned by an individual or legal entity, or is on the balance sheet of the regional administration or is supported by the federal budget.

Similar to the types of owners, which include balance holders, there are forms of ownership:

1. state;
2. municipal;
3. a commercial;
4. individual.

Depending on who owns the property, a civil law chain of interaction is built. For example, the owner of land is the state, which transfers allotments assigned to regional territories to local municipalities.

But they are not full-fledged owners, since the delegated authority was transferred to them on the basis of permanent perpetual use.

In turn, they have the right to conduct property management, transferring real estate to enterprises and civilians:

• to the property;
• for rent or hire.

Classification of real estate by scale

Scale is a property of objects that determines their ability to be further reorganized by splitting or combining.

For example, residential and non-residential premises have the ability to combine into a building. And the building allows only division into rooms.

That is, the basis and base of classification, in this case, is the accounting unit.

In general, they are allowed to be completed as follows:

• land mass;
• land plot;
• private house with a plot, cottage;
• , country cottage area;
• complexes of industrial buildings and structures;
• building for industrial purposes;
• multi-apartment multi-storey building;
• low-rise building;
• separate apartment;
• section or entrance, section floor;
• a complex of administrative buildings;
• office space;
• shopping complex;
• commercial premises.

This list is far from complete.

The main property of the listed objects is the cadastral registration number.

Classification of real estate by readiness for use

On this basic basis, buildings and premises are distinguished that allow or do not allow its operation (see). Based on these basic characteristics, all real estate available on the market is divided into the following types:

Finished permanent structures that acquired this status after completion of construction and commissioning. Obtain permission for unhindered use for the intended purpose.

Unfinished objects are considered as such from the moment of approval and receipt of an extract from urban planning documentation permitting the construction of a capital structure, until the moment of commissioning.

If an unfinished building enters the “freezing” stage, which requires documentary support, it loses its original status.

• Buildings or premises requiring reconstruction or.
• requiring demolition.

Objects enter this stage only after commission examination and registration relevant documentation, stating the inadmissibility of the intended use (see).